![]() |
All Courts |
![]() |
Federal Courts |
![]() |
US Court of Appeals Cases |
![]() |
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit |
![]() |
2016-05 |
-
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________ DAVID NETZER CONSULTING ENGINEER LLC, Plaintiff-Appellant v. SHELL OIL COMPANY, SHELL CHEMICAL LP, SHELL OIL PRODUCTS COMPANY LLC, Defendants-Appellees ______________________ 2015-2086 ______________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas in No. 4:14-cv-00166, Judge Lynn N. Hughes. ______________________ Decided: May 27, 2016 ______________________ ANTHONY MATTHEW GARZA, Charhon Callahan Robson & Garza, P.C., Dallas, TX, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by STEVEN CHASE CALLAHAN. KATHLEEN M. SULLIVAN, Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, New York, NY, argued for defendants- appellees. Also represented by KEVIN ALEXANDER SMITH, San Francisco, CA; JOSHUA L. SOHN, Washington, DC; CHARLES BRUCE WALKER, JR., Norton Rose Fulbright US LLP, Houston, TX; JAYME PARTRIDGE, Patterson & Sheri- dan LLP, Houston, TX. 2 DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY ______________________ Before PROST, Chief Judge, LOURIE and TARANTO, Circuit Judges. LOURIE, Circuit Judge. David Netzer Consulting Engineer LLC (“Netzer”) * appeals from the decision of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas granting sum- mary judgment of noninfringement of the asserted claims of U.S. Patent 6,677,496 (“the ’496 patent”). David Netzer Consulting Eng’r LLC v. Shell Oil Co., No. 4:14-cv-00166, ECF No. 45 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 26, 2015) (“Decision”). For the reasons that follow, we affirm. BACKGROUND Netzer owns the ’496 patent, entitled “Process for the Coproduction of Benzene from Refinery Sources and Ethylene by Steam Cracking,” which describes a process for the coproduction of ethylene and purified benzene from refinery mixtures. Claim 1, the sole independent claim, reads as follows: 1. A process for the coproduction of ethylene and purified benzene comprising: providing a first mixture comprising benzene, toluene, and one or more C6 to C7 non- aromatics; separating the majority of the benzene and the one or more C6 to C7 non-aromatics from the majority of the toluene to form a second mixture containing at least a portion of the * As indicated infra, in March 2014, David Netzer Consulting Engineer LLC changed its name to David Netzer – Petrochemicals Consultant LLC. DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY 3 benzene and at least a portion of the one or more C6 to C7 non-aromatics, wherein the second mixture is substantially free of hy- drocarbons having more than nine carbons; introducing at least a portion of the second mixture to a cracker and thereafter cracking at least about 80% of the C6 to C7 non- aromatics in the portion of the second mix- ture that has been introduced to the cracker while maintaining essentially no cracking of benzene to produce a cracked product con- taining ethylene, propylene and pyrolysis gasoline comprising olefins, di-olefins and benzene; and fractionating the pyrolysis gasoline to form a purified benzene product comprising at least about 80 wt % benzene. ’496 patent col. 7 ll. 11–32 (emphases added). The claimed process thus requires four steps: (1) pro- viding a mixture containing benzene, toluene, and C6–C7 non-aromatic hydrocarbons; (2) separating most of the benzene and C6–C7 non-aromatic hydrocarbons from most of the toluene; (3) introducing the benzene-rich stream into a cracker, i.e., a reactor that breaks down long-chain hydrocarbons to short-chain hydrocarbons, and then cracking the C6–C7 non-aromatic hydrocarbons to produce ethylene and pyrolysis gasoline; and (4) “fractionating the pyrolysis gasoline to form a purified benzene product comprising at least about 80 wt % of benzene” (“the frac- tionating step”). On January 23, 2014, David Netzer, the sole inventor of the ’496 patent, assigned the patent to Netzer, a limited liability company newly formed under Texas law. J.A. 85 (assignment); J.A. 81–83 (Certificate of Filing issued by the Secretary of State). The next day, Netzer sued Shell 4 DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY Oil Company, Shell Chemical LP, and Shell Oil Products Company LLC (collectively, “Shell”) in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, alleging that Shell infringed the ’496 patent. Shortly thereafter, the State of Texas requested that Netzer remove the word “Engineer” from its name. In March 2014, Netzer changed its name from David Netzer Consulting Engineer LLC to David Netzer – Petrochemicals Consultant LLC through a Certificate of Correction. J.A. 78–79, 87–88. Meanwhile, Shell answered and counterclaimed for a declaratory judgment of noninfringement and invalidity in the district court. Shell then moved for summary judgment of non- infringement. Shell argued that the term “fractionating” should be construed to mean “conventional distillation, i.e., separating compounds based on difference in their boiling points,” which excludes extraction, i.e., separating compounds based on solubility differences. Shell argued that the patentee disclaimed extraction in the specifica- tion and prosecution history. According to Shell, its accused process does not meet the fractionating step because it uses extraction—more specifically, the Sul- folane process developed by Shell in the 1960s—to form a benzene product with 99.9% purity. Netzer responded that “fractionating” should be construed to mean “separat- ing a chemical mixture into fractions, no matter the process units used.” Examples of process units, according to Netzer, include distillation columns (for separating chemicals based on differences in boiling points), extrac- tors (for separating chemicals based on solubility differ- ences), and hydrotreaters (for hydrogenating unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as olefins). Netzer also argued that Shell infringes literally under either construction, and that Shell also infringes under the doctrine of equivalents. The district court granted summary judgment of non- infringement. The court did not formally construe the claims, but, rather, implicitly agreed with Shell that DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY 5 “fractionating” does not include extraction. The court found no literal infringement, reasoning that “Netzer’s method does not include extraction and does not yield benzene of 99.9% purity” and that “[t]o infringe, Shell would have to eliminate the extraction step and still produce benzene purified to at least 80%.” Decision at 2. The court also found no infringement under the doctrine of equivalents because Netzer is barred by “specific exclu- sion, prosecution-history estoppel, and prior art.”
Id. at 3.The district court then entered final judgment in favor of Shell. David Netzer Consulting Eng’r LLC v. Shell Oil Co., No. 4:14-cv-00166, ECF No. 46 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 26, 2015). Netzer timely appealed to this court. However, because Shell’s counterclaims remained pending in the district court, this court granted the parties’ joint motion for a limited remand. On that limited remand, the dis- trict court dismissed Shell’s declaratory judgment coun- terclaims without prejudice and then entered an amended final judgment, thus disposing of all claims and counter- claims. David Netzer Consulting Eng’r LLC v. Shell Oil Co., No. 4:14-cv-00166, ECF No. 56 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 31, 2016). Netzer then filed a new notice of appeal, and its appeal was reinstated in this court. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). DISCUSSION I Before we reach the merits of Netzer’s appeal, Netzer asks us to confirm that it has standing to maintain this action. According to Netzer, on January 24, 2014, at the inception of the lawsuit, an entity known as David Netzer Consulting Engineer LLC held enforceable title to the ’496 patent pursuant to the January 23, 2014 assignment, and thus had standing to sue. Netzer argues that the March 2014 name change did not retroactively invalidate the January 2014 assignment under Texas law. The district court did not question Netzer’s standing. 6 DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY We agree with Netzer that it has standing to bring and maintain this action. At the inception of the lawsuit, the ’496 patent was assigned to the plaintiff entity, then named David Netzer Consulting Engineer LLC. Although that entity later changed its name to David Netzer – Petrochemicals Consultant LLC as required by Texas law, that name change did not undo the January 23, 2014 transfer of patent ownership. The patent was owned by the same company, under its new name. We therefore conclude that Netzer, as the owner of the ’496 patent as of January 24, 2014, has standing to maintain this action. II We turn now to the merits of Netzer’s appeal. When reviewing a district court’s grant of summary judgment, we apply the law of the regional circuit in which the district court sits, here, the law of the Fifth Circuit. Teva Pharm. Indus. Ltd. v. AstraZeneca Pharm. LP,
661 F.3d 1378, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The Fifth Circuit reviews a district court’s summary judgment decision de novo, applying the same standard used by the district court. United States v. Caremark, Inc.,
634 F.3d 808, 814 (5th Cir. 2011). Summary judgment is appropriate when, drawing all justifiable inferences in the nonmovant’s favor, “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 247–48 (1986). To determine infringement, a court first construes the scope and meaning of the asserted patent claims, and then compares the construed claims to the accused pro- duct or process. Absolute Software, Inc. v. Stealth Signal, Inc.,
659 F.3d 1121, 1129 (Fed. Cir. 2011). “The proper construction of a patent’s claims is an issue of Federal Circuit law.”
Id. We reviewa district court’s ultimate claim constructions de novo and any underlying factual determinations involving extrinsic evidence for clear DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY 7 error. Teva Pharm. U.S.A., Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.,
135 S. Ct. 831, 841–42 (2015). Here, the district court did not make any factual find- ings to support any claim construction. See Appellant’s Br. 21. Its claim construction was implicit in its decision of noninfringement. Because the intrinsic record alone determines the proper construction in this case, we are able to conduct our review adequately and we do so de novo. See Shire Dev., LLC v. Watson Pharm., Inc.,
787 F.3d 1359, 1364, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (citing Teva, 135 S. Ct. at 840–42). Infringement is a question of fact. Absolute
Software, 659 F.3d at 1129–30. “On appeal from a grant of sum- mary judgment of non-infringement, we determine whether, after resolving reasonable factual inferences in favor of the patentee, the district court correctly conclud- ed that no reasonable jury could find infringement.”
Id. A. ClaimConstruction The words of a claim “are generally given their ordi- nary and customary meaning” as understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention. Phillips v. AWH Corp.,
415 F.3d 1303, 1312–13 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc). Because that meaning is “often not immediately apparent, and because patentees frequently use terms idiosyncratically,” the court looks to the intrin- sic record, including “the words of the claims themselves, the remainder of the specification, [and] the prosecution history,” as well as to extrinsic evidence when appro- priate, to construe a disputed claim term.
Id. at 1314,1319. “[W]hile extrinsic evidence can shed useful light on the relevant art, we have explained that it is less signifi- cant than the intrinsic record in determining the legally operative meaning of claim language.”
Id. at 1317(quota- tion marks omitted). 8 DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY Because a patent is a fully integrated written instru- ment, we have long emphasized the importance of the specification in claim construction.
Id. at 1315(explain- ing that the specification “is the single best guide to the meaning of a disputed term”) (quoting Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc.,
90 F.3d 1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). Thus, if the specification reveals a special definition given to a claim term by the inventor, then the inventor’s lexi- cography governs, even if it differs from the term’s ordi- nary meaning.
Id. at 1316.Likewise, if the specification reveals an intentional disclaimer or disavowal of claim scope by the inventor, then the inventor’s intention as expressed in the specification is regarded as dispositive.
Id. We havefound disavowal or disclaimer based on clear and unmistakable statement, such as “the present inven- tion includes . . . ,” “the present invention is . . . ,” and “all embodiments of the present invention are . . . .” Pacing Techs., LLC v. Garmin Int’l, Inc.,
778 F.3d 1021, 1024 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Netzer argues that “fractionating” means separating a mixture into fractions, no matter what processes are used to do so. According to Netzer, both the intrinsic record and the extrinsic evidence suggest that fractionation includes any method of separation, not limited to distilla- tion. Netzer contends that the patentee did not disclaim extraction by merely characterizing it as expensive in the specification. Netzer additionally argues that the claim only sets a lower limit on benzene purity, viz., “at least about 80 wt %,” and thus does not exclude extraction, which produces highly pure benzene. Netzer lastly argues that “fractionating” ought to be construed to encompass the disclosed preferred embodiment, so as to allow the pyrolysis gasoline to pass through (a) more than one process unit (in the preferred embodiment, a hydrotreater and then two distillation columns), and (b) process units that do not separate chemicals, such as a hydrotreater. DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY 9 Shell responds that “fractionating” should be con- strued here to mean separating compounds based on differences in boiling points, not generic “separating” by any means. Shell argues that the intrinsic record compels that construction, which cannot be altered by conflicting extrinsic evidence. In particular, Shell contends that the patent specification uses “fractionating” or “fractionation” to describe separating compounds based on boiling points. According to Shell, the patentee also disclaimed extrac- tion in the specification by distinguishing it from “frac- tionation” and by explaining that the claimed invention was driven by a shift in market demand that no longer required high purity benzene produced by extraction, such as by the Sulfolane process. We agree with Shell that the claim term “fractionat- ing” in this patent means separating compounds based on differences in boiling points, i.e., distillation, which ex- cludes extraction, such as in the Sulfolane process. The specification repeatedly and consistently uses “fractionat- ing” or “fractionation” to describe separating petrochemi- cals based on boiling point differentials. Moreover, importantly, the patentee made clear and unmistakable statements in the intrinsic record, distinguishing the claimed invention from and disclaiming conventional extraction methods that produce 99.9% pure benzene. Specifically, the ’496 patent describes an “azeotrope” problem. An azeotrope is a mixture of two or more com- pounds that has a uniform boiling point; its components vaporize together as a mixture and thus cannot be easily separated from each other by distillation. J.A. 273. The specification explains that certain C6–C7 non-aromatic hydrocarbons form azeotropes with benzene, making it “impossible” to separate benzene from that mixture by “conventional fractionation.” ’496 patent col. 2 ll. 17–20. The specification then discusses this issue in further detail and refers to the azeotrope problem as “the conven- tional fractionation issue.”
Id. col. 3ll. 18–35. Thus, the 10 DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY patentee used “conventional fractionation” to refer to conventional distillation, i.e., a conventional method that separates compounds based on differences in their boiling points. Elsewhere, the specification repeatedly and consist- ently uses the term “fractionation,” whether modified by an adjective or not, in connection with temperature or boiling points. See, e.g.,
id. col. 2ll. 58–59 (“naphtha resulting from crude oil fractionation has a boiling range of 100 to 350º F”);
id. col. 2ll. 62–63 (“naphtha undergoes further fractionation to separate a cut point of below 200º F, light naphtha”);
id. fig.1 &col. 5 ll. 9–14 (describ- ing a “Fractionation & PSA Refrigeration” unit in Figure 1, where ethylene, a more volatile compound, is recovered by “refrigerated fractionation,” and propylene and C4 mix, less volatile compounds, are each recovered by “warm fractionation”);
id. col. 5ll. 24–34 (stating that the hydro- treated pyrolysis gasoline undergoes “fractionation” for benzene recovery in two distillation columns). Although the specification uses the word “distillation” only in some instances,
id. col. 2ll. 23, 60;
id. col. 3,ll. 10–11;
id. col. 8,ll. 12–13, the repeated and consistent references to “frac- tionation” in the context of boiling-point-based separation indicate that the patentee uses “fractionation” to refer to distillation specifically, not to generic “separation.” Importantly, the patentee distinguished conventional extraction from fractionation in the specification, indicat- ing that “fractionation” does not include conventional extraction. After identifying the azeotrope problem encountered by “conventional fractionation,”
id. col. 2ll. 17–20, the specification explains that “[t]he conven- tional method of benzene purification and separation from the above azeotropes is by aromatic extraction or extrac- tive distillation processes, such as [the] Sulfolane [pro- cess],”
id. col. 2ll. 21–25 (emphases added), which produces >99.9% pure benzene,
id. col. 2l. 28. Thus, according to the patentee, conventional extraction and DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY 11 conventional fractionation are different methods. Unlike conventional fractionation, conventional extraction— which includes the Sulfolane process—can successfully remove non-aromatic hydrocarbon azeotropes to produce highly pure benzene. The Sulfolane process is therefore conventional extraction, not “conventional fractionation.” The Sulfolane process was developed by Shell in the 1960s; it is a conventional method of separation. If one were to adopt Netzer’s proposed construction that “frac- tionation” means separation by any method, then “con- ventional fractionation” would mean separation by any conventional method, which would encompass the Sul- folane process. That interpretation would be contrary to the specification. Furthermore, as shown by the intrinsic record, the pa- tentee clearly disclaimed conventional extraction, charac- terizing it as expensive and not required due to a shift in market demand, and distinguishing it from the “present invention.”
Id. col. 2ll. 25–28, 33–37, 44–48, 51–55. The specification explains that there had been a strong mar- ket demand for “benzene of nitration grade, about 99.9 wt %,”
id. col. 1l. 54, but that such high purity benzene was no longer required in some circumstances; rather, ben- zene products from the “present invention” containing non-aromatic impurities can be used in its place.
Id. col. 2ll. 46–48 (“the assumed non-aromatic impurities in the benzene, resulting from the application of the present invention” (emphasis added));
id. col. 2ll. 54–55 (“This market shift is the major driving force behind the present invention.” (emphasis added)). Likewise, the patentee twice stated during prosecution that the claimed process is “particularly useful” “to produce a benzene product that need not have a purity over 99 wt%, much less over 99.9 wt%, as previously required.” J.A. 261, 880 (emphases added). Those clear statements indicate that the inventor con- templated the claimed invention to be different from 12 DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY conventional extraction, which produces highly pure, nitration-grade 99.9% benzene. If “fractionation” were to include conventional extraction, then the claimed process would yield 99.9% pure benzene and there would not be significant “non-aromatic impurities . . . resulting from the application of the present invention.” ’496 patent col. 2 ll. 46–48; see also
id. col. 3l. 58, col. 4 ll. 26–30 (“In accordance with the inventive method,” “fractionation” produces “close to 98 wt % benzene.”). To be clear, we only conclude that the patentee dis- claimed conventional extraction, such as the Sulfolane process. We recognize that the claim language only sets a lower limit on the purity of the benzene product, and thus does not preclude other unconventional distillation meth- ods that are capable of producing highly pure benzene. But in view of the disclaimer of conventional extraction in the publicly available intrinsic record, Netzer cannot now attempt to recapture the disclaimed subject matter. Netzer also argues that construing “fractionating” as distillation would improperly exclude the preferred em- bodiment disclosed in Figure 1 of the ’496 patent. We disagree. In that disclosed embodiment, the pyrolysis gasoline is passed through a hydrotreater, and the result- ing “hydrotreated pyrolysis gasoline” is then passed through two distillation columns to produce a benzene product with 98% to 99% purity.
Id. fig.1 &col. 5 ll. 21– 26, 48–51. Contrary to Netzer’s argument, the hydro- treater embodiment does not compel a different meaning of “fractionating.” The disclosed embodiment merely adds a hydrotreating step—a step that does not separate the individual components of the pyrolysis gasoline from each other, but rather hydrogenates the olefins in that mix- ture—before the fractionating step; it does not require the construction of “fractionating” to include hydrotreating, or any process other than distillation. Notably, dependent claim 19 is directed to a process “further comprising” a DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY 13 hydrotreating step,
id. col. 8ll. 33–35, thus showing that hydrotreating is not part of the fractionating step. Rather, the intrinsic record suggests that the patentee referred to the hydrotreated pyrolysis gasoline as a type of pyrolysis gasoline: the language of claim 1 defines “pyrolysis gasoline” as “comprising olefins, di-olefins and benzene,”
id. col. 7ll. 28–29, and the specification refers to the product from the hydrotreater as the “hydrotreated pyrolysis gasoline,”
id. col. 5l. 25, which is then distilled twice to form benzene with 98% to 99% purity. According- ly, under the proper construction of “fractionating,” the disclosed embodiment is within the scope of the claims. Netzer primarily relies on two pieces of intrinsic evi- dence, but neither supports its proposed construction. First, Netzer notes that dependent claim 11 recites “con- ventional fractionation in a distillation column.”
Id. col. 8ll. 9–13. Netzer argues that if fractionation means distil- lation, then there would be no need to state “fractionation in a distillation column.” We find that argument unavail- ing. The quoted phrase merely requires that the fraction- ation, or distillation, occur in a distillation column as opposed to in another device. Such specific, clarifying language does not change the meaning of fractionation. Second, Netzer relies on a passage in the specifica- tion, which states that: “Fractionation and production of benzene with over 75 wt % purity from reformer reactor effluent by conventional distillation may become difficult . . . .”
Id. col. 3ll. 9–11. Netzer again argues that if fractionation means distillation, then it does not make sense to say “fractionation . . . by conventional distilla- tion.” We disagree. Netzer has not quoted the full sen- tence. The omitted portion of the quoted sentence reads: “. . . because of the azeotrope forming characteristics of compounds such as dimethylpentanes, cyclohexane and methyl-cyclopentane.”
Id. col. 3ll. 11–13. Thus, that full sentence explains that the listed azeotropes make conven- 14 DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY tional fractionation, i.e., conventional distillation, diffi- cult. To avoid that problem, one may resort to unconven- tional fractionation techniques, such as the claimed process of cracking the C6–C7 azeotropes to convert them to shorter chain and more volatile hydrocarbons before fractionation. Thus, the quoted sentence is entirely consistent with, and indeed supports, our construction of “fractionating.” Accordingly, the intrinsic evidence here points in only one direction, and requires that “fractionating” in this patent be construed as separating compounds based on differences in boiling points. The parties cite conflicting extrinsic evidence, which does not compel a different construction. As we have explained, extrinsic evidence may not be used to contradict claim meaning that is unambiguous in light of the intrinsic record. Summit 6, LLC v. Samsung Elecs. Co.,
802 F.3d 1283, 1290 (Fed. Cir. 2015). We therefore conclude that “fractionating” in the pre- sent patent means separating compounds based on differ- ences in boiling points, which excludes conventional extraction methods, such as the Sulfolane process. B. Infringement Netzer also argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment of noninfringement. Accord- ing to Netzer, under its proposed construction, Shell’s accused process satisfies the fractionating limitation because Shell separates 99.9% pure benzene from pyroly- sis gasoline. Even under Shell’s proposed construction, Netzer contends, Shell still literally infringes the ’496 patent because it directs its pyrolysis gasoline through a series of process units, some of which are distillation columns, and forms 99.9% pure benzene in the end. It is irrelevant that the mixture also passes through an extrac- tor as part of that process, according to Netzer, because adding an extra step to an otherwise infringing process DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY 15 does not defeat a finding of infringement. Netzer addi- tionally argues that the district court erred in finding Netzer barred from relying on the doctrine of equivalents to prove infringement, and that the accused process satisfies the function-way-result test as to the “fractionat- ing” limitation. Shell responds that, under the proper construction of “fractionating,” i.e., distillation, or separating compounds based on differences in boiling points, Shell does not infringe the ’496 patent because it uses its own Sulfolane process, which uses extraction, not distillation, to form >80% pure benzene. More specifically, Shell explains that its pyrolysis gasoline is refined in multiple steps to yield a mixture containing about 57% benzene, far below the 80% required by the claims; and Shell then uses the Sulfolane process to remove non-aromatic impurities in that mix- ture to produce 99.9% pure benzene. Shell also responds that Netzer is barred from asserting infringement under the doctrine of equivalents because the patentee dis- claimed the Sulfolane process. Even if Netzer is not barred, Shell argues, the Sulfolane process does not purify benzene in substantially the same way as “fractionating.” We agree with Shell that the district court did not err in granting summary judgment of noninfringement. Shell’s process does not literally meet the fractionating limitation. Shell relies on conventional extraction—more specifically, its own Sulfolane process—to refine a mixture containing about 57% benzene to a benzene product of greater than 80% purity. As we have explained, “frac- tionating” means distillation; it does not include conven- tional extraction. Moreover, the earlier steps of the Shell process only refine pyrolysis gasoline to produce a 57% pure benzene mixture, which does not satisfy the limita- tion “to form a purified benzene product comprising at least about 80 wt % benzene.” 16 DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY It is true that a method claim with the word “compris- ing” appearing at the beginning generally allows for additional, unclaimed steps in the accused process, but each claimed step must nevertheless be performed as written. Dippin’ Dots, Inc. v. Mosey,
476 F.3d 1337, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“[The] enumerated steps must . . . all be practiced as recited in the claim for a process to infringe. The presumption raised by the term ‘comprising’ does not reach into each of the six steps to render every word and phrase therein open-ended . . . .”). Netzer’s infringement theory requires rewriting the claimed step to read “frac- tionating the pyrolysis gasoline [and] form[ing] a purified benzene product” rather than “fractionating the pyrolysis gasoline to form a purified benzene product,” as the claim is written. We are also unpersuaded by Netzer’s argument ana- logizing the accused process to the preferred embodiment of the ’496 patent, as both process the pyrolysis gasoline through multiple steps and generate >80% pure benzene in the end. As we have explained, hydrotreating is not part of the fractionating step. The hydrotreating step in the preferred embodiment merely produces a hydrotreat- ed pyrolysis gasoline; it is not a step that separates the individual components of the pyrolysis gasoline. In the preferred embodiment, the hydrotreated pyrolysis gaso- line is distilled twice to form >80% benzene. In contrast, nothing in the Shell process distills pyrolysis gasoline “to form” >80% benzene. Moreover, as
indicated supra, the patentee disclaimed conventional extraction, including the Sulfolane process. Netzer cannot now assert that the claimed fractionating step is literally infringed by the Sulfolane process. Like- wise, Netzer cannot show infringement under the doctrine of equivalents. The disclaimer of the Sulfolane process for literal infringement applies equally to infringement under the doctrine of equivalents. SciMed Life Sys., Inc. v. DAVID NETZER v. SHELL OIL COMPANY 17 Advanced Cardiovascular Sys., Inc.,
242 F.3d 1337, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2001). We agree with Shell, moreover, that no reasonable ju- ry would find that the accused process performs substan- tially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain substantially the same result. Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chem. Co.,
520 U.S. 17, 38–40 (1997). Shell’s Sulfolane process does not purify benzene to >80% purity in substantially the same way as the claimed process because almost all of the purification in the Sul- folane process is done through extraction, i.e., separating compounds based on solubility differences, which is substantially different from the claimed process of sepa- rating compounds based on differences in boiling points. Drawing all justifiable inferences in Netzer’s favor, we agree with Shell that Netzer cannot establish infringe- ment under the doctrine of equivalents in light of the substantial difference between the claimed process and the accused process. We therefore conclude that the district court did not err in granting summary judgment of noninfringement, either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents. CONCLUSION We have considered the remaining arguments and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s summary judgment of non- infringement. AFFIRMED
Document Info
Docket Number: 15-2086
Citation Numbers: 824 F.3d 989
Filed Date: 5/27/2016
Precedential Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 1/12/2023