Seattle Times Company v. Leathercare, Inc. ( 2020 )

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
SEP 25 2020
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
SEATTLE TIMES COMPANY, Nos. 18-35773
19-35056
Plaintiff-Appellant, 19-35252
v. D.C. No. 2:15-cv-01901-TSZ
LEATHERCARE, INC.; STEVEN RITT,
an individual, and the marital community MEMORANDUM*
composed of Steven Ritt and Laurie
Rosen-Ritt; LAURIE ROSEN-RITT,
Defendants-Appellees,
v.
TB TS/RELP LLC; TOUCHSTONE SLU,
INC.,
Third-party-defendants-
Appellees.
SEATTLE TIMES COMPANY, No. 18-35966
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:15-cv-01901-TSZ
v.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
LEATHERCARE, INC.; STEVEN RITT,
an individual, and the marital community
composed of Steven Ritt and Laurie
Rosen-Ritt; LAURIE ROSEN-RITT,
Defendants-Appellees,
v.
TB TS/RELP LLC; TOUCHSTONE SLU,
INC.,
Third-party-defendants-
Appellants.
SEATTLE TIMES COMPANY, No. 19-35068
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:15-cv-01901-TSZ
v.
LEATHERCARE, INC.; STEVEN RITT,
an individual, and the marital community
composed of Steven Ritt and Laurie
Rosen-Ritt; LAURIE ROSEN-RITT,
Defendants-Appellants,
v.
TB TS/RELP LLC; TOUCHSTONE SLU,
INC.,
Third-party-defendants.
2
SEATTLE TIMES COMPANY, No. 19-35433
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:15-cv-01901-TSZ
v.
LEATHERCARE, INC.; STEVEN RITT,
an individual, and the marital community
composed of Steven Ritt and Laurie
Rosen-Ritt; LAURIE ROSEN-RITT,
Defendants-Appellees,
v.
TB TS/RELP LLC; TOUCHSTONE SLU,
INC.,
Third-party-defendants.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Washington
Thomas S. Zilly, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted May 8, 2020
Seattle, Washington
Before: KLEINFELD, W. FLETCHER, and RAWLINSON, Circuit Judges.
These consolidated appeals stem from protracted litigation involving the
extensive contamination of commercial property previously used for dry-cleaning
operations. Appellant Seattle Times Company (Seattle Times) appeals the district
court’s dismissal of its claims brought under the Comprehensive Environmental
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Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) against Appellees
LeatherCare, Inc. (LeatherCare) and Steven Ritt (Ritt), and its claim pursuant to
Washington’s Model Toxics Control Act (MTCA) against Ritt. Additionally,
Seattle Times appeals the district court’s award of costs to Appellees Touchstone
SLU LLC and TB TS/RELP LLC (Touchstone) pursuant to an Environmental
Remediation and Indemnity Agreement (ERIA).
In separate appeals, Seattle Times challenges the district court’s award of
attorneys’ fees and its determination of prevailing party status, which LeatherCare
contests in a conditional cross-appeal. Touchstone also appeals the district court’s
denial of its request for prejudgment interest on the amounts owed by Seattle
Times under the ERIA.
1. The district court properly denied Seattle Times’ motion for partial
summary judgment on its CERCLA § 107(a) claim. Although Seattle Times and
LeatherCare stipulated to certain elements of liability under CERCLA § 107(a),
there was a material factual dispute concerning the geographic scope of the
contamination on the property, and the parties’ responsibilities for the associated
remedial costs. In any event, the district court ultimately dismissed Seattle Times’
claim because the interim action plan for remediation of the property failed to
substantially comply with the National Contingency Plan, a requisite element of
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CERCLA § 107(a) liability to which Seattle Times and LeatherCare did not
stipulate. See Seattle Times Co. v. LeatherCare, Inc., 337 F. Supp. 3d 999, 1048-
49 (W.D. Wash. 2018); AmeriPride Servs. Inc. v. Texas E. Overseas Inc., 782 F.3d
474, 489 (9th Cir. 2015) (stating that “[t]o prevail in a private cost recovery action
under [CERCLA § 107(a)], a plaintiff must establish, among other things, that the
release of a hazardous substance caused the plaintiff to incur response costs that
were necessary and consistent with the national contingency plan”) (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted).
2. In allocating orphan shares for contamination caused by the property’s
former owner, Troy Laundry Co. (Troy), the district court did not clearly err in
determining that Troy utilized hazardous materials in its dry-cleaning operations,
and was no longer subject to liability due to its dissolution in 1986. See Seattle
Times Co., 337 F. Supp. 3d 999 at 1020, 1024-25; see also Resilient Floor
Covering Pension Trust Fund Bd. of Trustees v. Michael’s Floor Covering, Inc.,
801 F.3d 1079, 1088 (9th Cir. 2015) (articulating that “[w]e review the district
court’s findings of fact after a bench trial for clear error”) (citation omitted); RCW
§ 23B.14.340 (requiring commencement of suit within two years of the dissolution
of a corporation). The district court also did not clearly err in determining that
Troy’s corporate successor did not assume Troy’s liabilities, and there was no
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evidence that Troy’s corporate formalities were disregarded after it became a
subsidiary of the acquiring corporation. See Seattle Times, 337 F. Supp. 3d at 1025
n.19; see also Minton v. Ralston Purina Co., 47 P.3d 556, 562 (Wash. 2002) (en
banc) (explaining that, absent piercing of the corporate veil, a parent corporation is
not liable for acts of its subsidiaries).
3. The district court properly dismissed Seattle Times’ CERCLA claims
against LeatherCare and Ritt because the interim action plan for remediation of the
property did not substantially comply with the National Contingency Plan. See
Seattle Times, 337 F. Supp. 3d at 1048-49. The district court correctly concluded
that the underlying feasibility study failed to provide the requisite detailed analysis
in screening out potential remedial alternatives to excavation and disposal of
contaminated soil from the property. See Carson Harbor Village v. Cty. of Los
Angeles, 433 F.3d 1260, 1268 (9th Cir. 2006) (explaining that “the feasibility study
must include a detailed analysis on the limited number of alternatives that represent
viable approaches to remedial action after evaluation in the screening stage”)
(citation, alteration, and internal quotation marks omitted).
4. The district court did not clearly err in determining that Ritt was not
personally liable as an operator of a facility under the MTCA. See Seattle Times,
337 F. Supp. 3d at 1051; see also Resilient Floor Covering Pension Trust Fund Bd.
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of Trustees, 801 F.3d at 1088 (reviewing for clear error). Ritt did not “possess the
requisite level of control to support operator liability,” because he did not “manage,
direct, or conduct operations specifically related to pollution.” Pope Res., LP v.
Wash. State Dept. of Nat. Res., 418 P.3d 90, 98-99 (Wash. 2018) (citation omitted).
Notably, Seattle Times and LeatherCare stipulated that LeatherCare was the former
operator of the property under CERCLA, with no mention of Ritt’s personal
involvement in any contamination.
5. The district court did not err in awarding costs in favor of Touchstone
pursuant to the ERIA. See Seattle Times, 337 F. Supp. 3d at 1068-69. The district
court reasonably concluded that the ERIA’s definition of incremental costs did not
preclude Touchstone from utilizing trucks to directly transport contaminated soil to
a landfill, id. at 1054-55, and requiring Touchstone to wait for available rail
transport would have “unreasonably interfere[d] with” Touchstone’s “ongoing
development project work.” See Estate of Carter v. Carden, 455 P.3d 197, 202
(Wash. Ct. App. 2019) (explaining that “[w]hen considering the language of a
written agreement, we impute an intention corresponding to the reasonable
meaning of the words used in the writing”) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). Although the ERIA afforded Seattle Times the right to select the
disposal site, it did not expressly provide a corresponding contractual right to select
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the mode of transportation.
Additionally, the district court properly awarded costs for sales tax, markups
for services associated with the removal of contaminated soil, and pre-disposal soil
sampling and analysis based on its interpretation of the contractual provisions,
Washington law, and evidence presented at trial. See Seattle Times, 337 F. Supp.
3d at 1054-55, 1057-62, 1064 n.57, 1067-68.
6. The district court properly denied Touchstone’s request for
prejudgment interest because the damages were not liquidated as required under
Washington law. See McLelland v. Paxton, 453 P.3d 1, 22 (Wash. Ct. App. 2019)
(explaining that “[a] liquidated claim arises from the availability of data which, if
believed, makes it possible to compute the amount with exactness, without reliance
on opinion or discretion”) (citation omitted). In awarding costs in favor of
Touchstone, the district court was required to determine whether Seattle Times
breached the ERIA in the context of the CERCLA and MTCA remedial actions, as
well as the reasonableness of Touchstone’s request for costs based on trucking
contaminated soil, sales tax, markups, and pre-disposal soil sampling and analysis.
The district court also opined that Touchstone was not entitled to certain costs that
it requested. See Seattle Times, 337 F. Supp. 3d at 1056-57, 1061-62, 1064, 1066.
As a result, the district court necessarily had to rely on “opinion or discretion” in
8
resolving the extensive litigation related to Seattle Times’ contractual obligations.
McLelland, 453 P.3d at 22 (citation omitted).
7. The district court correctly held that Seattle Times was not a
prevailing party over LeatherCare. Notably, the district court held that Seattle
Times was partly responsible for contamination of the property as its owner for
twenty-five years because it “took few corrective actions, and [contamination was]
allowed to travel farther and deeper in the subsurface soil, reaching the adjacent
right-of-way and the groundwater,” Seattle Times failed to conduct “any
meaningful investigation” prior to its purchase of the property, and engaged in
insufficient remediation actions after contamination was discovered on the
property. Seattle Times, 337 F. Supp. 3d at 1073-74. Based on the district court’s
findings, Seattle Times was not a prevailing party under the MTCA. See Douglass
v. Shamrock Paving, Inc., 406 P.3d 1155, 1161 (Wash. 2017) (delineating the
standard for prevailing party status under the MTCA as “the party that either
recovers remedial action costs or successfully defends against a claim for such
costs”) (citation omitted).
8. The district court did not err in determining that Ritt was not a
prevailing party over Touchstone. Touchstone did not focus on Ritt’s personal
liability as an operator under the MTCA, and its claims were directed at
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LeatherCare at trial. In turn, Touchstone did not qualify as a prevailing party over
Ritt because it was not awarded any remedial costs from Ritt independent of
LeatherCare. See Douglass, 406 P.3d at 1161.1
9. The district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorneys’
fees to Touchstone. See Cronin v. Cent. Valley Sch. Dist., 456 P.3d 843, 856
(Wash. Ct. App. 2020) (explaining that reversal of a fee award is warranted “only
if the decision is manifestly unreasonable, is based on untenable grounds, or is
made for untenable reasons, with the last category including errors of law”)
(citation omitted). The district court arrived at a tenable basis for the fee award,
sufficiently explained its reasoning in awarding fees and its calculation of certain
multipliers and reductions, reasonably accepted Touchstone’s segregation of fees
for work performed on the breach of contract and MTCA claims, and properly
excluded fees for clerical work performed by a paralegal consistent with
Washington law. See William G Hulbert Jr. & Clare Mumford Hulbert Revocable
Living Trust v. Port of Everett, 245 P.3d 779, 789 (Wash. Ct. App. 2011) (stating
that “[a]n explicit hour-by-hour analysis of each lawyer’s time sheets is
1
In its cross-appeal, LeatherCare asserts that it was a prevailing party over
Seattle Times because Seattle Times was liable for a significant portion of the
cleanup costs. However, we need not and do not address the cross-appeal because
LeatherCare acknowledges that, if we affirm the district court’s prevailing party
determination, dismissal of its conditional cross-appeal is warranted.
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unnecessary as long as the award is made with a consideration of the relevant
factors and reasons sufficient for review are given for the amount awarded”)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Absher Const. Co. v. Kent
Sch. Dist. No. 415, 917 P.2d 1086, 1088 (Wash. Ct. App. 1995), as modified
(delineating the bases for reducing fees for non-attorney work).
10. The district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding attorneys’
fees to Ritt. The district court reasonably segregated the fees applicable to
LeatherCare and Ritt based on the corresponding billing entries. See Loeffelholz v.
Citizens for Leaders with Ethics & Accountability Now (C.L.E.A.N.), 82 P.3d 1199,
1213-14 (Wash. Ct. App. 2004), as amended (affording the district court discretion
to conduct its own segregation analysis). The district court also adequately
explained the basis for the fee award, reasonably calculated the fee award based on
work performed in support of Ritt’s defense, and correctly excluded fees
performed for non-attorney work. See Cronin, 456 P.3d at 856; Absher Const. Co.,
917 P.2d at 1088; William G Hulbert Jr. & Clare Mumford Hulbert Revocable
Living Trust, 245 P.3d at 789.
AFFIRMED.2
2
Appellees LeatherCare, Inc., Steven Ritt, and Lauren Rosen-Ritt’s Motion
To Take Judicial Notice filed July 2, 2019, is GRANTED as to the appeal bond
(continued...)
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2
(...continued)
filed in the district court and DENIED as to the newspaper article published in the
Puget Sound Business Journal.
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