Case: 21-1613 Document: 33 Page: 1 Filed: 06/02/2022
NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
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IN RE: LAWNIE HENDERSON TAYLOR,
Appellant
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2021-1613
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Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. 14/971,878.
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Decided: June 2, 2022
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LAWNIE H. TAYLOR, Germantown, MD, pro se.
DANIEL KAZHDAN, Office of the Solicitor, United States
Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, for appellee
Katherine K. Vidal. Also represented by KAKOLI
CAPRIHAN, THOMAS W. KRAUSE, MONICA BARNES LATEEF,
ROBERT J. MCMANUS, FARHEENA YASMEEN RASHEED.
______________________
Before REYNA, MAYER, and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
Lawnie H. Taylor appeals from the Patent Trial and
Appeal Board’s decision affirming the examiner’s rejection
of claims 131–153 of United States Patent Application No.
14/971,878 (“the ’878 application”). Because we conclude
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2 IN RE: TAYLOR
that substantial evidence supports the Board’s affirmance
of the examiner’s rejection of all pending claims as antici-
pated by prior art, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
In 2015, Mr. Taylor filed the ’878 application, entitled
“Cotton-Gentle Hypochlorite Bleach,” with the United
States Patent and Trademark Office. App. 32, 103. The
’878 application is directed to products and methods for re-
moving stains from clothing. Id. at 103 (¶ 2), 35–38. Spe-
cifically, the ’878 application is directed to a bleach
composition containing an alkali-metal hypochlorite salt
(preferably sodium hypochlorite (“NaOCl”)) and an alkali-
metal hydroxide (preferably sodium hydroxide (“NaOH”)),
that is purportedly less damaging than previously known
bleach compositions. Id. at 104 (¶¶ 6, 7, 9).
Claims 131–153 are currently pending. Id. at 35–38.
Claims 131–144 are method claims. Claim 131, in its pre-
sent amended form, is directed to:
A method for prescribing the natural fabric effect
quality of a hypochlorite bleach composition, said
quality in the range of fabric-damaging to abated-
damaging to cotton-safe, said composition in the
process of formulation,
wherein the amounts of the essential components
of a bleach composition are expressed in a ratio
value as wt % alkali-metal hydroxide over wt % al-
kali-metal hypochloride-salt [sic], or the reciprocal,
wherein a selected ratio value defines the desired
natural fabric effect quality of the composition
(e[.]g., 1:30 – fabric-damaging, 1:2 – cotton-safe,
etc.),
wherein a bleach composition so composed and set
with a natural fabric effect quality must be charac-
terized by the selected ratio value that defines said
fabric effect quality,
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IN RE: TAYLOR 3
wherein said ratio value and the amount of an es-
sential component are expressed as known factors
of the ratio equation by which the amount of the
other essential component is determined and lim-
ited,
wherein a bleach composition composed with a pre-
scribed natural fabric effect quality in the range of
damaging to abated-damaging to cotton-safe com-
prises,
(a) an amount of an alkali-metal hypo-
chlorite-salt, as a known factor of a ratio
equation, said amount effective for clean-
ing stain from a soft-fabric article,
(b) an amount of an alkali-metal hydroxide
as an unknown term of the ratio equation,
said amount calculated by (a) and (c),
(c) a ratio value, as a known factor of the
ratio equation, said value selected in the
range 1:30 to 1:1, or reciprocal value se-
lected in the range 30:1 to 1.1, to set the
prescribed quality of natural fabric effect of
the bleach composition in the range of fab-
ric-damaging to abated-damaging to cot-
ton-safe;
wherein the pH of said composition is at least 11.
Id. at 35–36 (emphasis in original). Claims 132–144 are
dependent claims. Id. at 36–37. Claims 145–153 are prod-
uct claims. Exemplary claim 145 recites:
An aqueous hypochlorite-salt bleach product for
cleaning stain from a soft fabric article, the bleach
product with two unique features;
(i) a natural fabric safety quality on con-
tacting a soft fabric article, said natural
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4 IN RE: TAYLOR
quality in the range of fabric-damaging to
cotton-safe;
(ii) a weight concentration ratio, weight %
alkali-metal hydroxide over weight % al-
kali-metal hypochlorite-salt, or the recipro-
cal, wherein the selected value of said ratio
defines the natural fabric safety quality of
the bleach product which can be sorted by
the ratio value,
wherein the aqueous bleach product comprises,
(a) a specified amount of an alkali-metal
hypochlorite-salt, effective for cleaning
stain from a soft-fabric article,
(b) an amount of an alkali-metal hydroxide
as determined by (a), (c), and a ratio equa-
tion,
(c) a ratio value, said value selected in the
range 1:30 to 1:1, or reciprocal value se-
lected in the range 30:1 to 1:1, to set the
quality of natural fabric safety of the bleach
product in the range of fabric-damaging to
cotton-safe;
wherein the pH of said product is at least 11.
Id. at 37. Claims 146–153 are dependent claims. Id. at
37–38.
At issue in this appeal is the “ratio value” recited in all
pending claims. Mr. Taylor claims that the ratio value is a
“unique claim feature” distinguishing his claims from the
prior art. Appellant’s Opening Br. 10–12. Examples of the
claimed reciprocal ratio value are provided in Table 1 of the
’878 application’s specification. App. 116.
Mr. Taylor explains that he conducted an experiment
with the seven bleach solutions reported in Table 1 to
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IN RE: TAYLOR 5
determine how long cotton cloths could be submerged in
each solution before they degraded enough to be torn by
hand. Appellant’s Opening Br. 10–11; App. 115–16 (¶ 59).
He started with Ultra Clorox Bleach containing 6% by
weight NaOCl and less than 0.2% by weight NaOH (a re-
ciprocal ratio value of over 30:1). Appellant’s Opening Br.
11; App. 116 (¶ 60). He created the other six bleach solu-
tions by adding NaOH to Ultra Clorox Bleach to yield solu-
tions with reciprocal ratio values of 12:1, 5.5:1, 3:1, 2:1,
1.5:1, 1 and 1:1. Appellant’s Opening Br. 11; App. 116 (¶ 60,
Table 1). He then recorded the time required for cloths
submerged in each solution to degrade to the point where
they could be torn by hand. Appellant’s Opening Br. 11;
App. 115–16 (¶ 59). He found that adding NaOH to achieve
a NaOH:NaOCl ratio approaching 2:1 increased the
amount of time a cloth could be exposed to the bleach com-
position before it could be torn. Appellant’s Opening Br.
11; App. 116 (¶ 60, Table 1).
The Board decision presently on appeal is its second
decision concerning the ’878 application. In its first deci-
sion, the Board affirmed the examiner’s rejection of
(1) claims 131–153 as anticipated by United States Patent
No. 6,120,555 (“Scialla”) under § 102(b) 2, or, in the alterna-
tive, as obvious over Scialla under § 103(a), App. 316,
320–23; (2) claims 131–135, 137–149, and 151–153 as
1 Table 1 reports this ratio value as “1.5:2.” App.
116. This appears to be a typographical error.
2
35 U.S.C. §§ 102 and 103 were amended in 2011.
See Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (“AIA”), Pub. L. No.
112–29, § 3(b)–(c),
125 Stat. 284, 285–87 (2011). Pre-AIA
§§ 102 and 103 apply to the ’878 application’s claims be-
cause they have an effective filing date before March 16,
2013. See AIA, 125 Stat. at 293. Throughout this opinion,
any reference to § 102 or § 103 refers to the pre-AIA ver-
sions of those statutes.
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6 IN RE: TAYLOR
anticipated by United States Patent No. 6,416,687 (“Agos-
tini”) under § 102(b), or, in the alternative, as obvious over
Agostini under § 103(a), id.; (3) claims 131–135, 137–149,
and 151–153 as anticipated by United States Patent No.
6,448,215 (“Grande”), or, in the alternative, as obvious over
Grande under § 103(a), id.; and (4) claims 131–144 as un-
patentable under § 101, id. at 318–19. The Board reversed
the examiner’s § 101 rejection as to the product claims,
claims 145–153. Id. at 319–20. After the Board issued its
first decision, Mr. Taylor amended claims 131 and 145
slightly to their currently pending form and requested con-
tinued examination. Id. at 333–37.
On January 7, 2019, the examiner issued a non-final
office action maintaining all rejections as to claims
131–153 that the Board affirmed in its first decision. Id. at
339–40. On April 4, 2019, the examiner issued another
non-final office action to add an additional ground of rejec-
tion of indefiniteness for claims 131–144 under § 112 ¶ 2. 3
Id. at 352–61. Mr. Taylor, again, appealed to the Board.
Id. at 2–25. In the Board’s second decision, it affirmed the
rejections of claims 131–153 set forth in the January 2019
and April 2019 office actions. Id. at 2–25.
Mr. Taylor appeals from the Board’s second decision.
We have jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A).
DISCUSSION
We review the Board’s decision under the standards
provided in the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”).
3 As with § 102 and § 103, pre-AIA § 112 applies to
the ’878 application’s claims because they have an effective
priority date before September 16, 2012. See AIA, 125 Stat.
at 297 (making the AIA’s changes to § 112 applicable to
“any patent application that is filed on or after” September
16, 2012). Throughout this opinion, any reference to § 112
refers to the pre-AIA version of the statute.
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IN RE: TAYLOR 7
5 U.S.C. § 706(2); In re Bd. of Trustees of the Leland Stan-
ford Junior Univ.,
991 F.3d 1245, 1249–50 (Fed. Cir. 2021).
“Under the APA, we review the Board’s legal conclusions
de novo and its factual findings for substantial evidence.”
Id. at 1250 (citing ACCO Brands Corp. v. Fellowes, Inc.,
813 F.3d 1361, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2016)).
We find it necessary to address only the Board’s affir-
mance of the examiner’s rejection of all pending claims as
anticipated by Scialla. Anticipation is a question of fact
that we review for substantial evidence. CRFD Rsch., Inc.
v. Matal,
876 F.3d 1330, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2017). Because
substantial evidence supports the Board’s affirmance of all
pending claims as anticipated by Scialla, we need not reach
the other bases for rejection. See, e.g., Soft Gel Techs., Inc.
v. Jarrow Formulas, Inc.,
864 F.3d 1334, 1339 n.3 (Fed.
Cir. 2017) (declining to address alternative grounds of un-
patentability where we uphold one ground of unpatentabil-
ity).
Mr. Taylor argues that the Board’s affirmance of the
examiner’s rejections of claims 131–153 under § 102 is not
supported by substantial evidence. Specifically, he argues
that using a NaOH:NaOCl ratio value to formulate a
bleach solution was not known in the prior art. Appellant’s
Opening Br. 9–10, 14–15. He asserts that the prior art dis-
closed first creating a bleach solution and then calculating
a NaOH:NaOCl ratio value after the amounts of NaOH and
NaOCl are known. Id. at 14–15. He argues that the pend-
ing claims, which require adding an amount of NaOH
based on a known amount of NaOCl and a selected
NaOH:NaOCl ratio in the range of 1:30 to 1:1 are, there-
fore, distinguishable from the prior art. Id. Mr. Taylor as-
serts that the examiner and the Board both ignored the
differences between the prior art’s calculated ratio—which
he asserts is calculated after the bleach solution has been
made—and the claimed selected ratio—which is selected
from the empirically derived ratios of Table 1 in the range
of 1:30 to 1:1. Id. We disagree.
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8 IN RE: TAYLOR
Scialla teaches bleach compositions with three essen-
tial components: (1) an alkali metal hypochlorite, prefera-
bly NaOCl; (2) a pH buffering means, preferably an alkali
metal salt of metaborate such as sodium metaborate
(NaBO2), and (3) a strong source of alkalinity, such as al-
kali metal hydroxides (e.g., NaOH). App. 448–49 (col. 3 ll.
53–58; col. 3 l. 66 – col. 4 l. 7; col. 4 ll. 19–24; col. 5 ll. 33–48).
One of Scialla’s objects is “to provide a hypochlorite-con-
taining composition, suitable for use in laundry applica-
tion, whereby fabric safety is improved.” Id. at 447 (col. 1
ll. 23–26). Scialla provides seven bleach compositions il-
lustrative of its claimed invention, all of which provide im-
proved fabric safety or improved whiteness of stained
fabrics as compared to bleach compositions without the
claimed pH buffering means:
Id. at 450.
Substantial evidence supports the finding that Scialla
teaches all elements of the pending product claims, claims
145–153. Scialla teaches a composition with a
NaOH:NaOCl ratio value in the range of 1:30 to 1:1
through its disclosure of compositions having ratios of
1:7.14 (e.g., 0.7 weight percent NaOH and 5.0 weight per-
cent NaOCl) and other ratio values within the claimed
range. See id. Scialla teaches that its disclosed composi-
tions have the claimed property of “a natural fabric safety
quality on contacting a soft fabric article, said natural qual-
ity in the range of fabric-damaging to cotton-safe,” id. at 37
(claim 145), because it teaches that its compositions
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IN RE: TAYLOR 9
“provide outstanding fabric whitening action and/or fabric
safety properties without compromising on the stain re-
moval performance on different types of stains.” See id. at
447 (col. 1 ll. 55–60). And Scialla teaches the limitation of
the “pH of said product is at least 11,” id. at 37 (claim 145),
because it teaches compositions with a pH in the range of
8 to 14. See id. at 449 (col. 5 ll. 33–34); see also Genentech,
Inc. v. Hospira, Inc.,
946 F.3d 1333, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2020)
(“A prior art reference that discloses an overlapping but
different range than the claimed range can be anticipatory,
even where the prior art range only partially or slightly
overlaps with the claimed range.”).
Mr. Taylor’s argument that his pending claims are dis-
tinguishable from Scialla because they require calculating
the amount of NaOH from a selected ratio is unavailing.
Whether a bleach product is created by adding, for exam-
ple, 7.14 times as much NaOCl as NaOH—as is required
by the ’878 patent application to make a bleach composition
within the claimed ranges of 1:30 to 1:1, such as a 1:7.14
NaOH:NaOCl ratio—or is created by adding 5.0 weight
percent NaOCl and 0.7 weight percent NaOH—as is dis-
closed by Scialla—is a distinction without a difference. See,
e.g., App. 37 (claim 145); App. 450 (col. 8 ll. 15–25). The
resulting products are the same. Thus, Mr. Taylor has not
shown that the Board erred in affirming the examiner’s re-
jection of the product claims, claims 145–153, over Scialla.
For the same reasons, substantial evidence supports
the Board’s affirmance of the examiner’s rejection of the
method claims, claims 131–144, as anticipated by Scialla.
The method claims of the ’878 application are directed to a
“method for prescribing the natural fabric effect quality of
a hypochlorite bleach composition” where “the amounts of
the essential components of a bleach composition are ex-
pressed in a ratio value.”
Id. at 35 (claim 131). As we have
already explained, Scialla’s expression of the amounts of
essential components NaOCl and NaOH as weight percent-
ages rather than as a ratio of weight percentages is a
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10 IN RE: TAYLOR
distinction without a difference. And, just as Mr. Taylor
did, the Scialla inventors performed an experiment with
various weight percentages of NaOH and tested the fabric
safety of the resulting compositions—thus permitting them
to “prescribe[e] the natural fabric effect quality” of the com-
positions. See id.;
id. at 450 (col. 8 ll. 12–29).
CONCLUSION
We have considered Mr. Taylor’s other arguments and
do not find them persuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we
affirm.
AFFIRMED
COSTS
No costs.
