Christensen v. Cir ( 2008 )

FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
LANNY L. CHRISTENSEN, 
Petitioner, No. 06-71881
v.
 Tax Ct. No.
7387-05
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL
REVENUE, OPINION
Respondent.

Appeal from a Decision of the
United States Tax Court
Argued and Submitted
November 9, 2007—Pasadena, California
Filed April 21, 2008
Before: Richard A. Paez and Johnnie B. Rawlinson,
Circuit Judges, and Suzanne B. Conlon,* District Judge.
Opinion by Judge Rawlinson
*The Honorable Suzanne B. Conlon, Senior United States District
Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
4201
CHRISTENSEN v. CIR 4203
COUNSEL
James G. LeBloch (briefed and argued), Newport Beach, Cal-
ifornia, for the petitioner.
Eileen J. O’Connor, David I. Pincus (briefed), Bethany B.
Hauser (briefed); Robert J. Branman (argued), Washington,
D.C., for the respondent.
OPINION
RAWLINSON, Circuit Judge:
Lanny L. Christensen appeals from the Tax Court’s sum-
mary judgment in favor of the Commissioner of Internal Rev-
enue (Commissioner) on Christensen’s claim for equitable
4204 CHRISTENSEN v. CIR
relief under 26 U.S.C. § 6015(f). The Tax Court determined
that relief under § 6015(f) is available only to spouses who
file a joint federal income tax return. Because the plain lan-
guage, context, and legislative history of § 6015 support the
Tax Court’s interpretation of the statute, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On September 14, 2004, Christensen filed a request with
the Internal Revenue Service (I.R.S.) for relief from tax liabil-
ities assessed against him for tax years 1989 through 1992.
According to Christensen, the tax deficiencies resulted from
improper income reporting within his wife’s check-cashing
business. Christensen argued that the deficiencies should not
be attributed to him, given his lack of involvement in the busi-
ness. Christensen sought relief from the liabilities as an “inno-
cent spouse” under § 6015, or, alternatively, for relief under
community property laws.
The I.R.S. denied Christensen’s request for relief as an
innocent spouse under § 6015, and its predecessor, § 6013(e),
on the ground that those sections apply only to taxpayers who
file joint returns with their spouses, and Christensen had not
done so from 1989 through 1992. The I.R.S. also denied his
request for relief under § 66, which relieves community prop-
erty liability under some circumstances.1
Christensen petitioned for review before the Tax Court.
The Tax Court granted summary judgment for the Commis-
sioner to the extent Christensen sought relief under § 6015.
The Tax Court held that relief under the statute is available
only to taxpayers who file joint returns, and, as Christensen
1
The I.R.S. initially informed Christensen that the tax liability from
1989 through 1992 was solely attributable to his own social security num-
ber. The record shows, however, that the liability assessments included
income reported under Christensen’s wife’s social security number, for
which he is jointly liable under California community property laws.
CHRISTENSEN v. CIR 4205
concedes, he did not file a joint return. The Tax Court dis-
missed Christensen’s claims under § 66(c) and § 6013(e) for
lack of jurisdiction. Christensen filed a timely appeal seeking
review of his request for equitable relief under § 6015(f) for
tax years 1989 and 1990.2
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the Tax Court’s conclusions of law,
including its interpretation of the Internal Revenue Code
(I.R.C.). Ewing v. Comm’r, 439 F.3d 1009, 1012 (9th Cir.
2006).
III. JURISDICTION
The Tax Court “may exercise jurisdiction only to the extent
authorized by Congress.” Id. at 1012 (citation omitted).
Although neither of the parties challenges the Tax Court’s
jurisdiction, we must consider as a threshold matter whether
the Tax Court had authority to review the Commissioner’s
denial of equitable relief under § 6015(f). See Williams v.
United Airlines, Inc., 500 F.3d 1019, 1021 (9th Cir. 2007)
(questioning sua sponte on appeal the district court’s subject
matter jurisdiction).
[1] We noted in Ewing that “the question of the Tax
Court’s jurisdiction over an appeal of an adverse determina-
tion under I.R.C. § 6015(f) is not free from doubt.” 439 F.3d
at 1014 n.4 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted);
see also id. at 1013 (holding that the Tax Court lacked juris-
diction to review the § 6015(f) claim because no deficiency
had been asserted). Following Ewing, Congress amended
§ 6015(e) to expressly grant the Tax Court jurisdiction to
2
On appeal, Christensen does not challenge the dismissal of his claims
under § 66 or § 6013 for lack of jurisdiction. Additionally, he concedes
that he does not qualify for relief under any subsection of § 6015 during
1991 and 1992, after his wife’s death in late 1990.
4206 CHRISTENSEN v. CIR
review denials of relief under § 6015(f). Tax Relief and
Health Care Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-432, § 408(a), 120
Stat. 2922, 3061-62 (codified as amended at 26 U.S.C.
§ 6015(e)).3 The amendment to § 6015(e) resolves the juris-
dictional doubt raised in Ewing, and we now hold that the Tax
Court has jurisdiction over a petition for review of an adverse
determination under § 6015(f).
Under the amendment to § 6015(e), the Tax Court would
have had express jurisdiction over Christensen’s § 6015(f)
claim as of December 20, 2006, the date of enactment. See
Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, Pub. L. No. 109-432,
§ 408(c), 120 Stat. at 3062 (“The amendments made by this
section shall apply with respect to liability for taxes arising or
remaining unpaid on or after the date of the enactment of this
Act.”). The Tax Court entered its order on January 10, 2006,
however, prior to the amendment’s effective date.
[2] Where, as here, a new statutory provision confers juris-
diction while an action is pending, we normally apply the new
rule regardless of whether the court below had jurisdiction
when the suit was filed or judgment was entered. See Good-
son v. Rowland (In re Pintlar Corp.), 133 F.3d 1141, 1144-45
& n.1 (9th Cir. 1998) (applying a jurisdiction-granting bank-
ruptcy rule on appeal that took effect after the order was
entered by the district court). We do so because “[a] jurisdic-
tional statute usually takes away no substantive right but sim-
ply changes the tribunal that is to hear the case.” Duldulao v.
INS, 90 F.3d 396, 399 (9th Cir. 1996) (quoting Landgraf v.
USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 114 S. Ct. 1483, 1501 (1994))
(internal quotation marks omitted). By comparison, when a
3
The amended section states: “In the case of an individual against whom
a deficiency has been asserted and who elects to have subsection (b) or (c)
apply, or in the case of an individual who requests equitable relief under
subsection (f)— . . . the individual may petition the Tax Court (and the
Tax Court shall have jurisdiction) to determine the appropriate relief avail-
able to the individual under this section . . .” 26 U.S.C. § 6015(e).
CHRISTENSEN v. CIR 4207
newly enacted statute impairs a substantive right, we gener-
ally presume prospective effect only, in order to “prevent[ ]
the assigning of a quality or effect to acts or conduct which
they did not have or did not contemplate when they were per-
formed.” Friel v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 751 F.2d 1037, 1039
(9th Cir. 1985) (citation omitted). A change in jurisdiction,
however, does not present the same concerns because it
“speak[s] to the power of the court rather than to the rights or
obligations of the parties.” In re Pintlar Corp., 133 F.3d at
1145 (citations omitted).
[3] Thus, we conclude that the Tax Court had jurisdiction
to review Christensen’s § 6015(f) claim.
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Tax Relief for Spouses with Joint Liability
The Internal Revenue Code addresses two circumstances
under which spouses may face joint tax liability for each oth-
ers’ income: when a joint return is filed or by operation of
state community property laws. See, e.g., 26 U.S.C.
§ 6013(d)(3) (providing that “if a joint return is made, the tax
shall be computed on the aggregate income and the liability
with respect to the tax shall be joint and several”); see also id.
§ 66 (addressing joint liability arising from state community
property laws).
[4] The Commissioner has the authority to relieve one
spouse from tax liability attributable to the other. See, e.g., id.
§§ 66(c), 6015(b), (c), (f). Section 6015, entitled “relief from
joint and several liability on joint return,” provides three cate-
gories of relief:
1. It relieves an innocent spouse from an under-
statement of tax attributable to the other
spouse’s taxable income where the innocent
4208 CHRISTENSEN v. CIR
spouse had no reason to know of the income, 26
U.S.C. § 6015(b);
2. It relieves a separated spouse from an under-
statement of tax attributable to the other spouse
if the joint filers are living apart, no longer mar-
ried, or legally separated, id. § 6015(c); and
3. It authorizes equitable relief from an understate-
ment or underpayment of tax if a petitioning
spouse does not qualify for relief under either of
the first two options, id. § 6015(f).
Section 66 provides similar relief from joint liability pursu-
ant to community property laws. Like § 6015, § 66 provides
relief for separated spouses and innocent spouses. See, e.g., 26
U.S.C. § 66(a) (addressing treatment of community property
income for separated spouses); see also id. § 66(c) (providing
relief for innocent spouses).
B. The Plain Language and Context of the Statute
Require a Joint Return for Relief Under § 6015(f)
Christensen argues that § 6015(f) is available to spouses
who face joint liability under community property laws but do
not file a joint return. We disagree. In light of the plain lan-
guage of § 6015 and the context of the statute, we conclude
that § 6015(f) is available only to spouses who file a joint return.4
“The starting point for any statutory interpretation is the
language of the statute itself.” Singh v. Gonzales, 499 F.3d
969, 977 (9th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). “When we look
4
We thus agree with the holding of the Tax Court in Raymond v.
Comm’r, 119 T.C. 191 (2002), although we reach the same result by a
slightly different analysis. See id. at 196-97 (relying on administrative pro-
nouncements by Commissioner and legislative history, rather than plain
language and context of statute).
CHRISTENSEN v. CIR 4209
to the plain language of a statute in order to interpret its mean-
ing, we do more than view words or sub-sections in isolation.
We derive meaning from context, and this requires reading
the relevant statutory provisions as a whole.” Carpenters
Health & Welfare Trust Funds v. Robertson (In re Rufener
Constr.), 53 F.3d 1064, 1067 (9th Cir. 1995) (citations omit-
ted). In addition, we look to the language of the statutory
scheme as a whole to interpret the particular statutory provi-
sion. W. Coast Truck Lines, Inc. v. Arcata Cmty. Recycling
Ctr., Inc., 846 F.2d 1239, 1242 (9th Cir. 1988).
[5] Here, our first indication of the statute’s scope is set
forth in the title of § 6015: “Relief from joint and several lia-
bility on joint return.” 26 U.S.C. § 6015 (emphasis added);
see also Singh, 499 F.3d at 977 (“Although statutory titles are
not part of the legislation, they may be instructive in putting
the statute in context.”) (citation omitted). By using this title,
“Congress must have intended to introduce the subject that
was to follow:” relief for spouses who file joint returns.
Moldo v. Matsco, Inc. (In re Cybernetic Servs., Inc.), 252 F.3d
1039, 1050 (9th Cir. 2001) (using statute’s title as an interpre-
tation tool).
[6] Next, comparing the language of the statute’s subsec-
tions, we note that § 6015(f) does not explicitly require the fil-
ing of a joint tax return as a procedural requirement for relief,5
whereas § 6015(b) and (c) do. Compare 26 U.S.C.
§ 6015(b)(1)(A) (allowing relief if, inter alia, “a joint return
has been made for a taxable year”), and id. § 6015(c)(1) (lim-
iting joint liability where, inter alia, “an individual who has
made a joint return for any taxable year elects application of
5
“Under procedures prescribed by the Secretary, if — (1) taking into
account all the facts and circumstances, it is inequitable to hold the indi-
vidual liable for any unpaid tax or any deficiency (or any portion of
either); and (2) relief is not available to such individual under subsection
(b) or (c), the Secretary may relieve such individual of such liability.” 26
U.S.C. § 6015(f).
4210 CHRISTENSEN v. CIR
[the] subsection”), with id. § 6015(f) (allowing equitable relief
for individuals who do not qualify for relief under subsections
(b) or (c), without reference to a joint return). The language
in § 6015(e) and (h), however, implies a joint return require-
ment for § 6015(f). For example, § 6015(e) directs the Tax
Court to “establish rules which provide the individual filing
a joint return but not making the election under subsection (b)
or (c) or the request for equitable relief under subsection (f)
with adequate notice and an opportunity to become a party
. . .” 26 U.S.C. § 6015(e)(4). Similarly, § 6015(h) refers to the
non-petitioning spouse in a § 6015(f) claim, to whom notice
must be sent, as “the other individual filing the joint return.”
26 U.S.C. § 6015(h)(2). This language indicates that Congress
anticipated a joint return where a spouse petitions for relief
under § 6015(f).
Christensen contends that if we were to interpret § 6015(f)
to require a joint filing, the requirements of § 6015(b) and (f)
would be essentially the same. We should avoid an interpreta-
tion that would render the subsections redundant. See Spencer
Enters., Inc. v. United States, 345 F.3d 683, 691 (9th Cir.
2003) (noting the “cardinal rule of statutory interpretation that
no provision should be construed to be entirely redundant”)
(citation omitted). However, even with a joint filing require-
ment, relief under § 6015(f) is distinct from relief under
§ 6015(b). For relief under § 6015(b), a taxpayer must show
an understatement of tax attributable to his or her spouse and
a lack of knowledge about the understatement. 26 U.S.C.
§ 6015(b)(1)(B)-(C). By comparison, a taxpayer may qualify
for relief under § 6015(f) for an understatement or an under-
payment and need not show lack of knowledge. Id. § 6015(f)
(addressing liability for “any unpaid tax or any deficiency (or
any portion of either)”). Thus, requiring a joint filing under
both § 6015(b) and (f) does not render either subsection
redundant. See United States v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 457
F.3d 1009, 1015-16 (9th Cir. 2006) (concluding that an over-
lap in some requirements between subsections does not create
redundancy).
CHRISTENSEN v. CIR 4211
[7] Finally, we view the language of § 6015(f) in the con-
text of the overall statutory scheme. W. Coast Truck Lines,
Inc., 846 F.2d at 1242; In re Cybernetic Servs., 252 F.3d at
1050-51. Congress enacted similar equitable relief provisions
in § 66(c) and § 6015(f) simultaneously, with the passage of
the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act
of 1998. See Pub. L. 105-206, § 3201(a)-(b), 112 Stat. 685,
734-40. Both statutes provide relief for innocent spouses and
separated spouses. See 26 U.S.C. §§ 66(a), (c), id. § 6015(b),
(c), (f). We assume that these separate provisions, passed
under the same act, each have a “proper application distinct
from and harmonious with that of the other.” Wood v. A. Wil-
bert’s Sons Shingle & Lumber Co., 226 U.S. 384, 389 (1912);
see also Spokane Indian Tribe v. United States, 972 F.2d
1090, 1094 (9th Cir. 1992) (adopting the statutory interpreta-
tion “which can ‘most fairly be said to be . . . harmonious
with its scheme and with the general purposes that Congress
manifested’ ”) (citation omitted). As its title explains, § 66
addresses “Treatment of community income.” Section 6015
addresses “Relief from joint and several liability on Joint
Return.” Taken together, the similar and separate equitable
provisions indicate that Congress intended spouses facing
joint liability from community property laws to seek equitable
relief under § 66(c) and spouses facing joint liability from
joint tax returns to seek equitable relief under § 6015(f).6
6
Our conclusion is consistent with the Commissioner’s administrative
pronouncements expressly requiring the filing of a joint return as a pre-
condition to equitable relief under § 6015(f). See Treas. Reg. § 1.6015-4
(as amended in 2002) (“A requesting spouse who files a joint return . . .
and who does not qualify for full relief under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3 may
request equitable relief under this section.”); see also Rev. Proc. 2003-61,
2003 WL 21708514, § 4.01 (listing filing of a joint return as one of several
“threshold conditions” for equitable relief under § 6015(f)). Because this
case may be decided based on the plain language and context of the stat-
ute, however, we need not consider what level of deference, if any, should
be accorded these administrative pronouncements. See Metro Leasing &
Dev. Corp. v. Comm’r, 376 F.3d 1015, 1024 & nn.10-11 (9th Cir. 2004).
4212 CHRISTENSEN v. CIR
[8] We conclude that the plain language and context of the
statute support a conclusion that relief under § 6015 is limited
to spouses who file a joint return.
C. The Legislative History of § 6015 Does Not Reveal
a Contrary Congressional Intent
Even though the plain language and context of the statute
indicate a joint return requirement, we may look to see if the
legislative history clearly expresses a contrary intent. See
Adams v. Bowen, 872 F.2d 926, 928-29 (9th Cir. 1989)
(reviewing legislative history despite statute’s unambiguous
language and concluding that nothing in the history compelled
a contrary reading of the statute). The conference report
accompanying the enactment of § 6015 discusses equitable
relief for spouses who file joint returns:
The conferees do not intend to limit the use of the
Secretary’s authority to provide equitable relief to
situations where tax is shown on a return but not
paid. The conferees intend that such authority be
used where, taking into account all the facts and cir-
cumstances, it is inequitable to hold an individual
liable for all or part of any unpaid tax or deficiency
arising from a joint return.
H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 105-599, at 254 (1998). The language in
§ 6015(f) mirrors the language in the conference report allow-
ing the Secretary to provide “equitable relief” from “any
unpaid tax or any deficiency.” The report suggests that Con-
gress assumed a joint return as a prerequisite to equitable
relief under § 6015(f).
Christensen argues that the report’s reference to “equitable
relief” describes relief under § 6015(b), not (f). The language
in § 6015(b), however, does not include the term “equitable
relief” and applies only to “an understatement of tax.” Thus,
the reference to “equitable relief” from joint returns logically
CHRISTENSEN v. CIR 4213
relates to § 6015(f), not to § 6015(b). Accordingly, the lan-
guage in the conference report expresses a legislative intent
consistent with our conclusion that equitable relief under
§ 6015(f) is available only if a joint return is filed.
V. CONCLUSION
In light of the plain language, context, and legislative his-
tory of § 6015, we conclude that relief under § 6015(f) is
available only to taxpayers who file joint federal income tax
returns.
AFFIRMED.