Kim Allen v. Hylands, Inc. ( 2019 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 15 2019
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
KIM ALLEN; et al., No. 17-56184
Plaintiffs-Appellants, D.C. No.
2:12-cv-01150-DMG-MAN
v.
HYLANDS, INC., a California corporation; MEMORANDUM*
STANDARD HOMEOPATHIC
COMPANY,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Dolly M. Gee, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted April 11, 2019
Pasadena, California
Before: TASHIMA and PAEZ, Circuit Judges, and ALSUP,** District Judge.
Kim Allen and similarly situated plaintiffs (collectively “Allen”) appeal the
district court’s judgment following a jury’s verdict in favor of Defendants
(collectively “Hyland’s”). On appeal, Allen challenges the district court’s jury
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable William Alsup, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of California, sitting by designation.
instructions on the elements of the legal claims, the district court’s denial of one of
Allen’s proposed jury instructions, its denial of Allen’s motion to exclude the
testimony of defense expert Dr. Edward Calabrese, the denial of Allen’s motion for
a new trial, and the district court’s failure to make findings of fact and conclusions
of law on the equitable claims.
“The gravamen of [Allen’s] claims is that Hyland’s products are ineffective
at providing the promised symptom relief.” Allen alleged that because Hyland’s
homeopathic products contain active ingredients in such diluted doses, they have
“no effect on ailments and symptoms they are advertised for, and in fact did not
alleviate the ailments or symptoms for which [Allen] purchased them.” The
district court certified Allen’s claims for class treatment, construing the theory of
the case as “Defendants made material misrepresentations about products which do
not work and cannot possibly work as a matter of scientific principle, given the
level of dilution of their active ingredients.” In the final pretrial conference order,
the district court confirmed this theory of the case in its enumeration of elements
required to establish Allen’s claims.
The parties submitted conflicting jury instructions: Allen’s proposed
instructions stated that Allen needed to prove that Hyland’s products “did not”
work, while the instructions proposed by Hyland’s stated that Allen had to show
that the products did not and “cannot relieve symptoms as represented.” Allen
2
objected that the use of the word “cannot” in the jury instructions would heighten
the burden of proof. Consistent with the class certification order and final pretrial
conference order, the district court included “cannot” in the final jury instructions.
The district court additionally declined to give Allen’s proposed instruction that the
jury “may not take into consideration the placebo effect in determining whether
[Hyland’s] products provided relief.”
The jury returned a verdict for Hyland’s on Allen’s Magnuson-Moss
Warranty Act claim, express warranty claim, and Consumer Legal Remedies Act
(“CLRA”) claim. Relying entirely on the jury’s express and implicit findings of
fact, the district court found for Hyland’s on the equitable False Advertising Law
(“FAL”) and Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”) claims. The district court denied
Allen’s motion for a new trial.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm in part
and reverse in part.
1. We review de novo whether the district court misstated the elements of the
Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, express warranty, and CLRA claims. See Ostad v.
Or. Health Scis. Univ., 327 F.3d 876, 883 (9th Cir. 2003). “Jury instructions must
be formulated so that they fairly and adequately cover the issues presented,
correctly state the law, and are not misleading.” Chuman v. Wright, 76 F.3d 292,
294 (9th Cir. 1996). If jury instructions are misleading or inadequate when
3
construed as a whole, this error “requires reversal unless the error is more probably
than not harmless.” Clem v. Lomelli, 566 F.3d 1177, 1182 (9th Cir. 2009).
Here, we need not address whether the district court misstated the elements
of Allen’s legal claims because any error was more probably than not harmless.
The phrases “do not” and “cannot” were used interchangeably by both parties
throughout the proceedings, effectively conflating the concepts. In fact, in closing
remarks to the jury, Allen emphasized that “‘Do not’ equals ‘cannot.’” Thus, as
this case was presented to the jury, there was no difference between “do not” and
“cannot” such that a different jury instruction would have affected the verdict.
2. We review de novo whether the district court erred in rejecting Allen’s
proposed placebo effect instruction. See United States v. Duran, 59 F.3d 938, 941
(9th Cir. 1995). “A party is entitled to an instruction about his or her theory of the
case if it is supported by law and has foundation in the evidence.” Jones v.
Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). Here, Allen sought to limit the jury
from considering the placebo effect of Hyland’s products, citing FTC v. Pantron I
Corp., 33 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. 1994), as the legal authority for the proposed jury
instruction. Pantron I Corp., however, involved the Federal Trade Commission
Act. 33 F.3d at 1099. We have not incorporated Pantron I Corp. into our
jurisprudence on the CLRA, Magnuson-Moss Act, or express warranty, nor has
any California court. Thus, Allen’s proposed instruction was not supported by law.
4
3. We review whether the district court properly admitted Dr. Calabrese’s
expert testimony over Allen’s objection for abuse of discretion. See Pyramid
Techs., Inc. v. Hartford Cas. Ins. Co., 752 F.3d 807, 813 (9th Cir. 2014). To
qualify as an expert, a witness’s proposed testimony must satisfy the requirements
of Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 589–95 (1993). Here, all of the requirements of Rule 702 and
Daubert were met: Dr. Calabrese is a board certified expert in toxicology who has
published multiple books as well as hundreds of papers in peer-reviewed journals;
several of Dr. Calabrese’s works concern the principles of hormesis, about which
he was called to testify; and Dr. Calabrese’s testimony on the relationship between
hormesis and homeopathy was derived from a literature review citing to several
peer-reviewed sources in his field. The district court did not abuse its discretion by
denying Allen’s motion to exclude Dr. Calabrese’s testimony.
4. We review the district court’s denial of Allen’s Rule 59 motion for a new
trial for abuse of discretion. See Hung Lam v. City of San Jose, 869 F.3d 1077,
1084 (9th Cir. 2017). The district court may only set aside a jury verdict where the
verdict is “contrary to the clear weight of the evidence.” Molski v. M.J. Cable,
Inc., 481 F.3d 724, 729 (9th Cir. 2007). Because determining the clear weight of
the evidence is highly fact-specific, we “will not reverse the denial of a new trial
motion if there was some ‘reasonable basis’ for the jury’s verdict.” Id. Here, there
5
was evidence that supported both parties’ positions, and thus, there was a
reasonable basis for the jury’s verdict. The district court did not abuse its
discretion in denying Allen’s Rule 59 motion.
5. As to Allen’s equitable claims, we review the district court’s findings of fact
for clear error while conclusions of law and mixed questions of law and fact are
reviewed de novo. See Lim v. City of Long Beach, 217 F.3d 1050, 1054 (9th Cir.
2000). “[W]here legal claims tried by the jury and equitable claims are ‘based on
the same set of facts, the Seventh Amendment requires the trial judge to follow the
jury’s implicit or explicit factual determinations.’” Sanders v. City of Newport,
657 F.3d 772, 783 (9th Cir. 2011). If, however, determining the equitable claims
requires proof of a fact that the jury did not implicitly or expressly find, the district
court must make its own determination. See Dollar Sys., Inc. v. Avcar Leasing
Sys., Inc., 890 F.2d 165, 170–71 (9th Cir. 1989).
Allen brought two equitable claims under the FAL and UCL. Allen’s FAL
deceptive advertising claim required proof of the same facts as his legal claims,
namely that Hyland’s products “cannot relieve symptoms as represented.” The
district court did not err in ruling for Hyland’s on the FAL claim based on the
jury’s implicit factual findings.
Allen’s UCL claim, however, encompassed both a deceptive advertising
theory and an unfair business practices theory. The UCL’s prohibition of unfair
6
business practices sweeps more broadly than the CLRA, Magnuson-Moss
Warranty Act, or express warranty. Compare Cal. Bus. & Prof. § 17200; Cel-Tech
Commc’ns v. L.A. Cellular Tel. Co., 973 P.2d 527, 540–41 (Cal. 1999) with 15
U.S.C. § 2301 et seq; Cal. Civ. Code § 1770. The UCL’s unfair prong can apply to
business practices that are against public policy, Cel-Tech Commc’ns, 973 P.2d at
543; that are “immoral, unethical, oppressive, unscrupulous or substantially
injurious,” Drum v. San Fernando Valley Bar Ass’n, 106 Cal. Rptr. 3d 46, 53 (Ct.
App. 2010); or that cause unforeseeable injuries to consumers that are not
outweighed by countervailing benefits, Camacho v. Auto. Club of S. Cal., 48 Cal.
Rptr. 3d 770, 777 (Ct. App. 2006). The jury’s narrow findings as to deceptive
advertising do not resolve Allen’s broader unfair practices theory. Thus, the
district court must engage in fact-finding to resolve this claim, and erred in
granting judgement to Hyland’s without doing so. Consequently, the district
court’s judgment on Allen’s equitable UCL claim must be reversed.
6. Each party shall bear their own costs on appeal.
AFFIRMED in part; REVERSED in part and REMANDED.
7