Case: 21-1065 Document: 44 Page: 1 Filed: 11/03/2021
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant-Appellee
______________________
2021-1065
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of International
Trade in No. 1:15-cv-00135-LMG, Senior Judge Leo M.
Gordon.
______________________
Decided: November 3, 2021
______________________
PATRICK CRAIG REED, Simons & Wiskin, New York, NY,
argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by PHILIP
YALE SIMONS, JERRY P. WISKIN, South Amboy, NJ.
MONICA PERRETTE TRIANA, International Trade Field
Office, United States Department of Justice, New York,
NY, argued for defendant-appellee. Also represented by
AIMEE LEE, JUSTIN REINHART MILLER; BRIAN M. BOYNTON,
JEANNE DAVIDSON, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing-
ton, DC.
______________________
Case: 21-1065 Document: 44 Page: 2 Filed: 11/03/2021
2 KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US
Before LOURIE, LINN, and DYK, Circuit Judges.
LINN, Circuit Judge.
Kent International, Inc. (“Kent”) appeals the affir-
mance by the Court of International Trade (“Trade Court”)
of the decision by U.S. Customs and Border Protection
(“Customs”) denying Kent’s claims that the classification of
its imported merchandise under Harmonized Tariff Sched-
ule of the United States (“HTSUS”) heading 8714 violated
19 U.S.C. § 1625(c) by departing from a “treatment previ-
ously accorded” and was contrary to a de facto “established
and uniform practice” (“EUP”) under 19 U.S.C. § 1315(d).
Because the Trade Court erred in approving Customs’ use
of bypass entries to show the absence of a treatment previ-
ously accorded, we reverse that ruling and remand. Be-
cause the Trade Court did not err in finding no de facto
EUP, we affirm that part of the Trade Court’s decision.
BACKGROUND
Kent is an importer of bicycle-related products, includ-
ing, as relevant here, children’s bicycle seats. In 2005, Cus-
toms, in response to a request by Kent, issued a ruling
letter (“2005 Ruling”) stating that Kent’s bicycle seats
would be classified as “accessories of bicycles” under
HTSUS heading 8714. Under that heading, Kent’s bicycle
seats would be subject to a 10% ad valorem duty. See Kent
Int’l. Inc. v. United States,
466 F. Supp. 3d 1361, 1363 (Ct.
Int’l Trade 2020) (“Kent II”) (describing 2005 Ruling). The
2005 Ruling thereafter obligated Kent to initially enter its
bicycle seats through Customs under heading 8714.
Between August 2008 and November 2010, Kent made
44 entries of its bicycle seats through the Port of New
York/Newark, each time listing the subject merchandise
under heading 8714 (“New York entries”). Starting in April
2008, after Customs classified a competitor’s children’s bi-
cycle seats as “seats” under duty-free heading 9401, Kent
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KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US 3
filed several protests, post-entry amendments and a first
application for further review (collectively “New York pro-
tests”) for its previously liquidated New York entries. Be-
tween August 2008 and November 2010, Customs
approved the New York protests and reliquidated Kent’s
merchandise under heading 9401. Based on the favorable
grants by Customs of Kent’s New York protests, Kent, in
April 2011, filed a second application for further review
seeking to revoke the 2005 Ruling as inconsistent with
Customs’ subsequent treatment of its New York entries.
Kent continued to make entries of its bicycle seats through
the Port of New York/Newark after December 2010 and
again lodged protests for each. Customs, however, stopped
granting those protests and instead suspended them pend-
ing further review.
During the pendency of the New York protests, Kent
began to import the same merchandise through the Port of
Long Beach (“Long Beach entries”). Between December 4,
2008 and November 2010, Kent made eight entries of its
bicycle seats through that port. Between November 2010
and March 31, 2014, Kent made an additional 37 entries
through that port. Acting in compliance with the 2005 Rul-
ing, Kent listed all of these entries under heading 8714.
Long Beach Customs treated these entries as bypass en-
tries and liquidated them under heading 8714 without ex-
amination or Customs officer review.
Kent protested the treatment of its Long Beach entries
at the Port of Long Beach (“Long Beach protests”), contest-
ing the classification of the subject merchandise under
heading 8714 and seeking reclassification under heading
9401. Four of its protests were filed specifically for mer-
chandise imported within the December 4, 2008, through
November 2010 timeframe. At Kent’s request, these four
protests were suspended pending resolution of its New
York protests. Although the New York protests were
granted, all of Kent’s Long Beach protests were denied af-
ter November 2010. Kent II, 466 F.Supp.3d at 1363–64.
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4 KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US
In June 2014, Customs, through notice and comment,
revoked its earlier decisions classifying three of Kent’s
competitors’ merchandise under heading 9401, and con-
cluded that the competitors’ merchandise would be classi-
fied under heading 8714, effective September 22, 2014. Id.
at 1364. On February 11, 2015, in response to Kent’s April
2011 application for further review, Customs declined to
revoke the 2005 Ruling and reaffirmed the classification of
Kent’s bicycle seats under HTSUS heading 8714.
Kent appealed the denial of its Long Beach protests to
the Trade Court, alleging: (1) that the proper classification
of its bicycle seats was under heading 9401; and (2) that
the denials modified a treatment previously accorded by
Customs and departed from a de facto EUP. The Trade
Court bifurcated the classification issue from the treat-
ment previously accorded and EUP issues. On the first is-
sue, the Trade Court held that the merchandise was
properly classified under heading 8714. Kent Int’l, Inc. v.
United States,
393 F.Supp.3d 1218, 1225 (Ct. Int’l Trade
2019) (Kent I). Kent does not appeal that determination.
On the second issue, the Trade Court denied Kent’s
treatment previously accorded and EUP claims, finding no
consistent treatment of Kent’s bicycles seats under heading
9401 on a national basis over any two-year period in light
of the liquidation of the Long Beach bypass entries under
heading 8714. Kent II, 466 F.Supp.3d at 1367. The Trade
Court specifically noted that 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i)
“does not limit the consideration of the court to only ‘final
Customs actions’” and held that Kent’s pending protests of
its Long Beach entries did not make those entries ineligible
for consideration in the treatment analysis. Kent II, 466
F.Supp.3d at 1367–68. The Trade Court also considered
and denied Kent’s claim of treatment based on the entries
of third parties for the same reason—the liquidation of
Kent’s Long Beach bypass entries under HTSUS 8714. The
Trade Court did not directly address the propriety of con-
sidering bypass entries not subjected to examination or
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KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US 5
Customs officer review in the treatment analysis. The
Trade Court also expressly declined to address the applica-
ble two-year time period in the treatment analysis. Kent
II, 466 F.Supp.3d at 1368 n.1.
The Trade Court also rejected Kent’s argument that
Customs’ liquidation of Kent’s New York entries and third-
party entries under heading 9401 created a de facto EUP.
The Trade Court held that Kent’s claim would have the
court disregard the 2005 Ruling, which was never revoked,
classifying Kent’s bicycles seats under heading 8714. It
concluded that that ruling, as well as the classification of
the Long Beach entries under 8714, “demonstrate[d] that
Customs did not engage in an established and uniform
practice of classifying child safety seats under heading
9401.” Id. at 1369 (emphasis in original).
Kent appeals. We have jurisdiction over a final deci-
sion by the Trade Court under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(5).
ANALYSIS
I.
A.
“We review the [Trade Court’s] grant of summary judg-
ment de novo, applying ‘the same standard used by the
[Trade Court] in reviewing Customs’ classification deter-
mination.’” Apple Inc. v. United States,
964 F.3d 1087,
1092 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (quoting Otter Prods., LLC v. United
States,
834 F.3d 1369, 1374–75 (Fed. Cir. 2016)). We re-
view the Trade Court’s conclusions on legal issues de novo.
Mid Continent Steel & Wire, Inc. v. United States,
940 F.3d
662, 667 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
B.
19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)(2) mandates that any duty classifi-
cation decision that would “have the effect of modifying the
treatment previously accorded by the Customs Service to
substantially identical transactions,” (emphasis added)
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6 KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US
must be made by notice and comment. In explaining what
is meant by “treatment previously accorded,” Customs reg-
ulations provide:
(1) . . . The following rules will apply for purposes
of determining under this section whether a treat-
ment was previously accorded by Customs to sub-
stantially identical transactions of a person:
(i) There must be evidence to establish
that:
(A) There was an actual determina-
tion by a Customs officer regarding
the facts and issues involved in the
claimed treatment;
(B) The Customs officer making the
actual determination was responsi-
ble for the subject matter on which
the determination was made; and
(C) Over a 2–year period immedi-
ately preceding the claim of treat-
ment, Customs consistently
applied that determination on a na-
tional basis as reflected in liquida-
tions of entries or reconciliations or
other Customs actions with respect
to all or substantially all of that
person's Customs transactions in-
volving materially identical facts
and issues.
(ii) The determination of whether the req-
uisite treatment occurred will be made by
Customs on a case-by-case basis and will
involve an assessment of all relevant fac-
tors.
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KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US 7
In particular, Customs will focus on the
past transactions to determine whether
there was an examination of the merchan-
dise (where applicable) by Customs or the
extent to which those transactions were
otherwise reviewed by Customs to deter-
mine the proper application of the Customs
laws and regulations.
For purposes of establishing whether the
requisite treatment occurred . . . Customs
will give no weight whatsoever to informal
entries and to other entries or transactions
which Customs, in the interest of commer-
cial facilitation and accommodation, pro-
cesses expeditiously and without
examination or Customs officer review.
37 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1) (emphases added).
Kent argues that Customs’ denial of its Long Beach
protests violated 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)(2) by modifying the
treatment previously accorded Kent’s New York entries
without the necessary notice and comment. According to
Kent, during the two-plus year period between August
2008 and November 2010, the only determinations made
by actual Customs officials—the approval of protests with
respect to the New York entries—placed Kent’s merchan-
dise under heading 9401. Kent argues that 37 C.F.R.
§ 177.12(c)(1)(ii) prohibits consideration of the automati-
cally liquidated Long Beach entries in the determination of
whether there was a treatment previously accorded. Kent
further argues that the Long Beach entries could not be
considered in determining whether there was a treatment
previously accorded because they were subject to Kent’s
protest, and were therefore non-final.
The government responds that while Customs is pro-
hibited under 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(ii) from considering
bypass entries for purposes of determining whether an
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8 KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US
importer has established the requisite treatment, a sepa-
rate part of the regulation, 19 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(i)(C),
authorizes Customs to consider “liquidations” generally,
for purposes of analyzing whether the agency consistently
applied a determination on a nationwide basis over a two-
year period. Appellee’s Br. at 14 and 22. The government
notes that in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) the regulation uses the
word “establishing” when prohibiting the use of bypass en-
tries, but in subparagraph (c)(1)(i)(C) the regulation uses
the word “determining” when requiring Customs to take
into account “liquidations” without limitation.
A plain reading of the regulation supports Kent’s posi-
tion. The touchstone of the treatment previously accorded
inquiry is the consistency of Customs decisions with respect
to the subject merchandise. 37 C.F.R. § 177.12(c)(1)(ii)
(“Customs will focus on the past transactions to determine
whether there was an examination of the merchandise
(where applicable) by Customs or the extent to which those
transactions were otherwise reviewed by Customs.”). The
requirement for examination or Customs officer review is
wholly consistent with the limitation in § 177.12(c)(1)(ii)
that “Customs will give no weight” to unexamined entries,
without regard to whether those unexamined entries are
used as positive or negative evidence of treatment.
In Motorola, we deferred to Customs’ position that by-
pass entries “do[] not constitute ‘treatment’ within the
meaning of section 1625(c)(2).” Motorola, Inc. v. United
States,
436 F.3d 1357, 1366–67 (Fed. Cir. 2006). We ex-
plained that “[i]t is reasonable to conclude that goods which
are admitted pursuant to representations by the importer
and are not independently examined or reviewed by the im-
porter are not ‘treated’ by Customs.”
Id. at 1366. Motorola
addressed the circumstance where an importer was citing
its bypass entries as affirmative evidence of a treatment,
unlike here, where Customs is citing bypass entries to deny
a claim of treatment. But that is a distinction without a
difference. The bypass entries in both circumstances are
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KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US 9
made without examination or Customs officer review and
do not reflect “treatment” by Customs.
The government argues that a Federal Register notice
in 2002 makes clear that the regulation only limits the use
of bypass entries as affirmative evidence of a treatment.
See
67 Fed. Reg. 53483, 53491 (Aug. 16, 2002) (“Therefore,
the proposed regulatory text stands for the proposition
that, in order for a person to be eligible for the protection
afforded under 19 U.S.C. 1625(c)(2), that person must be
able to make a showing that Customs took a conscious, in-
tentional and knowledgeable action that created an im-
pression that could give rise to an expectation as regards
future action by Customs.” (emphasis added)). The govern-
ment’s reliance on the Federal Registrar notice, however,
is misplaced and begs the question. Determining whether
an importer is “eligible for protection” is most naturally
read to limit the use of bypass entries as both positive and
negative evidence of a treatment previously accorded.
The government also argues that the regulations re-
quire consistent treatment of “all or substantially all of
that person’s Customs transactions,” meaning that bypass
entries inconsistent with that treatment can and should in-
form that determination. This argument fails for the same
reason as noted above: the regulation expressly assigns
zero weight to bypass entries liquidated without Customs
review.
Finally, the government argues that consideration of
the Long Beach entries was proper because their liquida-
tion under HTSUS 8714 merely implemented Customs’
2005 Ruling. The fact of the 2005 Ruling, however, does
not render the bypass entries any more appropriate for con-
sideration than if the 2005 Ruling had never been made.
Nor does it undermine Kent’s assertion of a treatment pre-
viously accorded. The Long Beach entries were not the
only entries in play. The New York entries, which were
also liquidated initially under HTSUS 8714 pursuant to
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10 KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US
the 2005 Ruling, were subject to approved protests and
Amendments that reliquidated those entries under HTSUS
9401. The approved protests and Amendments were “ac-
tual determinations” that are proper for consideration in
assessing the treatment previously accorded.
In conclusion, the Trade Court erred in its construction
of § 177.12(c)(1)(ii) as allowing consideration of bypass en-
tries in the determination of whether there was a treat-
ment previously accorded. 1 Because Customs improperly
gave weight to the Long Beach entries in determining
whether there was a treatment previously accorded, we va-
cate that part of the Trade Court decision and remand for
consideration of whether there was a treatment previously
accorded without considering those entries. 2
C.
The government also argues that the two-year period
Kent identifies, August 2008 through November 2010, is
not the correct time period, because that is not the “2-year
period immediately preceding the claim of treatment” as
required by the regulation. See 37 C.F.R.
§ 177.12(c)(1)(i)(C). The government argues that the date
of the “claim of treatment” is the date of Kent’s first af-
fected entry, i.e., “the first entry that does not receive the
anticipated, relied on treatment.” See Am. Fiber & Finish-
ing v. United States,
121 F.Supp.3d 1273, 187 (Ct. Int’l
1 Because we conclude that the Long Beach entries,
as bypass entries, should not have been considered in de-
termining treatment previously accorded, we need not and
do not consider whether Customs properly may consider
determinations subject to protest or suspended protest.
2 We also leave to the Trade Court to determine
whether Customs may or should consider Customs’ treat-
ment of the third-party importers here in determining
whether there was a treatment previously accorded.
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KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US 11
Trade 2015). The government thus identifies the applica-
ble period as the two years preceding December 4, 2008,
the date of the first Long Beach entries. Kent argues that
its Long Beach entries were under a suspended protest,
and that the grant of the New York protests gave Kent the
right for a disposition of the Long Beach protests in accord-
ance with the New York protest. In other words, Kent ar-
gues that, unlike American Fiber & Finishing, where the
claim of treatment was based on a consistent treatment of
entries, Kent’s claim of treatment is based on the New York
protest approvals, and that the “claim of treatment” date is
thus November 2010, when the New York protests were ap-
proved and the merchandise reliquidated under heading
9401.
We leave this question to the Trade Court for its deter-
mination in the first instance on remand.
III.
Kent also argues that the Trade Court erred in finding
no de facto established and uniform practice (“EUP”) under
19 U.S.C. § 1315(d) and Heraeus-Amersil, Inc. v. United
States,
795 F.2d 1575 (Fed. Cir. 1986). We may overturn
Customs’ determination that an EUP did not exist only for
“a clear abuse of discretion.” Heraeus-Amersil,
795 F.2d at
1580 n.7. There was no clear abuse of discretion here.
A so-called de facto EUP arises when Customs consist-
ently classifies a particular type of merchandise under a
specific HTSUS heading prior to some distinct point in
time. Kent II, 466 F.Supp.3d. at 1368. The requirements
for establishing a de facto EUP are stringent. See Jewelpak
Corp. v. United States,
297 F.3d 1326, 1332 (Fed. Cir.
2002). In denying Kent’s claim that the agency violated a
de facto EUP, Customs relied on the fact that the 2005 Rul-
ing was never revoked, that the Long Beach entries were
classified under heading 8714, that hundreds of entries at
14 ports of entry over a 10-year period classified the same
goods under heading 9401 and that similar goods imported
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12 KENT INTERNATIONAL, INC. v. US
by three of Kent’s competitors were initially classified un-
der heading 9401 and later reclassified under heading
8714. Kent II, 466 F.Supp.3d at 1369. The Trade Court
ultimately decided that under these facts, it could not rea-
sonably conclude that Customs engaged in a uniform prac-
tice of classifying these goods or that there was a lack of
uncertainty regarding classification.
Kent has failed to show a clear abuse of discretion in
denying its claim of a de facto EUP.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate-in-part the Trade
Court’s determination of no treatment previously accorded
and remand for a determination of whether there was such
a treatment, excluding consideration of the bypass entries.
We also remand for a determination in the first instance of
the proper time period in which to consider the treatment
previously accorded question. Finally, we affirm-in-part
the Trade Court’s determination that there was no de facto
EUP.
AFFIRMED-IN-PART, VACATED-IN-PART, AND
REMANDED.
COSTS
Costs are awarded to Kent.
