Com. v. Eyrich, S. ( 2018 )

J-S84011-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
SEAN MICHAEL EYRICH :
:
Appellant : No. 1061 MDA 2017
Appeal from the PCRA Order June 13, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Berks County Criminal Division at No(s):
CP-06-CR-0003586-2015
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., LAZARUS, J., and OTT, J.
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 01, 2018
Sean Michael Eyrich (“Appellant”) appeals pro se from the order
denying his petition for collateral relief filed pursuant to the Post Conviction
Relief Act (“PCRA”), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541–9546. After careful review, we
reverse and remand.
This case stems from Appellant driving intoxicated on June 7, 2015,
and causing an accident involving Bryan Koch and R. Lynn Koch, the driver
and passenger of a motorcycle, respectively. Bryan Koch was seriously
injured and R. Lynn Koch, his wife, was killed. Appellant entered an open
guilty plea on December 17, 2015, to one count each of Homicide by Vehicle
While Driving Under the Influence (“DUI”), Aggravated Assault by Vehicle-
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DUI, and DUI-Highest Rate of Alcohol.1 The trial court sentenced Appellant
to incarceration for an aggregate term of fifty-four months to twenty years.
Additionally, the sentencing order imposed “restitution in the sum of $1.00.”
Sentencing Order, 12/17/15. Shortly after sentencing, judgment was
entered against Appellant “for the full amount of restitution” in the sum of
$1,851.05. Entry of Judgment Notice, 12/22/15. Thereafter, the
Commonwealth filed a motion to amend restitution, seeking $384,328.77,
which included $19,487.53 to Bryan Koch and $364,841.24 to Socrates, Inc.
“for Mr. Koch’s medical treatment. Socrates, Inc. provides outsourcing
subrogation services to Capitol BlueCross.” Motion to Amend Restitution,
1/29/16, at ¶¶ 6–8. Without conducting a restitution hearing, the trial court
granted the Commonwealth’s motion and amended restitution to
$364,841.24. Order, 3/21/16. Appellant did not file post-sentence motions
or a direct appeal.
The PCRA court updated the procedural history of this case, as follows:
On November 30, 2016, Appellant filed a timely pro se Motion
for Post Conviction Collateral Relief. Following a hearing to
determine whether Appellant wished to proceed pro se with his
PCRA petition, on January 6, 2017, this [c]ourt granted
Appellant’s motion to proceed pro se and allowed Appellant 60
days to file an amended PCRA petition. On March 21, 2017,
Appellant filed an amended petition. On June 13, 2017, this
[c]ourt dismissed Appellant’s amended petition. July 3, 2017,
Appellant filed a Notice of Appeal to the Superior Court from this
[c]ourt’s June 13 dismissal. This [c]ourt ordered Appellant to file
____________________________________________
1 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 3735(a), 3735.1(a), and 3802(c), respectively.
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a timely Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal,
which Appellant did on July 25, 2017.
PCRA Court Opinion, 8/8/17, at 1.
On appeal, Appellant presents the following questions for our review:
A. The Appellant’s plea was not made knowingly, intelligently
and voluntarily, and he has been exposed to a manifest
injustice due to ineffectiveness of trial/plea counsel, and
an abuse of discretion/error of law, on the part of the trial
plea court.
B. Trial counsel was ineffective for failing to inform the
Appellant of the pending decision in Birchfield v. North
Dakota, 14-1468, U.S. Supreme Court, or the fact that
Birchfield is not new law but reiteration of the 4 th
Amendment right to be secure in ones [sic] person and
free from forced or threatened physical intrusion, such as
blood draws for DUI testing.
C. The trial/plea court abused its discretion and/or erred as a
matter of law in sentencing the Appellant to both excessive
and unreasonable sentences in failing to consider both the
guidelines and mitigating factors.
D. The Appellant raises a challenge to the legality of his
sentence due to an order from the clerk of court for
$364,841.24 in restitution, which was drafted after a
hearing was held without notification to, knowledge of, and
not being able to appear at the hearing either personally or
by counsel, in violation of Appellant’s Sixth Amendment
rights, ordering said restitution to be paid to an “unknown
recipient.”
Appellant’s Brief at 3 (full capitalization omitted; reordered for ease of
disposition).
When reviewing the propriety of an order denying PCRA relief, we
consider the record “in the light most favorable to the prevailing party at the
PCRA level.” Commonwealth v. Stultz, 114 A.3d 865, 872 (Pa. Super.
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2015) (quoting Commonwealth v. Henkel, 90 A.3d 16, 20 (Pa. Super.
2014) (en banc)). This Court is limited to determining whether the evidence
of record supports the conclusions of the PCRA court and whether the ruling
is free of legal error. Commonwealth v. Rykard, 55 A.3d 1177, 1183 (Pa.
Super. 2012). We grant great deference to the PCRA court’s findings that
are supported in the record and will not disturb them unless they have no
support in the certified record. Commonwealth v. Rigg, 84 A.3d 1080,
1084 (Pa. Super. 2014).
Appellant’s first two issues challenge the effective assistance of his
plea counsel. According to Appellant, counsel failed to: (1) investigate the
case; (2) obtain an expert toxicology witness; (3) obtain the victim’s medical
records; (4) move for a change of venue and/or venire; (5) advise him
accurately regarding the imminent retirement of the trial judge; and (6)
advise him that a decision in Birchfield v. North Dakota was pending.
Appellant’s Brief at 5–11, 21–25.
It is presumed that counsel was effective, unless the petitioner proves
otherwise. Commonwealth v. Williams, 732 A.2d 1167, 1177 (Pa. 1999).
Furthermore, claims of ineffective assistance of counsel (“IAC”) are not self-
proving. Commonwealth v. Wharton, 811 A.2d 978, 986 (Pa. 2002).
Thus, in order to succeed on an IAC claim, an appellant must demonstrate
(1) that the underlying claim is of arguable merit; (2) that counsel’s
performance lacked a reasonable basis; and (3) that the ineffectiveness of
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counsel caused the appellant prejudice. Commonwealth v. Pierce, 786
A.2d 203, 213 (Pa. 2001).
Trial counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to pursue a
meritless claim. Commonwealth v. Loner, 836 A.2d 125, 132 (Pa. Super.
2003) (en banc). Moreover, with regard to the second prong, we have
reiterated that trial counsel’s approach must be “so unreasonable that no
competent lawyer would have chosen it.” Commonwealth v. Ervin, 766
A.2d 859, 862-863 (Pa. Super. 2000) (quoting Commonwealth v. Miller,
431 A.2d 233 (Pa. 1981)). In addition, we are mindful that prejudice
requires proof that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
error, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. Pierce,
786 A.2d at 213. “A failure to satisfy any prong of the ineffectiveness test
requires rejection of the claim of ineffectiveness.” Commonwealth v.
Daniels, 963 A.2d 409, 419 (Pa. 2009) (citing Commonwealth v. Sneed,
899 A.2d 1067 (Pa. 2006)). Thus, when it is clear that a petitioner has
failed to meet the prejudice prong of an IAC claim, the claim may be
disposed of on that basis alone, without a determination of whether the first
two prongs have been met. Commonwealth v. Baker, 880 A.2d 654, 656
(Pa. Super. 2005).
In disposing of Appellant’s myriad IAC claims, the PCRA court opined
as follows:
Here, [Appellant] fails to meet his burden of proof.
[Appellant] first claims that “his counsel, Curtis E. Barnes,
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Esquire, had just [received] discovery in the matter, the day
before [Appellant’s] plea was tendered”. However, [Appellant]
fails to identify specific acts demonstrating how his counsel failed
to effectuate his interests; instead, [Appellant] merely claims
that “it is blatantly obvious that counsel had nowhere near
sufficient time to investigate the matter”. There is no showing
as to how the course of conduct pursued by his counsel did not
effectuate [Appellant’s] interests in any reasonable way, and
consequently [Appellant] cannot show how he was prejudiced by
his counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness. Without this demonstration,
[Appellant’s] claim must fail.
[Appellant] also alleges that his counsel was ineffective for
failing to call an expert witness who “may have shown that
[Appellant] not only may not have been DUI …, but also may not
have been the cause of the accident”. However, [Appellant’s]
claim fails for several reasons. First, a defendant is bound by
the statements[,] which he makes during his plea colloquy, and
cannot assert grounds for withdrawing the plea that contradict
statements he made when he pled guilty. Commonwealth v.
Lewis, 708 A.2d 497, 502 (Pa. Super. 1998). At the guilty plea
hearing, [Appellant] admitted that he had been driving with a
blood alcohol content of .329%. (N.T. 12/17/15 at p. 7).
Moreover, [Appellant] fails to understand the effectiveness
standard with this claim. [Appellant] asserts that “it is very
possible that the test results were in some way faulty or
erroneous”, and that an expert “could have proved [Appellant]
was telling the truth”, but the PCRA does not allow mere
hypotheticals to advance a claim of ineffectiveness of a
petitioner’s counsel. . . . [Appellant] has the burden to show
not merely that a different outcome was possible, but that there
is a reasonable probability the outcome would have changed.
[Appellant’s] invention of fantastic hypotheticals not only
contradict[s] his statements under oath, but simply do[es] not
meet the standard necessary to make a showing of his counsel’s
ineffectiveness.
[Appellant] also attempts to claim that his counsel was
ineffective for not filing motions for a change of venue or venire.
This claim, however, must be contrasted with [Appellant’s]
statements during his guilty plea hearing, in which [Appellant]
was instructed by the [trial c]ourt that he had an absolute right
to a jury trial and that, by pleading guilty, he waived that and
other rights. (N.T. 12/17/15 at p. 4). [Appellant] was not
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prejudiced by participating in a trial in a jurisdiction he perceived
to be hostile because [Appellant] waived any right to have a jury
trial at all. [Appellant’s] wish to proceed with his motions is
undermined by his statement during his guilty plea hearing, and
as [Appellant] is bound by the statements made during this
hearing, this claim [of] ineffectiveness is without merit.
Additionally, [Appellant] asserts that his counsel was
ineffective for advising him to plead guilty because, if [Appellant]
went to trial, he would have received the maximum sentence
“with newly elected judges”. Likewise, [Appellant] claims that
the Honorable Judge Boccabella did not retire, and that he,
[Appellant], received “what amounted to a maximum sentence”
because of his counsel’s statements. [Appellant], however,
bases his claim on a misstatement of facts. Not only did the
Honorable Judge Boccabella in fact retire, but [Appellant’s]
sentence, far from “amounting to a maximum”, fell well within
the statutory range. Both [Appellant’s] offense under 75
Pa.C.S.A. § 3735(a) and [Appellant’s] offense under 75
Pa.C.S.A. § 3735.11 were felonies of the second degree, each of
which carries a statutory maximum of incarceration for no more
than 10 years; however, [Appellant] was ultimately sentence[d]
to a term of 54 months to 20 years of incarceration, within the
statutory maximum. As [Appellant’s] claim rests upon such a
false basis, and [Appellant] has not demonstrated in any other
way how he was prejudiced by his counsel’s actions, his claim
must fail.
Finally, to the extent that [Appellant] alleges that his
counsel was ineffective for failing to request a continuance until
after the Supreme Court’s decision in Birchfield v. North Dakota,
136 S.Ct. 2160 (2016), [Appellant’s] claim is wholly without
merit. “The law is clear that counsel cannot be held ineffective
for failing to anticipate a change in the law.” Commonwealth v.
Cox, 983 A.2d 666, 702 (Pa. 2009), citing Commonwealth v.
Duffey, 889 A.2d 56, 71 (Pa. 2005). The Birchfield decision was
not decided until over six months after [Appellant] was
sentenced, and [Appellant] cannot now claim that his counsel
was ineffective for failing to request a continuance on a matter
where the Supreme Court’s ultimate decision, and potential
effect on Pennsylvania law, was still unknown.
PCRA Court Opinion, 8/8/17, at 7–9.
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Upon review of the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth and granting deference to the PCRA court, we find that the
record supports the conclusions of the PCRA court and its ruling is free of
legal error. Rykard, 55 A.3d at 1183. Moreover, we adopt as our own the
well-reasoned analysis of the PCRA court with some additional comments.
We note the PCRA court did not address Appellant’s allegation that
counsel was ineffective in failing to obtain the medical records of Bryan
Koch. Appellant’s Brief at 6. According to Appellant, Bryan Koch:
had lost his left eye in a baseball related injury, which occurred
while he played baseball professionally in Chicago, IL. An injury
of this nature would have affected the victim’s depth perception,
peripheral vision, and/or sense of balance. Given this
information, and the lack of medical records at the time, there is
no way that trial/plea counsel could have made an intelligent
and educated decision to recommend that the Appellant accept a
plea bargain with a complete lack of information and/or
investigation into the facts.
Appellant’s Brief at 6. As the Commonwealth points out:
[h]owever, at the guilty plea and sentencing hearing, [Appellant]
not only admitted to being impaired with a blood alcohol level of
.329%, but also admitted that he did cross the lane of traffic and
strike the motorcycle operated by Bryan Koch and R. Lynn Koch.
(G.P. Hrg. at p. 7).
Commonwealth’s Brief at 12–13. Thus, Appellant has failed to prove there is
a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s failure to obtain Bryan Koch’s
medical records, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.
Pierce, 786 A.2d at 213.
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In the third question presented, Appellant complains that the trial
court sentenced him to excessive and unreasonable sentences and failed to
consider the guidelines and mitigating factors. Appellant’s Brief at 12. Such
claims challenge the discretionary aspects of his sentence. See
Commonwealth v. Lutes, 793 A.2d 949, 964 (Pa. Super. 2002) (stating
claim that sentence is manifestly excessive challenges discretionary aspects
of sentencing); Commonwealth v. Cruz-Centeno, 668 A.2d 536, 545 (Pa.
Super. 1995) (stating allegation that court ignored mitigating factors
challenges discretionary aspects of sentencing). Requests for relief with
respect to the discretionary aspects of sentence are not cognizable in PCRA
proceedings. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2); Commonwealth v. Wrecks, 934
A.2d 1287, 1289 (Pa. Super. 2006). Accordingly, this claim does not afford
Appellant relief.
Finally, Appellant complains that the trial court imposed an illegal
sentence by ordering restitution because it is not supported by the record.
Appellant’s Brief at 15. Significantly, Appellant also argues that he could not
have made a “knowing, voluntary, and intelligent decision concerning the
plea deal without having any idea that $364,841.24 was a ramification of
accepting a plea.” Id. at 19.
Although an award of restitution lies within the discretion of
the [trial] court, it should not be speculative or excessive[,] and
we must vacate a restitution order which is not supported by the
record. Mandatory restitution, as part of a defendant’s sentence,
is authorized by 18 Pa.C.S. § 1106, which states, in relevant
part:
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§ 1106. Restitution for injuries to person or property
(a) General rule.—Upon conviction for any crime wherein
property has been stolen, converted or otherwise unlawfully
obtained, or its value substantially decreased as a direct
result of the crime, or wherein the victim suffered personal
injury directly resulting from the crime, the offender shall be
sentenced to make restitution in addition to the punishment
prescribed therefor.
* * *
(c) Mandatory restitution.—
(1) The court shall order full restitution:
(i) Regardless of the current financial resources of
the defendant, so as to provide the victim with the
fullest compensation for the loss.
***
(2) At the time of sentencing the court shall specify the
amount and method of restitution. In determining the
amount and method of restitution, the court:
(i) Shall consider the extent of injury suffered by the
victim, the victim's request for restitution ... and
such other matters as it deems appropriate.
(ii) May order restitution in a lump sum, by monthly
installments or according to such other schedule as it
deems just.
***
(4) (i) It shall be the responsibility of the district
attorneys of the respective counties to make a
recommendation to the court at or prior to the time
of sentencing as to the amount of restitution to be
ordered. This recommendation shall be based upon
information solicited by the district attorney and
received from the victim.
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(ii) Where the district attorney has solicited
information from the victims as provided in
subparagraph (i) and has received no response, the
district attorney shall, based on other available
information, make a recommendation to the court
for restitution.
18 Pa.C.S. § 1106.
An appeal from an order of restitution based upon a claim
that it is unsupported by the record challenges the legality,
rather than the discretionary aspects, of sentencing; as such, it
is a non-waivable matter. The determination as to whether a
trial court imposed an illegal sentence is a question of law; an
appellate court’s standard of review in cases dealing with
questions of law is plenary.
Commonwealth v. Rotola, 173 A.3d 831, 834 (Pa. Super. 2017) (internal
quotation marks, brackets, and citations omitted).
The Commonwealth counters that Appellant’s sentence is legal
because “the record establishes a clear nexus between [Appellant’s]
impaired driving and the death and serious injuries resulting therefrom.”
Commonwealth’s Brief at 16. Similarly, the PCRA court opined as follows:
Petitioner claims that the restitution imposed upon him at
sentencing is illegal because “it was certainly never determined
by the sentencing court whether [Appellant] was wholly
responsible for the accident”. [Appellant’s] claim is thus
meritless, because it is belied by the record of the sentencing
hearing, and [Appellant] is bound by the statements he made
under oath at that time. [Appellant] admitted at that hearing
that, at the time of the incident in question, he was driving with
a blood alcohol level of .329%, crossed the lane of traffic, struck
Bryan Koch and R. Lynn Koch, and caused the death of R. Lynn
Koch and serious bodily injury to Bryan Koch. (N.T. 12/17/15 at
p. 7). Once again, [Appellant] also stated to the court that he
took “full responsibility for his actions” (N.T. 12/17/15 at p. 40).
Instead of doubting whether he was “wholly responsible”,
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[Appellant] at the hearing seemed to admit sole responsibility for
the incident which led to his charges.
PCRA Court Opinion, 8/8/17, at 11–12. Notably, neither the Commonwealth
nor the PCRA court addressed Appellant’s specific argument regarding the
restitution imposed.
Upon review, we agree with the PCRA court that Appellant’s own
admissions provide the nexus between Appellant’s conduct and the injuries
sustained by the victims. N.T. 12/17/15, at 7–8, 40. Thus, pursuant to 18
Pa.C.S. § 1106, restitution was mandatory. Accord Commonwealth v.
Harriott, 919 A.2d 234, 238 (Pa. Super. 2007) (“Due to the language
‘directly resulting from the crime,’ restitution is proper only if there is a
direct causal connection between the crime and the loss.”). “However, even
where the injury to the victim may have directly resulted from a defendant’s
criminal acts, it is still necessary that the amount of the full restitution be
determined under the adversarial system with considerations of due
process.” Rotola, 173 A.3d at 735 (quoting Commonwealth v. Atanasio,
997 A.2d 1181, 1183 (Pa. Super. 2010)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Thus, our Supreme Court has specifically required the trial court to ensure
“that the defendant is aware of permissible ranges of sentences and/or fines
for offenses charged[.]” Id. at 836 n.4 (citing Pa.R.Crim. 590; emphasis in
original).
Here, Appellant entered into an open guilty plea. Written Guilty Plea
Colloquy, 12/17/15. However, the written plea only informed Appellant
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about the maximum penalty, offense grading, fines, and the sentencing
guideline ranges for the offenses charged. Id. The written colloquy did not
provide that mandatory restitution would be part of Appellant’s sentence.
Furthermore, although an oral plea colloquy was conducted, restitution was
not mentioned until after the trial court had accepted the plea and just
before sentencing, at which time the Commonwealth requested restitution of
$1.00 and indicated its intention to file a motion to amend restitution. N.T.,
12/17/15, at 3–8, 41–42.
Under such circumstances, our decision in Rotola is dispositive:
[W]here there is nothing in the record indicating that
[appellant] was apprised of the fact that mandatory restitution
would be imposed as part of his direct, criminal sentence, and
where there is no support for the amount ordered, we question
the voluntary, knowing and intelligent nature of [his] plea. See
[Commonwealth v. Daniels, 656 A.2d 539 (Pa. Super. 1995)]
(where ADA did not state on record that plea bargain involved
$5,000 fine and where there was nothing in record showing
defendant was informed that mandatory minimum sentencing
provision required both imprisonment and fine, judgment of
sentence vacated because court was not justified in accepting
defendant's guilty plea). We remind the trial court that while full
restitution under section 1106(c) is mandatory, it is still
necessary that defendants agree to restitution, as part of the
plea bargaining process, openly on the record. Commonwealth
v. Anderson, 995 A.2d 1184 (Pa. Super. 2010) (plea agreement
remains contractual in nature; promises constituting plea
bargain must be based upon totality of surrounding
circumstances); [Commonwealth v. Kroh, 654 A.2d 1168,
1172 (Pa. Super. 1995)].
Rotola, 173 A.3d at 83–837.
We recognize that, in cases where the trial court failed to specify the
exact amount of restitution, delegated the duties to set restitution to an
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agency, or left the amount of restitution open to further review and
adjustment, a reviewing court would simply vacate the restitution portion of
a defendant’s sentence and remand for resentencing. See Commonwealth
v. Gentry, 101 A.3d 813 (Pa. Super. 2014); Commonwealth v. Mariani,
869 A.2d 484 (Pa. Super. 2005); Commonwealth v. Deshong, 850 A.2d
712 (Pa. Super. 2004). Here, however, as in Rotola, “the very integrity of
Appellant’s plea is undermined where he was never informed that restitution
was mandated upon his . . . conviction.” Rotola, 173 A.3d at 837.
Accordingly, we are constrained to reverse the PCRA order, vacate
Appellant’s judgment of sentence, and remand for trial. Rotola, 173 A.3d at
837.
PCRA order reversed. Judgment of sentence vacated. Case
remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date:2/1/18
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