United States v. Keith Hopkins ( 2020 )

FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
NOV 24 2020
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 16-10420
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No.
4:15-cr-00545-YGR-1
v.
KEITH HOPKINS, MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California
Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted July 12, 2017**
San Francisco, California
Before: GRABER and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and MARSHALL,***
District Judge.
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3731, in this criminal case against Defendant Keith
Hopkins, the government timely appeals the district court’s order suppressing
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes that this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
***
The Honorable Consuelo B. Marshall, United States District Judge for the
Central District of California, sitting by designation.
evidence. Reviewing de novo, United States v. Williams, 846 F.3d 303, 306 (9th
Cir. 2017), we vacate and remand for further proceedings.
"[B]efore conducting a warrantless search pursuant to a parolee’s parole
condition, law enforcement officers must have probable cause to believe that the
parolee is a resident of the house to be searched." Motley v. Parks, 432 F.3d 1072,
1080 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc), overruled in other part by United States v. King,
687 F.3d 1189, 1189 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc) (per curiam). "Probable cause . . . is
not a high bar: It requires only the ‘kind of fair probability on which reasonable
and prudent people, not legal technicians, act.’" Kaley v. United States, 134 S. Ct.
1090, 1103 (2014) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted) (quoting
Florida v. Harris, 568 U.S. 237, 244 (2013)). "A police officer has probable cause
to conduct a search when the facts available to him would warrant a person of
reasonable caution in the belief that [something is true]." Harris, 568 U.S. at 243(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). In applying this "practical and
common-sensical standard," we must consider the "totality of the circumstances."
Id. at 244.
The officers initially had good reason to believe that Defendant was living in
the motorhome at the 2187 address—Defendant was living there in April 2015, his
motorhome was registered to that address, and other information supported that
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conclusion. But then officers obtained good reason to believe that Defendant had
moved down the street. A 14-year-old came out of the house at the 2187 address
and identified himself as Defendant’s nephew. He volunteered that Defendant had
moved to the 2225 address to live with his girlfriend. He then identified
Defendant’s car, parked in the 2225 parking lot. That information was
corroborated by the registration of the car in two ways: (1) as belonging to
Defendant and (2) as having been registered by Defendant with the home address
of apartment A of the 2225 address. When the officers knocked on the door to
apartment A and spoke with the female tenant, she denied that Defendant lived
there but she also appeared nervous and untrustworthy.
We conclude, applying the "common-sensical standard" of probable cause,
Harris, 568 U.S. at 244, that there was a "fair probability," Kaley, 134 S. Ct. at
1103, that Defendant had, in fact, moved to apartment A of the 2225 address.
Defendant’s nephew had no apparent reason to lie, and his information was
independently corroborated by the registration of the car in two relevant specifics
(owner and address). "[P]robable cause may be established based on a tip from an
anonymous informant if there are sufficient indicia of reliability . . . [including] the
provision of details not easily obtained or predicted, or the police’s ability to
corroborate the information." United States v. Mayer, 560 F.3d 948, 957 (9th Cir.
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2009). Here, the "informant" was known, not anonymous; and the police
affirmatively corroborated the "tip," in part by information that Defendant had
provided voluntarily—his home address on the car registration.
Countervailing circumstances existed, but they were not very strong. That
Defendant lived in the motorhome in April is consistent with the information that
the nephew provided—Defendant had moved from the motorhome to the 2225
address. Similarly, the registered address of the motorhome and other information
conflicted with the address of the car registration, but it was reasonable for the
officers to conclude that the 2187 address was stale, given the nephew’s
corroborated account of the move and the location of Defendant’s car at the 2225
address. The only other potentially countervailing circumstance known to the
officers was the tenant’s denial that Defendant lived at the 2225 address. But we
have held that such denials are often "accorded little import."1 United States v.
Howard, 447 F.3d 1257, 1266 n.13 (9th Cir. 2006), overruled in other part by
King, 687 F.3d at 1189; see also Motley, 432 F.3d at 1082 ("[The co-resident’s]
statement that [the parolee] did not live at that address, coming from a less-than-
1
We reject the government’s argument that the tenant’s nervous and
argumentative responses to the officers’ questions can be construed as supporting a
finding of probable cause. At most, the denial detracted only slightly from the
other circumstances suggesting that Defendant had moved.
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disinterested source, did not undermine the information the officers previously had
received . . . ."). In sum, viewing the totality of the circumstances, a person of
reasonable caution would believe that Defendant had moved to the 2225 address.
Our cases are not to the contrary. For example, unlike in Howard and
Grandberry, the officers here received a voluntary, in-person tip that the officers
corroborated in important respects, including by information that Defendant had
provided voluntarily. For that reason, we find the four factors described in
Howard, 447 F.3d at 1265–66, not particularly apt. Grandberry, 730 F.3d at 977
n.8; see Harris, 568 U.S. at 244 ("We have rejected rigid rules, bright-line tests,
and mechanistic inquiries in favor of a more flexible, all-things-considered
approach.").
We emphasize the limited reach of our analysis given the procedural posture
of this case. Because the district court held no hearing and did not resolve any
factual disputes, we have viewed the facts in the light most favorable to the
government as the non-moving party. Cf. Nolan v. Heald Coll., 551 F.3d 1148,
1154 (9th Cir. 2009) (reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
non-moving party on summary judgment because the district court had not held an
evidentiary hearing). At its discretion, the district court may conduct an
evidentiary hearing.
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VACATED and REMANDED for further proceedings.
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