United States v. Ronald Wulf , 494 F. App'x 800 ( 2012 )

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION OCT 16 2012
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 11-30056
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 4:09-cr-00012-RRB-1
v.
MEMORANDUM *
RONALD MARVIN ROBERT WULF,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Alaska
Ralph R. Beistline, Chief District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted August 29, 2012
Anchorage, Alaska
Before: HAWKINS, McKEOWN, and BEA, Circuit Judges.
Ronald Marvin Robert Wulf (“Wulf”) appeals his jury conviction for being a
felon in possession in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). We have jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and affirm.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Wulf was restrained with ankle chains during his one-day trial, except
during jury selection and Wulf’s testimony. We review a district court’s decision
to shackle a defendant for abuse of discretion. Morgan v. Bunnell, 24 F.3d 49, 51
(9th Cir. 1994). Both parties agree that the district court erred in requiring Wulf to
be shackled and that the court did not make the requisite findings. Wulf’s request
for structural error review is foreclosed by our precedent. See Duckett v. Godinez,
67 F.3d 734, 749 (9th Cir. 1995) (“Shackling, except in extreme forms, is
susceptible to harmless error analysis.”).
Given the strength of the government’s case against Wulf and that there is
no evidence in the record that any juror saw or was aware of Wulf’s restraints, we
conclude that any error from shackling was harmless. See Castillo v. Stainer, 983
F.2d 145, 149 (9th Cir. 1992) (finding shackling at trial harmless error because
defendant only wore waist chain that could not have been seen by jury and the state
demonstrated that defendant was guilty of aiding and abetting and murder). The
district court removed Wulf’s ankle restraints during voir dire and took precautions
(e.g., removing the ankle shackles during voir dire, excusing the jury prior to Wulf
taking and leaving the stand, and devising a process for handling sidebar
discussions), making it unlikely that the restraints were visible.
2
Although Wulf is represented by counsel, he raises several claims in his pro
se supplemental briefs, all of which lack merit. Wulf presents no evidence about
individuals he claims were excluded from the jury pool or about the party that
excluded potential jurors. Thus, he does not satisfy any of the steps of raising a
valid challenge under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 96-98 (9186). Wulf also
provides no evidence that there was any communication between dismissed jurors
and other prospective jury members. He was also given an opportunity to conduct
additional voir dire of potential jurors and declined to do so.
Wulf also contends that the government failed to prove that he was not
prohibited from possessing a firearm either because (1) he is Native American or
(2) Alaska did not expressly inform him that he could not possess a firearm. Lack
of restoration of rights is not an element of a § 922(g) charge. United States v.
Fisher, 137 F.3d 1158, 1166 (9th Cir. 1988). The government was only required to
prove that “at the time [Wulf] possessed firearms, he had been convicted of a crime
punishable by imprisonment for a term of more than one year.” Id. Wulf
stipulated that he was a felon and made no argument at trial regarding his status as
a Native American. The evidence demonstrated that he possessed the firearm at
issue.
3
Contrary to Wulf’s argument, the admission of evidence relating to Wulf’s
involvement in another assault on the evening of November 6, 2008 did not
constitute an amendment of the indictment. The only issue at trial was whether
Wulf possessed the .22 caliber Smith & Wesson and no other charge was submitted
to the jury. The district court did not err in considering Wulf’s state assault
conviction in the context of sentencing and determining the appropriate offense
level for Wulf’s felon in possession conviction. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
Finally, nothing in this case warrants a departure from the general rule that
we do not review challenges to the effectiveness of counsel on direct appeal.
United States v. McGowan, 668 F.3d 601, 605 (9th Cir. 2012).
AFFIRMED.
4