Case: 21-1008 Document: 80 Page: 1 Filed: 07/19/2021
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
ASSET PROTECTION & SECURITY SERVICES,
L.P.,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
UNITED STATES, AKIMA GLOBAL SERVICES,
LLC,
Defendants-Appellees
______________________
2021-1008
______________________
Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims
in No. 1:20-cv-00449-MBH, Senior Judge Marian Blank
Horn.
______________________
Decided: July 19, 2021
______________________
DAVID THOMAS RALSTON, JR., Foley & Lardner LLP,
Washington, DC, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also rep-
resented by JULIA DI VITO, FRANK S. MURRAY, GEORGE
ELLSWORTH QUILLIN.
DANIEL B. VOLK, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing-
ton, DC, argued for defendant-appellee United States. Also
represented by BRIAN MATTHEW BOYNTON, ROBERT
EDWARD KIRSCHMAN, JR., DOUGLAS K. MICKLE.
Case: 21-1008 Document: 80 Page: 2 Filed: 07/19/2021
2 ASSET PROTECTION & SECURITY v. US
CHE PETER DUNGAN, Miles & Stockbridge P.C., Wash-
ington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee Akima Global
Services, LLC. Also represented by ROGER V. ABBOTT;
ALFRED WURGLITZ, Rockville, MD.
______________________
Before DYK, PROST *, and HUGHES, Circuit Judges.
DYK, Circuit Judge.
The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
awarded a contract to Akima Global Services, LLC to pro-
vide services at one of ICE’s detention facilities in Arizona.
Asset Protection and Security Services, L.P., an unsuccess-
ful bidder, brought a bid protest action in the Court of Fed-
eral Claims (“Claims Court”), challenging the award. The
Claims Court held that Asset was without standing to chal-
lenge the award. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
The pertinent facts are not in dispute. In 2016, ICE
issued a solicitation for a contractor to provide detention,
food, and transportation services at its Florence Detention
Center in Arizona. Asset was the incumbent contractor.
The solicitation went through various modifications and
amendments and provided several evaluation factors. Un-
der the original solicitation, ICE indicated that proposals
would “be evaluated for price realism, completeness, and
reasonableness.” J.A. 430.
While this version of the solicitation was pending, ICE
received a question from a prospective offeror asking, “Ar-
izona charges 4.5% ‘business tax’; will the Federal Govern-
ment issue a tax exemption certificate to the successful
* Circuit Judge Sharon Prost vacated the position of
Chief Judge on May 21, 2021.
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ASSET PROTECTION & SECURITY v. US 3
offeror?” Id. at 528. ICE responded, “Yes.” Id. Given ICE’s
answer, Asset’s initial proposal included an explanation of
the cost estimates factored into its pricing, stating that
“[s]ales taxes were not charged due to the government’s ex-
pressed intent to provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt
certificate, where applicable.” Id. at 2022.
Ultimately, ICE selected Akima for the contract award
because the government determined that it offered the best
value. Asset filed a bid protest with the Government Ac-
countability Office (GAO). Rather than proceed with the
bid protest, ICE decided to take voluntary corrective ac-
tion.
ICE then issued Amendment 17, which made several
changes to the solicitation, and required offerors to supply
ICE with specific pricing information in their proposals.
Amendment 17 also changed the way that ICE was to ana-
lyze prospective offerors’ pricing. Rather than evaluate
proposals for price realism as well as reasonableness, ICE
required offerors to submit a firm fixed price proposal and
explained that it would “assess the reasonableness of the
proposed prices” and “conduct its price analysis using one
or more of the techniques specified in FAR 15.404-1(b).” Id.
at 779. These techniques include the “[c]omparison of pro-
posed prices received in response to the solicitation,”
48
C.F.R. § 15.404-1(b)(2)(i), and the “[c]omparison of pro-
posed prices to historical prices paid, whether by the Gov-
ernment or other than the Government, for the same or
similar items,”
id. § 15.404-1(b)(2)(ii), among other tech-
niques, see id. § 15.404-1(b)(2)(iii)–(vii) (outlining other
price analysis techniques). 1 In other words, ICE would de-
termine whether the prices were not unreasonably high
1 See also
48 C.F.R. § 15.404-1(b)(3) (explaining that
“[t]he first two techniques at 15-404-1(b)(2) are the pre-
ferred techniques”).
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4 ASSET PROTECTION & SECURITY v. US
(reasonable) but would not determine whether they were
unreasonably low (price realism). Asset submitted its up-
dated proposal on May 30, 2019.
After discussions with offerors, ICE issued Solicitation
Amendment 19 on May 31, 2019. In this Amendment, ICE
corrected its earlier response to the tax-exempt status
question. ICE clarified that it “CANNOT delegate its tax
exempt status to contractors for the performance of govern-
ment services.” J.A. 1281. In light of this change, ICE in-
structed that offerors “review their price proposals and
provide their best and final prices.”
Id.
Asset’s Vice President for Contract Administration &
Business Development, Ron Gates, responded to the
Amendment the same day and stated that he had “re-
viewed, signed and attached Amendment 19 hereto. As-
set’s proposal does not require further revision.”
Id. at
1278. Asset did not remove the tax-exempt certificate lan-
guage from its proposal despite receipt of this Amendment.
ICE again clarified the tax-exempt status question via
Amendment 20, which issued on June 4, 2019, adding the
word “no” to its response.
Id. at 1285 (“No, the Government
CANNOT delegate its tax exempt status to contractors for
the performance of government services.” (emphasis
added)). In the amendment, the government again in-
structed that offerors “review their price proposals and pro-
vide their best and final prices.”
Id.
Mr. Gates again responded to the Amendment on be-
half of Asset, stating that “Asset has reviewed it [sic] price
proposal in response to Amendment 20. No changes are
deemed necessary. I have attached a signed copy of
Amendment 20 herewith.”
Id. at 1282. The tax-exempt
certificate language remained in Asset’s proposal.
Thereafter, ICE again selected Akima for the contract
award. Asset again filed a protest with the GAO,
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ASSET PROTECTION & SECURITY v. US 5
challenging ICE’s evaluation of its proposal under the fac-
tors outlined in the solicitation and challenging ICE’s best-
value analysis. ICE again decided that it was best to take
corrective action on its own by reevaluating the proposals
and making a new source selection and requested that the
GAO dismiss the protests, which the GAO did.
On reevaluation, ICE once again selected Akima for the
contract award. The government utilized FAR 15.404-
1(b)(2)(i) in its price analysis, comparing the prices pro-
posed by the bidders. ICE concluded that Asset was ineli-
gible to receive the contract award because Asset’s proposal
included the tax-exempt certificate language, rendering it
a contingent price. In response, Asset filed another bid pro-
test at the GAO, arguing that ICE improperly concluded
that its bid contained contingency pricing and again dis-
puting ICE’s best-value analysis. This bid protest went for-
ward. The GAO agreed that ICE improperly determined
that Asset’s bid contained contingency pricing but con-
cluded that Asset “was not prejudiced by the agency’s er-
ror,” finding ICE’s best-value analysis “to be reasonable,”
J.A. 1469, and denying Asset’s protest.
Asset then filed a bid protest complaint at the Claims
Court. The government and Akima (the successful bidder)
argued that Asset lacked standing to bring the bid protest.
The Claims Court “determined that Asset’s price proposal
. . . was non-responsive to the requirements of the Solicita-
tion, as explicitly amended more than once, and, therefore,
. . . Asset’s price proposal was non-compl[ia]nt,” making it
ineligible for the contract award. J.A. 35. Because Asset
submitted a non-responsive bid, the Claims Court held that
Asset “lack[ed] standing to bring the . . . protest.”
Id. at 36.
Asset appeals. We have jurisdiction under
28 U.S.C.
§ 1295(a)(3).
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6 ASSET PROTECTION & SECURITY v. US
DISCUSSION
We review standing determinations de novo and any
underlying factual findings for clear error. CliniComp
Int’l, Inc. v. United States,
904 F.3d 1353, 1357 (Fed. Cir.
2018).
The Claims Court, while an Article I court, “applies the
same [constitutional] standing requirements enforced by
other federal courts created under Article III.” Weeks Ma-
rine, Inc. v. United States,
575 F.3d 1352, 1359 (Fed. Cir.
2009) (quoting Anderson v. United States,
344 F.3d 1343,
1350 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2003)). The standing issue in this case,
however, is framed by
28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1), which pro-
vides the Claims Court’s jurisdiction over bid protests. 2 We
have explained that § 1491(b)(1) “imposes more stringent
standing requirements than Article III.” Weeks Marine,
575 F.3d at 1359.
Section 1491(b)(1) requires a protestor to make two
showings to establish standing: “First, it must show that
it is an ‘interested party,’” which “requires the plaintiff to
show that it is ‘an actual or prospective bidder’ and has a
‘direct economic interest’ in the procurement or proposed
procurement.” CliniComp, 904 F.3d at 1358 (quoting Diaz
v. United States,
853 F.3d 1355, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2017)).
2 Section 1491(b)(1) grants the Claim’s Court juris-
diction over
an action by an interested party objecting to a so-
licitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals
for a proposed contract or to a proposed award or
the award of a contract or an alleged violation of
statute or regulation in connection with a procure-
ment of a proposed procurement.
28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1).
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ASSET PROTECTION & SECURITY v. US 7
“Second, the plaintiff must show that it was prejudiced
by a significant error in the procurement process,” meaning
that, “but for the error, it would have had a substantial
chance of securing the contract.” CliniComp, 904 F.3d at
1358 (emphasis in original) (first quoting Diaz, 853 F.3d at
1358; and then quoting Labatt Food Serv., Inc. v. United
States,
577 F.3d 1375, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2009)).
We conclude that Asset did not have a substantial
chance of winning the contract because its proposal was not
responsive to the solicitation, making it ineligible for the
contract award. Asset’s bid included information that ex-
pressly contradicted the solicitation’s material terms.
Thus, Asset was without standing to challenge ICE’s award
of the contract to Akima.
Asset admits that its bid includes an error. ICE’s solic-
itation required bidders to “[e]xplain in detail all pricing
and estimating techniques.” J.A. 779. Asset’s description
of its pricing, explaining that it was expecting the govern-
ment to provide a tax-exempt certificate, was not con-
sistent with the solicitation as amended. Asset essentially
argues that this error was harmless. First, it argues that
its bid price was unaffected by the error given that the so-
licitation, “through its firm fixed price requirement, estab-
lished that an offeror’s firm fixed price proposal made an
offeror responsible for all costs of contract performance, ir-
respective of whether or not the offeror factored a specific
cost into its calculation of its firm fixed price.” Appellant’s
Br. 28. Asset points out that a firm fixed price contract
places “maximum risk and full responsibility for all costs
and resulting profit or loss” on the offeror. Id. at 26 (quot-
ing
48 C.F.R. § 16.202-1; then citing ITT Fed. Servs. Corp.
v. Widnall,
132 F.3d 1448, 1451 (Fed. Cir. 1997)). Second,
Asset contends that its bid did not set a contingent price.
Third, Asset argues that the solicitation did not require a
price-realism analysis. On appeal, the government does
not appear to dispute any of these three points. Instead, it
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8 ASSET PROTECTION & SECURITY v. US
argues that “Asset’s proposal was unacceptable on its face”
and, as a result, could not have been selected and was inel-
igible for award of the contract. Appellee’s Br. 9. Asset
thus “lack[ed] standing to challenge the agency’s decision
to award the contract to Akima.”
Id.
Under our cases, “a proposal that fails to conform to the
material terms and conditions of [a] solicitation should be
considered unacceptable and a contract award based on
such an unacceptable proposal violates the procurement
statutes and regulations.” Allied Tech. Grp. v. United
States,
649 F.3d 1320, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (quoting E.W.
Bliss Co. v. United States,
77 F.3d 445, 448 (Fed. Cir.
1996)). The government argues that compliance with the
amendments relating to the unavailability of a tax-exempt
certificate constituted a material term of the solicitation
because, absent compliance, there would be a significant
ambiguity in the terms of any purported agreement. We
agree. Given the mismatch between the terms of ICE’s so-
licitation and Asset’s bid, any agreement formed would fail
to “satisfy the requirement of reasonable certainty applica-
ble to the essential terms of all contracts.” Pac. Gas & Elec.
Co. v. United States,
838 F.3d 1341, 1355–56 (Fed. Cir.
2016); see also United Pac. Ins. Co. v. Roche,
401 F.3d 1362,
1366 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“In the absence of . . . sufficiently
definite terms, no contractual obligations arise.” (quoting
Modern Sys. Tech. Corp. v. United States,
979 F.2d 200, 202
(Fed. Cir. 1992))).
This ambiguity was significant. If ICE had selected As-
set’s bid, that would have created a risk of future litigation
on the theory that the government knew of the error in As-
set’s bid and did not require its correction. “[I]n limited
circumstances,” “if the government has knowledge, or con-
structive knowledge, that a contractor’s bid is based on a
mistake, and the government accepts the bid and awards
the contract despite knowledge of this mistake, then a trial
court may reform or rescind the contract.” Giesler v. United
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ASSET PROTECTION & SECURITY v. US 9
States,
232 F.3d 864, 869 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (citing United
States v. Hamilton Enters., Inc.,
711 F.2d 1038, 1046 (Fed.
Cir. 1983)); see also Hunt Constr. Grp. v. United States,
281
F.3d 1369, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (explaining that, in certain
circumstances, “[w]hen the government has notice of a mis-
take in a particular bid,” “fairness and good faith dealing”
prevents “the government from knowingly awarding a con-
tract to a bidder whose bid contained a mistake of which
the government was aware”). “Such relief may be appro-
priate to prevent the government from overreaching when
it knows the contractor has made a significant mistake
during the bidding process.” Giesler,
232 F.3d at 869. The
remedy, however, is not available for an “errant bid” caused
by a bidder’s “gross negligence in failing to read and con-
sider the specifications thoroughly.” Liebherr Crane Corp.
v. United States,
810 F.2d 1153, 1157 (Fed. Cir. 1987).
Although such a claim of government liability in the
circumstances of this case could not have succeeded be-
cause Asset could not plausibly claim that it misread the
amended solicitation, the government has a substantial in-
terest in not creating opportunities for litigation based on
an erroneous bid and was not obligated to accept a bid that
was contrary to the amended terms of its solicitation.
While ICE could have exercised its discretion to con-
duct another round of discussions with the prospective bid-
ders to permit Asset to cure the error in its bid, ICE was
under no obligation to do so. See JWK Int’l Corp. v. United
States,
279 F.3d 985, 988 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“[W]hether dis-
cussions should be conducted lies within the discretion of
the contracting officer.” (citing
48 C.F.R. § 15.306(d)(3))).
Thus, because of the error in Asset’s bid, Asset was an
ineligible bidder, did not have a substantial chance of win-
ning the ICE contract, and was without standing to chal-
lenge ICE’s award of the contract to Akima.
AFFIRMED
