Patricia Samson v. Wells Fargo Bank ( 2019 )

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
JUN 28 2019
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
PATRICIA ANNE T. SAMSON, No. 17-55927
Plaintiff-Appellant, DC No. CV 16-4839 BRO
v.
MEMORANDUM*
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., a South
Dakota corporation; DOES, 1 through 100,
inclusive,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Beverly Reid O’Connell, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 3, 2018
Pasadena, California
Before: TASHIMA and IKUTA, Circuit Judges, and KENNELLY,** District
Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellant Patricia Samson appeals from the district court’s order
granting summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee Wells Fargo Bank on
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable Matthew F. Kennelly, United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
Samson’s claims of disability discrimination, retaliation, wrongful termination in
violation of public policy, and failure to accommodate. We have jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we reverse.
Samson made out a prima facie case of disability discrimination. Wells
Fargo then offered a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for her firing: it says
Samson was fired because her position was eliminated in favor of a higher-paying,
ostensibly more productive position. Thus, the question we must decide is whether
Samson provided sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that
Wells Fargo’s explanation for her firing was untruthful or pretextual. See Guz v.
Bechtel Nat’l, Inc., 8 P.3d 1089, 1113–14 (Cal. 2000) (adopting the three-part test
for disability discrimination claims under McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411
U.S. 792 (1973)). A nonmoving plaintiff may rely entirely on circumstantial
evidence that is specific and substantial to make such a showing, so long as the
evidence provides a basis to infer pretext. See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing
Prods., 530 U.S. 133, 147 (2000); Godwin v. Hunt Wesson, Inc., 150 F.3d 1217,
1222 (9th Cir. 1998). Even where no single piece of evidence is independently
sufficient to support an inference of pretext, the plaintiff may meet her burden at
the summary-judgment stage based on “the evidence as a whole.” Guz, 8 P.3d at
1117.
2
A reasonable jury could find that Jason Gwin’s meeting invitation undercuts
Wells Fargo’s contention that it began the process of firing Samson weeks before
her leave. On October 28, 2014, Samson announced to her supervisors at Wells
Fargo that she would take a medical leave of absence from her position as a
portfolio manager to recover from a severe episode of chronic endometriosis.
The next day, Gwin, her supervisor, sent a meeting invitation entitled “Samson
Displacement Conversation” to his boss, Stender Sweeney. In the message, Gwin
explained that he wanted to “run an idea by [Sweeney] regarding Patricia Samson.”
When she returned from her medical leave, Samson was fired. The parties
forcefully disagree about the import of Gwin’s words. Wells Fargo contends that
Gwin sought a meeting merely to update Sweeney on an already-ongoing process
of firing Samson in light of her medical leave, citing deposition testimony from
Gwin, and a human resources official, Kim Pham. Both Gwin and Pham testified
that they learned about Samson’s plans to take medical leave on or about October
28, 2014, at which point they undertook to confirm whether or not they could
proceed with their displacement plans. Samson, on the other hand, argues that
Gwin’s use of the phrase “I want to run an idea by you,” is indicative of something
to be discussed for the first time, not a decision already made.
3
Both sides’ interpretations are plausible. On summary judgment, it is not
our place to decide between such competing inferences. See Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). Rather, we must view the evidence in the
light most favorable to Samson, the non-moving party. See Scott v. Harris, 550
U.S. 372, 380 (2007). Applying that standard, a jury could reasonably infer that
the decision to fire Samson had not yet been made as of October 29 and, instead,
that Gwin was about to propose it for the first time. This would undermine Gwin
and Pham’s testimony that they decided to fire Samson two weeks earlier.1
Because a reasonable jury could infer that the decision to terminate Samson
was made, or at least initiated, on October 29, one day after Samson gave notice of
her medical leave, the temporal proximity of that decision to Samson’s leave
supports a reasonable inference of pretext. We have repeatedly stated that, “[i]n
some cases, temporal proximity can by itself constitute sufficient circumstantial
evidence of retaliation for purposes of both the prima facie case and the showing of
1
The dissent insists that Gwin’s October 30 email “is not a smoking
gun,” Dissent at 3, and we agree. But, of course, “a smoking gun [is] not . . .
needed to overcome a motion for summary judgment.” Henderson v. United
Student Aid Funds, Inc., 918 F.3d 1068, 1082 (9th Cir. 2019) (Bybee, J.,
dissenting) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted), as amended on denial
of reh’g and reh’g en banc (May 6, 2019). It is sufficient, as we explain above,
that the email is subject to competing reasonable inferences, and so, is a disputed
factor in defeating Wells Fargo’s motion for summary judgment.
4
pretext.” Dawson v. Entek Int’l, 630 F.3d 928, 937 (9th Cir. 2011); see also, e.g.,
Stegall v. Citadel Broad. Co., 350 F.3d 1061, 1069 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Temporal
proximity between protected activity and an adverse employment action can by
itself constitute sufficient circumstantial evidence of retaliation in some cases.”
(quoting Bell v. Clackamas County, 341 F.3d 858, 865 (9th Cir. 2003)));
Passantino v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Prods., Inc., 212 F.3d 493, 507 (9th
Cir. 2000) (“[E]vidence based on timing can be sufficient to let the issue go to the
jury, even in the face of alternative reasons proffered by the defendant.”).
Admittedly, California courts have ruled that temporal proximity “does not,
without more, suffice . . . to show a triable issue of fact on whether the employer’s
articulated reason was untrue and pretextual.” Loggins v. Kaiser Permanente Int’l,
60 Cal. Rptr. 3d 45, 54 (Ct. App. 2007) (emphasis added). But Samson does not
rest on timing “without more”; timing is here only part of the cumulative evidence
that supports an inference of pretext. Cf. Stegall, 350 F.3d 1061 (“[W]e do not
need to rely solely on timing in this case because there exists substantially more.”).
The California Supreme Court has held that pretext also may be inferred
where an “employer has given shifting . . . justifications for its actions.” Guz, 8
P.3d at 1119. The district court overlooked that a reasonable jury could find that
there were shifting justifications for Wells Fargo’s termination of Samson.
5
Samson gave unrebutted testimony that she was initially told that she was
terminated in part because Gwin was “not happy with [her] performance” as a
portfolio manager. On October 30, Gwin wrote in his email to Sweeney that if his
termination plan did not work, then they “will continue to work with Patricia to try
to bring her performance up to par.” But before the district court and now on
appeal, Wells Fargo argues that Samson’s performance was “irrelevant” because
the firing decision “was not premised on poor performance by Samson.” It argues
instead that the sole reason for her termination was the restructuring of the
department and the elimination of her position. Viewing the record in the light
most favorable to the Samson, a reasonable jury could conclude that Wells Fargo’s
shifting rationales for the termination support an inference of pretext.
To be sure, “this is a close case” steeped with uncertainty about the events
that led to Samson’s termination. See McGinest v. GTE Service Corp., 360 F.3d
1103, 1124 (9th Cir. 2004). But “[s]uch uncertainty at the summary judgment
stage must be resolved in favor of the plaintiff.” Id. “Credibility determinations,
the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the
facts are jury functions, not those of a judge” assessing a motion for summary
judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. Because a reasonable jury could, based on
6
the evidence in the record, find in Samson’s favor on her claims of discrimination,
we reverse.
Because Samson raised a triable issue of fact on her disability discrimination
claim, we also reverse the district court’s summary judgment on Samson’s
remaining claims of retaliation, wrongful termination in violation of public policy,
and failure to accommodate. See Yanowitz v. L’Oreal USA, Inc., 116 P.3d 1123,
1130 (Cal. 2005) (stating that retaliation claims under the FEHA are also governed
by the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework). Because the district court
did not reach Wells Fargo’s contention that Samson failed to provide evidence that
punitive damages are appropriate in this case, it would be inappropriate for us to
reach it in the first instance. We thus leave it to the district court to address on
remand.
REVERSED.
7
FILED
Samson v. Wells Fargo Bank, No. 17-55927
JUN 28 2019
IKUTA, Circuit Judge, dissenting
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
“[M]ere allegation and speculation do not create a factual dispute for
purposes of summary judgment.” Nelson v. Pima Cmty. Coll., 83 F.3d 1075,
1081–82 (9th Cir. 1996). Because nothing in the record raises a genuine issue of
material fact that Wells Fargo’s stated reason for firing Samson, to replace her with
a more experienced portfolio manager, was pretextual, I would affirm the district
court.
Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to Samson, the record shows
that the decisionmakers planned to terminate her position long before they became
aware of her disability. Samson worked as a level one portfolio manager (PM1).
Her boss, Jason Gwin, wanted to hire a second PM1, but was thwarted by a new
head of the Western Region who intended to keep the number of employees down.
Gwin and Kim Pham, a human resources officer, came up with a workaround. In a
phone conversation on October 13, 2014, they decided to propose eliminating
Samson’s position, and replacing her with a level two portfolio manager (PM2),
someone with more experience who could get more done. Gwin’s boss, Stender
Sweeney, approved the plan on October 21.
A week later, on October 28, Samson first informed Gwin that she required a
medical leave of absence. The next day, Gwin asked human resources whether, in
light of Samson’s leave, he could still go forward with his staffing plan. Gwin got
approval from the human resources department. That same day, he sent an email
to Sweeney, saying “Please let me know if you’re available and at what number. I
want to run an idea by you regarding Patricia Samson.” Gwin later testified that he
asked Sweeney whether he could go still forward with his staffing plan. Sweeney
approved.
On October 30, 2014, Gwin sent Sweeney an email formally requesting
replacing Samson with a PM2. The email stated that “[t]his plan only works if I
have a commitment to hire a PM2. If I am unable to hire a PM2 we will continue
to work with Patricia [Samson] to try to bring her performance up to par.” The
new Western Region head approved the plan.
Based on the evidence in the record, no reasonable juror could conclude that
Gwin, Pham, and Sweeney knew that Samson had a disabling condition before
they agreed to replace her. There is no evidence in the record contradicting Gwin’s
and Pham’s testimony that they developed the plan to replace Samson during their
conversation on October 13. Nor is there any evidence in the record contradicting
Gwin’s testimony that his email to Sweeney on October 30 related to the question
whether he could go still forward with the staffing plan. The majority hangs its hat
solely on a single phrase in Gwin’s October 30 email: “I want to run an idea by
you.” The majority speculates that this phrase could mean that Gwin did not
propose to fire Samson until that date.
But telling your boss that you “want to run an idea” by him is not a smoking
gun suggesting that the unrebutted testimony of Gwin, Pham, and Sweeney is
pretextual. In fact, it is sheer speculation to suggest, as the majority does, that the
phrase means something other than what Gwin said it meant. No reasonable juror
could find, based on this phrase, that Gwin, Pham and Sweeney lied when they
testified that they had already decided to replace Samson with a PM2. See Guz v.
Bechtel Nat’l, Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 317, 354–55 (2000).
Because there is no evidence that Wells Fargo’s stated reason for
terminating Samson was pretextual, the temporal proximity (between the statement
“I want to run an idea by you” and Samson’s termination) is irrelevant. Nor is it
relevant that Gwin reasonably concluded that he would have to try to bring
Samson’s performance up to par if he couldn’t hire a PM2. In fact, there is not a
scintilla of evidence that Wells Fargo fired Samson for any reason other than the
implementation of its staffing plan. The majority’s conclusion that Gwin’s request
to run an idea by his boss creates a genuine issue of material fact that Wells Fargo
fired Samson for discriminatory reasons is completely baseless. Accordingly, I
dissent.