United States v. Victor Gonzalez, Jr. ( 2022 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 31 2022
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 21-10010
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No.
4:19-cr-01092-JGZ-BGM-4
v.
VICTOR ANTONIO GONZALEZ, Jr., MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
Jennifer G. Zipps, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 8, 2021
San Francisco, California
Before: GRABER and COLLINS, Circuit Judges, and CHOE-GROVES,** Judge.
Victor Antonio Gonzalez, Jr., pleaded guilty to conspiracy to smuggle
goods, 18 U.S.C. § 371, and smuggling goods, id. § 554(a). He appeals the district
court’s denial of his motion to suppress ammunition that was discovered during a
search of his vehicle. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable Jennifer Choe-Groves, Judge for the United States
Court of International Trade, sitting by designation.
We review de novo the denial of the motion to suppress and the underlying
factual findings for clear error. United States v. Miranda-Guerena, 445 F.3d 1233,
1236 (9th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted).
Defendant was driving southbound with a passenger approximately fifty-
eight miles from the Mexican border. A trooper stopped Defendant at 1:10 PM
because the vehicle’s license plate was under mandatory insurance suspension in
violation of the Arizona traffic code. Defendant stated that he and his passenger
were coming from Tucson back to Nogales. When the trooper asked the passenger
where he was coming from, he responded that he and Defendant were coming from
Nogales and then stated that they were coming from Phoenix. At some point, the
trooper asked Defendant to accompany him back to the patrol car, while the
trooper completed the paperwork. As the trooper handed Defendant a written
warning for the insurance violation, he asked Defendant again, and Defendant
responded that they were coming from Phoenix. At this point, the traffic stop had
lasted five to ten minutes. The trooper did not inform Defendant that he was free
to leave, but Defendant turned to walk to his vehicle.
The trooper asked Defendant if he “could have a word with him to ask him a
few questions,” and Defendant agreed without hesitation. Defendant consented to
a vehicle search and signed a written consent form. The trooper frisked Defendant
and the passenger and directed them to stand 200 feet away while he searched the
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vehicle. The trooper found 10,000 rounds of ammunition in the vehicle. The
trooper walked Defendant and the passenger to the police vehicle and handcuffed
them behind their backs. At approximately 1:30 PM, the trooper called a federal
agent who was tasked to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), and
two ATF agents arrived after fifteen or twenty minutes. Defendant agreed to speak
with the ATF agents, who removed the handcuffs.
Defendant’s consent to the search was “freely and voluntarily given” based
on the “totality of all the circumstances.” See Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412
U.S. 218, 222, 227 (1973) (citations omitted). After the end of the traffic stop, the
justification for which Defendant does not challenge, Defendant consented to a
vehicle search verbally and in writing. Defendant was not in custody, and under
the facts as found by the district court, the trooper did not threaten Defendant, draw
his gun, or use force to obtain consent. See United States v. Jones, 286 F.3d 1146,
1152 (9th Cir. 2002) (discussing the factors for determining whether consent was
voluntary). Defendant testified that he initially refused to consent to a search and
relented when the trooper said he would call for a search warrant or canine, but the
magistrate judge found, and the district court judge agreed, that Defendant’s
testimony that he did not voluntarily sign the form was not credible. The trooper
was not required to inform Defendant that he was “‘free to go’ [for] his consent to
search [to] be recognized as voluntary.” See Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 35
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(1996). The district court did not err in finding that Defendant consented
voluntarily to the search.
Furthermore, the trooper acted reasonably when, before conducting the
consensual search of the vehicle, he patted down Defendant and asked him to
move away from the vehicle. Given that the trooper was outnumbered by
Defendant and his passenger, would be unable to observe their movements while
he conducted the search, and had received conflicting answers to basic questions,
the trooper reasonably suspected that his safety might be in danger if he did not
take these limited measures before conducting the consensual search. United
States v. Orman, 486 F.3d 1170, 1176 (9th Cir. 2007).
The Terry detention after the search was objectively reasonable based on the
facts available to the trooper at the time. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21–22 (1968).
The trooper had reasonable suspicion that Defendant was committing a federal
crime based on the uncommonly large amount of ammunition that he discovered in
the vehicle, Defendant’s and the passenger’s conflicting statements about their
prior whereabouts, and the fact that they were traveling southbound near the border
with Mexico. It was reasonable for the trooper to handcuff Defendant until the
federal agents arrived. See United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 235 (1985)
(“[The officers] were authorized to take such steps as were reasonably necessary to
protect their personal safety and to maintain the status quo during the course of the
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stop.”). The duration of the detention after the search to allow for federal agents to
arrive was reasonable.
AFFIRMED.
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