NOTE: This order is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL INC.,
CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, ANIMAL
WELFARE INSTITUTE,
Plaintiffs-Appellees
v.
WILBUR L. ROSS, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY OF
SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE, CHRIS OLIVER, IN HIS OFFICIAL
CAPACITY AS ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR OF
THE NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE,
NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE,
STEVEN MNUCHIN, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY
AS SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY,
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY, KEVIN K.
MCALEENAN, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS
ACTING SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY,
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,
Defendants-Appellants
______________________
2018-2325
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of International
Trade in No. 1:18-cv-00055-GSK, Judge Gary S.
Katzmann.
______________________
2 NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE v. ROSS
Before REYNA, BRYSON, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
ORDER
Defendants-Appellants (collectively, the United States
government, or “Government”), appeal the entry of a pre-
liminary injunction by the U.S. Court of International
Trade (“CIT”) in favor of the Plaintiffs-Appellees (“Natural
Resources”). The Government requests that this court re-
verse the preliminary injunction pending a decision by the
CIT on the underlying merits of the injunction. Recently,
the court was made aware of certain changes in factual cir-
cumstances related to the basis upon which the CIT relied
in reaching its decision to impose the preliminary injunc-
tion. The court concludes that the alleged factual changes
are such that the CIT, and not this court, should review
them in the first instance. For that reason, the court re-
mands to the CIT for further proceedings. At the same
time, the court concludes that the status quo should be pre-
served and thus the preliminary injunction shall remain in
force pending further determination.
BACKGROUND
On March 21, 2018, Natural Resources filed suit in the
CIT against the Government for agency action unlawfully
withheld or unreasonably delayed under the Administra-
tive Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706(1), and the Ma-
rine Mammal Protection Act (“MMPA”). In relevant part,
the MMPA provides that the Government “shall ban the
importation of commercial fish or products from fish which
have been caught with commercial fishing technology
which results in the incidental kill or incidental serious in-
jury of ocean mammals in excess of United States stand-
ards.” 16 U.S.C. § 1371(a)(2) (“Import Ban”). Natural
Resources alleged that the vaquita, a small porpoise en-
demic to certain waters of the Sea of Cortez, is a critically
endangered mammal whose population is on the verge of
NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE v. ROSS 3
extinction due to gillnet fishing in Mexico. Natural Re-
sources further alleged that the Government’s failure to
ban imports of gillnet-harvested fish taken from certain
fisheries in Mexico constituted agency action unlawfully
withheld or unreasonably delayed under the APA and the
MMPA. The Government answered the complaint.
On April 16, 2018, Natural Resources filed a Motion for
Preliminary Injunction, arguing that the vaquita kill-rate
in Mexico’s northern Gulf gillnet fisheries exceeded U.S.
standards, thereby triggering a requirement that Com-
merce impose the Import Ban. On May 7, 2018, the Gov-
ernment filed its opposition to the Motion for Preliminary
Injunction and moved to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.
On July 26, 2018, the CIT denied the Government’s
Motion to Dismiss and granted Natural Resources’ Motion
for Preliminary Injunction. The CIT entered a preliminary
injunction requiring, among other things, that the Govern-
ment “ban the importation from Mexico of all shrimp,
curvina, sierra, and chano fish and their products caught
with gillnets inside the vaquita’s range.” J.A. 63. On Au-
gust 24, 2018, the Government filed a notice of appeal,
challenging the CIT’s preliminary injunction.
On October 12, 2018, the Government filed with this
court an Emergency Motion to Stay Injunction Pending Ap-
peal. On November 28, 2018, this court denied the motion
for a stay upon concluding that the Government had not
established that a stay was warranted. Oral argument was
subsequently scheduled for May 9, 2019.
On March 29, 2019, the Government filed a letter with
the court under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j).
The letter informed the court that on November 27, 2018,
the Government moved the CIT to dismiss the underlying
action as moot. The Government also informed the court
that its motion to dismiss was fully briefed and pending
before the CIT.
4 NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE v. ROSS
On May 6, 2019, the Government filed a second letter
with this court, noting that the CIT held a hearing on the
Government’s pending motion to dismiss as moot. Accord-
ing to the Government, the CIT ordered supplemental
briefing. After the supplemental briefing was filed, the CIT
stayed further action pending resolution of the appeal be-
fore this court.
In both aforementioned letters, the Government pro-
vided electronic links to various documents that it claimed
to have submitted to the CIT in support of its motion to
dismiss. The Government asserts that the letters demon-
strate a factual change in circumstances underlying the
preliminary injunction because it has now undertaken fi-
nal agency action obviating Natural Resources’ contention
that agency action had been unlawfully withheld or unrea-
sonably delayed under § 706(1). 1 Specifically, the Govern-
ment states that on November 9, 2018, the Mexican
government requested that the National Marine Fisheries
Service (“NMFS”) make comparability findings as to the
Mexican fisheries in the Upper Gulf of California. The
Government also claims that on November 27, 2018, the
NMFS issued a final determination as to the Mexican fish-
eries and whether they should remain subject to an Import
1 For example, the Government references: (a) ac-
tions taken by the Mexican government; (b) a Federal Reg-
ister notice that it claims reflects that the Government
conducted comparability findings and determined that an
Import Ban is warranted for curvina fish and fish products
in the gillnet fishery in the Upper Gulf of California; (c) re-
moval of alleged illegal fisheries from the list of foreign
fisheries; and (d) a declaration from Nina M. Young—an
employee of the National Marine Fisheries Service—detail-
ing numerous factual developments about vaquita conser-
vation efforts, among other things. See Oral Arg. at 4:43–
5:10; 6:45–6:58; 10:10–10:56; 15:55–17:27.
NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE v. ROSS 5
Ban under the MMPA. The Government claims that the
final determination constitutes a final agency action, and
that as a result, the preliminary injunction is no longer sus-
tainable.
The court heard oral arguments on May 9, 2019. A sig-
nificant portion of the argument was devoted to the infor-
mation referenced in the pleadings cited in the
aforementioned letters of March 29 and May 6, 2019, and
the impact that the information may have on the sustaina-
bility of the preliminary injunction.
The pleadings cited in the March 29 and May 6 letters
have not been filed before this court. The court determines
that the CIT, and not this court, should review in the first
instance the factual circumstances laid out in the letters to
determine if they constitute a change in circumstances that
alters the basis for the preliminary injunction. See Atl.
Thermoplastics Co. v. Faytex Corp.,
5 F.3d 1477, 1479 (Fed.
Cir. 1993) (stating that fact-finding by the appellate court
“is simply not permitted.”); see also IGT v. Aristocrat
Techs., Inc., 646 F. App’x 1015, 1019 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (per
curiam) (declining to consider the changed circumstances
in evaluating the propriety of a preliminary injunction and
remanding to the district court for consideration of their
impact).
For the foregoing reasons, we remand to the CIT for
review and fact-finding consistent with this order. We are
not convinced by the Government that the factual circum-
stances have changed so much as to warrant our dismissal
of the preliminary injunction before reconsideration by the
CIT. In order to preserve the status quo, the preliminary
injunction shall remain in force pending further determi-
nation.
Accordingly,
IT IS ORDERED THAT:
6 NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE v. ROSS
(1) The case is remanded to the CIT for further consid-
eration.
(2) The preliminary injunction shall remain in force
pending further determination by the CIT.
FOR THE COURT
May 20, 2019 /s/ Peter R. Marksteiner
Date Peter R. Marksteiner
Clerk of Court
