United States v. Gary Franklin ( 2023 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 21 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 22-30072
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 6:21-cr-00176-MC-1
v.
MEMORANDUM*
GARY EDWARD FRANKLIN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Oregon
Michael J. McShane, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted June 15, 2023**
Portland, Oregon
Before: TALLMAN, RAWLINSON, and SUNG, Circuit Judges.
Gary Edward Franklin appeals his 48-month sentence imposed following his
guilty plea to two counts of mailing a threatening communication in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 876(c). On direct appeal Franklin argues (1) that the district court failed
to use the Sentencing Guidelines as a meaningful benchmark and that his sentence
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
is substantively unreasonable, (2) that the district court failed to resolve disputes he
raised at sentencing in violation of Fed. R. Crim P. 32(i)(3)(b), and (3) that the
district court deprived him of his right to allocution in violation of Fed. R. Crim. P.
32(i)(4)(A)(ii) and due process. Because the parties are familiar with the facts of
this case, we do not repeat them here. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§1291, and we affirm the district court.
1. We review for abuse of discretion “whether the sentence is inside the
Guidelines range or outside of it.” United States v. Carty, 520 F.3d 984, 993 (9th
Cir. 2008) (en banc). The district court adequately considered the Guidelines and
the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors and did not abuse its discretion when it sentenced
Franklin to 48-months. The guidelines are advisory and “are to be kept in mind
throughout” sentencing. Id. at 991. The guidelines are one factor for the district
court to consider. Id. The record shows that the district court adequately
considered the Guidelines sentence of 6-12 months, as well as Franklin’s age,
mental health issues, his prior criminal history, the weapons, items, and photos
found in his home, that the defendant specifically threatened torture and murder,
and that the defendant particularized the threats to the victim and the victim’s
family members.
Because the district court performed an individualized assessment based on
the facts in this case looking at the totality of the circumstances, the sentence is
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substantively reasonable. Id. at 993, 996; United States v. Gall, 128 S. Ct. 586,
597 (2007). Extraordinary circumstances are not required to justify a sentence
outside the Guidelines range. Id. at 595. And no “rigid mathematical formula”
should be used to determine “the strength of the justifications required for a
specific sentence.” Id.
2. We review alleged Fed. R. Crim. P. 32 violations de novo. United States
v. Job, 871 F.3d 852, 868 (9th Cir. 2017). Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(B) states that
“[a]t sentencing, the court must—for any disputed portion of the presentence report
or other controverted matter—rule on the dispute or determine that a ruling is
unnecessary either because the matter will not affect sentencing, or because the
court will not consider the matter in sentencing.”
Here, Franklin argues that the district court erred by failing to address his
disputes during sentencing. Specifically, he argues the district court (a) improperly
applied a “pseudo hate-crime” enhancement; (b) failed to consider Franklin’s
likelihood of committing future crimes; (c) failed to consider Franklin’s age and
mental health; and (d) failed to consider Franklin’s arguments regarding his actions
and the impact on the victim.
The record belies these assertions. The district court expressly and
appropriately considered Franklin’s likelihood of future criminal activity, his age,
mental health, and the impact of his statements on the victim. Further, the district
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court explicitly did not apply the hate crime enhancement under U.S.S.G. §
3A1.1(a), which focuses on the defendant’s motive, and requires that the court find
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant selected the victim “because of the
actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, gender
identity, disability, or sexual orientation of any person.” Franklin argues that the
district court made a pseudo hate-crime enhancement because the court noted that
the defendant increased the impact of the threats on the victim by particularizing
them to the personal characteristics of the victim and family members, including
by specifically referring to their race, gender, and sexual orientation. We disagree.
By considering the impact of such particularization, the district court did not make
any finding regarding the defendant’s motive.
3. We review due process challenges to a criminal sentence de novo. United
States v. Guillen-Cervantes, 748 F.3d 870, 872 (9th Cir. 2014). Lastly, Franklin
argues that the judge’s unwillingness to hear Franklin’s continued statement was a
violation of Fed. Rule Crim. P. 32(i)(4)(A)(ii) as well as a violation of his due
process rights under the Sixth Amendment’s guarantee of the right to allocute.
Allocution is a historic common-law right. Green v. United States, 365 U.S.
301, 304 (1961). Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(4)(A)(ii) requires the court to “address the
defendant personally in order to permit the defendant to speak or present any
information to mitigate the sentence.” The court has a “duty to listen and give
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careful and serious consideration to such information.” United States v. Mack, 200
F.3d 653, 658 (9th Cir. 2000). The right is not unlimited, United States v. Kellogg,
955 F.2d 1244, 1250 (9th Cir. 1992), and a single pertinent question may satisfy
the allocution requirement under Rule 32. Green, 365 U.S. at 304. The due
process right to allocution applies only when a court denies a defendant’s
affirmative request to speak. Boardman v. Estelle, 957 F.2d 1523, 1530 (9th Cir.
1992), as supplemented on denial of reh’g (Mar. 11, 1992).
The district court did not violate Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(4)(A)(ii). At
sentencing, the district judge addressed Franklin in order to provide an opportunity
for allocution—“Mr. Franklin, what would you like to say?” and “[a]nything else
you want to tell me?” After his allocution, the district court asked Franklin if there
was “anything else you want to tell me,” and Franklin provided a final statement—
“I regret sending [the threats]. It was a stupid thing to do. I’ll accept whatever
punishment is coming my way.” And because the court provided Franklin with an
adequate opportunity to speak, there was no due process violation. Boardman, 957
F.2d at 1530.
AFFIRMED.
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