People v. Gonzalez CA3 ( 2021 )

Filed 5/12/21 P. v. Gonzalez CA3
Received for posting on Saturday, 5/15/21
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Glenn)
----
THE PEOPLE, C089973
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 17NCR12408)
v.
SANTIAGO GONZALEZ, JR.,
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant Santiago Gonzalez, Jr., threw a Molotov cocktail at an occupied
apartment building, setting the building on fire. One of the building’s occupants was able
to douse the fire.
A jury found defendant guilty of three counts of attempted murder as to three of
the building’s occupants, three counts of igniting or exploding a destructive device with
intent to murder those same residents, arson of property, and possessing, igniting, or
exploding a destructive device with intent to injure or destroy property.
1
On appeal, defendant contends the trial court prejudicially erred by incorrectly
instructing the jury on the kill zone theory of attempted murder, the scope of which our
Supreme Court clarified in People v. Canizales (2019) 7 Cal.5th 591 (Canizales) after
trial concluded. The Attorney General agrees the trial court’s kill zone instruction was
erroneous, but argues the error was harmless.
We agree with defendant that the use of the erroneous kill zone instruction here
was prejudicial error. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment as to the attempted murders
and because the error spilled over to the intent to murder requirement contained in the
three counts of exploding a destructive device, we reverse those convictions as well. We
explain that because the evidence is insufficient to support a conviction of attempted
murder or exploding a destructive device as to two of the three victims, retrial is
precluded as to those four counts.
Defendant raises multiple other claims. We conclude he has failed to demonstrate
that the prosecutor’s misconduct while cross-examining a defense alibi witness was
prejudicial, and we disagree defendant’s trial counsel was constitutionally deficient for
failing to subpoena a potential alibi witness. Because we reverse the judgment as to the
attempted murder and exploding a destructive device counts, we need not and do not
address defendant’s sentencing claims.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Factual Background
Jessica Mendiola and her sister Yvette Mendiola lived in an apartment on the
second floor of an apartment building within a larger apartment building complex in
Willows.1 The building consisted of eight apartments, with four units facing one
direction and four units facing the opposite direction. Each side of the building included
1 Due to their shared surname, we refer to individual members of this family by their
first names.
2
two apartments on the second floor and two apartments on the first floor. The front wall
of Jessica and Yvette’s apartment had a sliding glass door that went outside to a patio,
and a door used to enter and exit the apartment.
Defendant’s girlfriend, Ericka Beck Morias, lived in an apartment in a building
within the same complex, and defendant occasionally stayed at Morias’s apartment.2
Jessica grew up with Morias and knew defendant through her. Defendant had been in
Jessica’s apartment with Morias on prior occasions.
At trial Yvette testified that on September 27, 2017, Jessica, Morias, and
defendant had been in an argument, and that the argument was “pretty heated.” Yvette
agreed defendant “stepped in and went after” Jessica. Yvette was not present when the
argument took place.
The Fire
At approximately midnight on September 27, Jessica and Yvette were lying on the
couch in their apartment when they heard a loud “boom” that sounded “like a bomb.”
Jessica ran to the sliding door because she saw a light that “looked like fire light” outside
the apartment. Jessica told Yvette to call 911. Jessica was “hundred percent” sure she
saw defendant standing by a rock approximately 10 to 15 feet from her apartment.
Defendant wore gray or brown shorts, a hat, and a bandana over his mouth. Jessica
yelled defendant’s name, and defendant ran. Jessica subsequently told the 911 operator
defendant was “throwing fire bombs at [her] apartment.” In a statement to a sheriff’s
deputy the night of the fire, Jessica said she believed defendant was aiming for her
apartment because Morias had stolen from her.
2 Neither the parties nor the record is consistent as to the spelling of Morias’s name. We
spell her name as Ericka Beck Morias, as preferred by defendant, for consistency.
3
Jeffrey Bigelow (Bigelow) lived in the apartment below and to the side of Jessica
and Yvette’s. The apartment directly under Jessica and Yvette’s apartment was
unoccupied. Bigelow heard loud sounds coming from above his apartment and went
outside. He smelled gasoline and saw “billowing black smoke coming out of [his]
neighbor’s balcony.” He saw the ground of the apartment building was on fire, and
flames were crawling up the wall. Bigelow put the fire out by throwing multiple small
buckets of water on it.
Investigation and Trial Testimony
Upon arriving at the apartment building at approximately 1:00 a.m., Detective
Kelly Knight smelled “ignitable liquid” around the porch area of the apartment directly
below Jessica and Yvette’s. Knight collected remnants of what he believed to be a
Molotov cocktail, which is a destructive incendiary device. Knight testified: “A
[M]olotov cocktail would be a flammable or ignitable liquid placed typically in a glass
container. Since they’re typically breakable where you light the wick of some sort of
fabric, throw it so the bottle would break, spilling and spattering the ignitable liquid every
where [sic] and anywhere so it would start a fire.” Knight retrieved additional cloth
consistent with the cloth found in the Molotov cocktail near the location of the fire and in
the apartment where defendant had been staying, and a plastic disposable lighter from the
area near the rock where Jessica saw defendant standing. Knight opined the fire had been
intentionally set using a Molotov cocktail.
Chief Wayne Peabody of the Willows Fire Department testified the fire was
caused by a Molotov cocktail, and it could potentially have grown to block both the
sliding door and front door of all four residences and burned the building down--or at
least the side of the building where the fire started--had it been given the opportunity to
burn. Peabody concluded that no exit path from any occupied apartment was actually
obstructed.
4
Verdict and Sentence
Before trial, defendant admitted allegations that he had served nine prior prison
terms and that he was on bail at the time of the incident. (Pen. Code, §§ 667.5, subd. (b),
12022.1.)3 The jury found him guilty of attempted murder of Bigelow, Jessica, and
Yvette, respectively. (§§ 664, 189; counts I-III.) The prosecution had further alleged as
to each of those counts that defendant personally used a deadly and dangerous weapon, to
wit, a Molotov cocktail (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)), but these deadly weapon allegations were
neither admitted by defendant nor presented to the jury for decision.
The jury further found defendant guilty of unlawfully exploding or attempting to
explode a destructive device or an explosive, with the intent to murder Bigelow, Jessica,
and Yvette, respectively (§ 18745; counts IV-VI); arson of four apartments in an
inhabited structure (§ 451, subd. (b); count VII); and unlawful possession and explosion
of a destructive device or explosive with intent to injure or destroy property (§ 18740;
count VIII).
The trial court denied two motions for new trial filed by defendant, and it
sentenced him to an aggregate prison term of 26 years to life as follows: three
consecutive life sentences for the attempted murder counts (§§ 664, 189); three
consecutive one-year sentence enhancements for the weapons allegations as to those
counts (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1))4; three concurrent life sentences for the exploding a
destructive device counts (§ 18745); two years consecutive for the on-bail enhancement
(§ 12022.1); and concurrent terms of five years for each of the arson of an inhabited
3 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
4 As we briefly discuss post, the life sentences were not appropriate given the jury’s
failure to find premeditation and deliberation. Further, defendant challenges the
imposition of the sentence as to the weapons allegations on the basis the allegations were
neither found true by the jury nor admitted by defendant. Because we reverse the
underlying counts of conviction, we do not address this claim of error.
5
structure and possession of an explosive or destructive device counts (§§ 451, subd. (b),
18740). The court struck defendant’s prior prison term enhancements in the interest of
justice. (§ 667.5, subd. (b).)
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal. He subsequently filed a second notice
of appeal in pro per.
DISCUSSION
I
Attempted Murder and the Kill Zone Jury Instruction
Defendant contends the trial court prejudicially erred by instructing the jury on a
kill zone theory of attempted murder because the instruction failed to identify a primary
target, and the facts do not satisfy the standard required to instruct the jury on the theory
as clarified after trial in Canizales, supra, 7 Cal.5th 591. He asserts the court’s error
requires reversal not only of his convictions for attempted murder as to Bigelow, Jessica,
and Yvette (counts I-III), but also of the three counts of unlawfully exploding a
destructive device with intent to murder those same individuals (counts IV-VI) because
the jury could have applied the erroneous kill zone instruction to find he intended to
murder Bigelow, Jessica, and Yvette as required by those counts.
The Attorney General agrees with defendant that the instruction failed to identify a
primary target, but he contends in conclusory fashion that “it is logical” the kill zone
theory would still apply to the facts here even after Canizales. Although he recognizes
the kill zone instruction was erroneous, the Attorney General contends the error was
“clearly harmless” because the jury necessarily found defendant intended to kill Jessica,
Yvette, and Bigelow by finding him guilty of the exploding an explosive device counts.
We agree with defendant that all six counts must be reversed.
A. Attempted Murder Charges, Verdicts, and Instructions
We begin by noting that defendant was charged with committing willful,
deliberate, and premeditated attempted murder, and the jury was instructed that, if it
6
found defendant guilty of attempted murder as to Bigelow, Jessica, and Yvette, “you
must then decide whether the People have proved the additional allegation that the
attempted murder was done willfully and with deliberation and premeditation.” (See
§ 664, subd. (a) [fact that attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated is
charged in the accusatory pleading and admitted or found to be true by the trier of fact].)
However, the verdict forms signed by the jury foreperson for counts I through III
only reflected that the jury found defendant guilty of “attempted murder . . . in violation
of Section 664/189 of the Penal Code.” (Capitalization omitted.) The verdict forms did
not mention the additional allegation that the attempted murder was willful, deliberate,
and premeditated. The verdict form’s reference to “Section 189” does not establish the
attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated, as section 189 merely sets
forth the degrees of murder, including first degree murder that is willful, deliberate, and
premeditated (§ 189, subd. (a)), and second degree murder defined as murder other than
first degree murder (§ 189, subd. (b)). Moreover, the verdict forms, while titled to reflect
the count at issue in the verdict form, do not specify the jury is finding defendant guilty
“as charged in the information” or with any similar verbiage. (See People v.
Bratis (1977) 73 Cal.App.3d 751, 764 [jury clearly expresses its intent to convict the
defendant of the charged crime when the jury’s guilty verdict refers to a specific count in
the information].) Thus, we are unable to say that the verdict forms “ ‘clearly indicate[d]
the intention of the jury to find the defendant guilty of the offense with which he is
charged.’ ” (Ibid.) Accordingly, the jury did not find defendant committed attempted
murder willfully, deliberately, and premeditatedly. Without a “willful, deliberate,
and premeditated” finding by the jury, the court only had discretion to sentence defendant
to a determinate term of five, seven, or nine years. (People v. Seel (2004) 34 Cal.4th 535,
541; § 664, subd. (a).) As we next explain, we must reverse these counts of conviction
due to the error in instruction; accordingly, we take no action regarding the error in
sentencing.
7
The trial court instructed the jury on the crime of attempted murder (§§ 664, 189;
counts I-III) with a modified version of CALCRIM No. 600, which instructed the jury in
pertinent part: “The defendant is charged . . . with attempted murder. To prove that the
defendant is guilty of attempted murder the People must prove number one, that the
defendant took at least one direct but ineffective step toward killing another person. And
number two, the defendant intended to kill that person. [¶] . . . [¶] A person may intend
to kill a specific victim or victims and at the same time intend to kill everyone within a
particular zone of harm or ‘a kill zone.’ In order to convict the defendant of the
attempted murder of [Jessica], [Yvette] and [Bigelow] on a concurrent intent theory, the
People must prove that the defendant not only intended to kill but also either intended to
kill [Jessica], [Yvette] or[5] [Bigelow] or intended to kill everyone within the kill zone.
[¶] If you have a reasonable doubt whether the defendant intended to kill [Jessica],
[Yvette] and [Bigelow] on a concurrent intent theory by killing everyone within in [sic]
the kill zone then you must find the defendant not guilty . . . .” (Italics added.) The
instruction did not define “kill zone” beyond the quoted instruction, and the instructions
did not provide any other definition for “intent to kill.”
B. Legal Background
“To prove the crime of attempted murder, the prosecution must establish ‘the
specific intent to kill and the commission of a direct but ineffectual act toward
accomplishing the intended killing. [Citation.] When a single act is charged as an
attempt on the lives of two or more persons, the intent to kill element must be examined
independently as to each alleged attempted murder victim; an intent to kill cannot be
5 The written instruction uses the word “and” here. “To the extent a discrepancy exists
between the written and oral versions of jury instructions, the written instructions
provided to the jury will control. [Citations.]” (People v. Wilson (2008) 44 Cal.4th 758,
803.) The discrepancy does not affect our analysis.
8
‘transferred’ from one attempted murder victim to another under the transferred intent
doctrine. [Citation.] [¶] Direct evidence of intent to kill is rare, and ordinarily the intent
to kill must be inferred from the statements and actions of the defendant and the
circumstances surrounding the crime. [Citations.]” (Canizales, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p.
602.)
The kill zone theory of attempted murder was first adopted in California in
People v. Bland (2002) 28 Cal.4th 313. The theory “address[es] the situation in which a
killer intends to kill one person, as well as all the people in the intended victim’s
immediate vicinity, to ensure the death of the intended victim. In such a case—and only
in such a case—the kill zone instruction may be used, and the defendant may be found
guilty of attempted murder of anyone in the kill zone.” (People v. Thompkins (2020) 50
Cal.App.5th 365, 391.) After trial concluded in this case, our Supreme Court reexamined
the kill zone theory with the goal of “more clearly defining” it. (Canizales, supra, 7
Cal.5th at p. 606.)6 Canizales held the kill zone theory may be applied only when a jury
concludes: “(1) the circumstances of the defendant’s attack on a primary target,
including the type and extent of force the defendant used, are such that the only
reasonable inference is that the defendant intended to create a zone of fatal harm—that is,
an area in which the defendant intended to kill everyone present to ensure the primary
target’s death—around the primary target; and (2) the alleged attempted murder victim
who was not the primary target was located within that zone of harm. Taken together,
such evidence will support a finding that the defendant harbored the requisite specific
intent to kill both the primary target and everyone within the zone of fatal harm.” (Id. at
p. 607.)
6 While Canizales was decided after trial, its holding applies retroactively to all cases not
yet final on appeal. (In re Rayford (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 754, 776-778.)
9
Conversely, “the kill zone theory does not apply where ‘the defendant merely
subjected persons near the primary target to lethal risk. Rather, in a kill zone case, the
defendant has a primary target and reasons [that] he cannot miss that intended target if he
kills everyone in the area in which the target is located. In the absence of such evidence,
the kill zone instruction should not be given.’ ” (Canizales, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 607,
quoting People v. Medina (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 146, 156, review granted June 19, 2019,
S255373.) “In determining the defendant’s intent to create a zone of fatal harm and the
scope of any such zone, the jury should consider the circumstances of the offense, such as
the type of weapon used, the number of shots fired (where a firearm is used), the distance
between the defendant and the alleged victims, and the proximity of the alleged victims
to the primary target. Evidence that a defendant who intends to kill a primary target
acted with only conscious disregard of the risk of serious injury or death for those around
a primary target does not satisfy the kill zone theory.” (Ibid.)
The Canizales court emphasized that courts must exercise caution when
determining whether to permit the jury to rely on the kill zone theory. (Canizales, supra,
7 Cal.5th at p. 608.) The instruction is only appropriate “where the court concludes there
is sufficient evidence to support a jury determination that the only reasonable inference
from the circumstances of the offense is that a defendant intended to kill everyone in the
zone of fatal harm. The use or attempted use of force that merely endangered everyone
in the area is insufficient to support a kill zone instruction.” (Ibid.)
Finally, the Canizales court recognized, “[w]hen the kill zone theory is used to
support an inference that the defendant concurrently intended to kill a nontargeted victim,
. . . evidence of a primary target is required.” (Canizales, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 608.)
“ ‘[W]ithout a primary target, there cannot be concurrent intent because there is no
primary intent to kill as to which the intent to kill others could be concurrent.’ ” (Ibid.)
10
C. Analysis
“An appellate court reviews the trial court’s decision to give a particular
instruction de novo.” (People v. Stinson (2019) 31 Cal.App.5th 464, 476.) In doing so,
the court must determine whether there was sufficient evidence to support the challenged
instruction and whether the instructions delivered a correct and complete statement of the
law. (Ibid.)
The parties agree, as do we, that the kill zone instruction did not allege a primary
target as required to create a kill zone. (See People v. Medina, supra, 33 Cal.App.5th at
p. 156; In re Rayford, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 782, fn. 19 [instruction failed to require
shooter to have a primary target for kill zone theory to apply].) As explained in Medina:
“The kill zone theory is one of concurrent intent—the defendant has the intent to kill a
particular target, and the jury can infer from the method employed to attempt killing the
primary target a concurrent intent to kill those around the primary target to ensure the
primary target’s death. [Citation.] Without a primary target, there cannot be concurrent
intent because there is no primary intent to kill as to which the intent to kill others could
be concurrent.” (Medina, at pp. 154-155; see also People v. Cerda (2020) 45
Cal.App.5th 1, 18 [“Intent to kill the others could not be concurrent to an intent to kill a
primary target if there was no primary target”].)
Here, there is substantial evidence that Jessica was the primary target of
defendant’s attack. Jessica testified as to her belief defendant was seeking revenge
against her, and Yvette testified Jessica had been in an argument with defendant and
Morias earlier on the day of the fire. But the instruction expressly informed the jury there
need not be a primary target. The jury was instructed that it could find defendant guilty
of attempted murder of Jessica, Yvette, and Bigelow provided the People prove “that the
defendant not only intended to kill but also either intended to kill [Jessica], [Yvette] or
[Bigelow] or intended to kill everyone within the kill zone.” (Italics added.) This
erroneous instruction was reinforced by the prosecutor’s closing argument: “Now a
11
person doesn’t even need to have a specific target. It is just putting into motion
circumstances where the likelihood that people in this zone of harm would die.” The
instruction failed to correctly inform the jury about the kill zone theory of attempted
murder.
The Attorney General asserts: “Given . . . the use of an explosive device and the
way in which the fire was set to trap all of the occupants . . . it is logical that even
following Canizales, the kill zone theory would still be applicable . . . .” But there is not
sufficient evidence to support a jury determination that the only reasonable inference
from the circumstance of the offense is that defendant intended to kill everyone in the
zone of fatal harm, to the extent such a zone even existed. (Canizales, supra, 7 Cal.5th at
p. 608.) Even if the jury could have reasonably inferred that defendant intended to kill
each of the residents of the apartment building by throwing a Molotov cocktail onto the
patio of a vacant apartment, a reasonable jury would most likely also recognize the
reasonable inference that defendant intended to frighten, injure, or punish, or even kill
Jessica, and only recklessly disregarded the safety of anyone else living in the apartment
complex. (See ibid. [“The use or attempted use of force that merely endangered
everyone in the area is insufficient to support a kill zone instruction”]; In re Rayford,
supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 780 [evidence was equivocal whether victim was hit by bullet
within zone of fatal harm or was hit by bullet fired with conscious disregard of the risk of
seriously injuring building occupants]; People v. Perez (2010) 50 Cal.4th 222, 232 [kill
zone instruction was error because shooting not the equivalent of an explosive device
with intent to kill everyone in the area of a blast or spraying a crowd with automatic
gunfire].) Chief Peabody testified that the fire, if left unchecked, could have eventually
and potentially blocked the exits of the apartments, but defendant did not barricade the
doors of everyone living inside the apartment building. Bigelow put the fire out with a
few small buckets of water. At no point were the victims trapped by the fire. The facts
here are readily distinguishable from a gunman creating a kill zone by spraying bullets
12
into a group incapable of dispersing, or a person detonating a bomb on an airplane in
flight--the example used by the prosecutor in closing.
Because there is not sufficient evidence to support a jury finding that the only
reasonable inference was that defendant intended to create a zone of fatal harm, the kill
zone instruction--even if it properly identified a primary target, which this instruction did
not--was not appropriate in this case.
D. Prejudicial Error
We next consider whether the error in instructing the jury was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt under Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18. (People v. Aledamat
(2019) 8 Cal.5th 1, 13-15.) “The Chapman standard of review requires ‘the beneficiary
of a constitutional error to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of
did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’ ” (People v. Garcia (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th
123, 201.)
The Attorney General contends the instructional error was “clearly harmless”
because the jury also found defendant guilty of exploding a destructive device with intent
to murder Bigelow, Jessica, and Yvette as charged in counts IV through VI. The trial
court instructed the jury as to those counts with CALCRIM No. 2576, which instructed in
relevant part: “[T]he defendant is charged in counts four, five and six with exploding an
explosive with intent to commit murder, in violation of [§ 18745]. To prove that the
defendant is guilty of this crime, the People have to prove, number one the defendant
exploded an explosive and number two, when the defendant did so he acted with the
intent to murder someone.” The instruction did not define “murder” or “intent to murder
someone.”
According to the Attorney General, the kill zone theory only applied to the
attempted murder counts, and the jury’s guilty verdicts regarding the exploding a
destructive device counts demonstrate the jury found that defendant intended to murder
13
each of Jessica, Yvette, and Bigelow without application of the erroneous kill zone
instruction.
We are not persuaded. The trial court gave CALCRIM No. 251, which instructed
the jury that the specific intent required for both attempted murder and exploding a
destructive device is “intent to kill.” In turn, CALCRIM No. 600 informed the jury that
“[a] person may intend to kill a specific victim or victims and at the same time intend to
kill everyone within a particular zone of harm or ‘a kill zone.’ ” That instruction was not
expressly limited to the attempted murder counts; the jury could easily and reasonably
interpret that instruction as applying to defendant’s “intent to murder someone,” as
instructed in CALCRIM No. 2576. Accordingly, the jury reasonably could apply
CALCRIM No. 600 and CALCRIM No. 2576 to find: (1) defendant established a kill
zone, and therefore he intended to kill each of the victims charged in the attempted
murder counts, and (2) because defendant intended to kill the individuals within the kill
zone, defendant intended to murder those same individuals as required to find defendant
guilty of the exploding a destructive device counts.
Because we cannot conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the erroneous kill
zone instruction did not contribute to the verdicts as to counts I through III as well as
counts IV through VI, the judgment as to counts I through VI is reversed.7
II
Sufficient Evidence of Intent to Kill
Defendant next contends there is insufficient evidence that he acted with intent to
kill as necessary to support his convictions for attempted murder and exploding a
destructive device. Although we reverse the judgment as to these counts of conviction as
7 While the Attorney General appears to recognize the applicability of the Chapman
harmless error standard, he only asserts that the error was “clearly harmless,” not that it
was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Regardless, we find prejudice.
14
discussed ante, we address defendant’s claim for purposes of determining whether retrial
is permitted. (See People v. Eroshevich (2014) 60 Cal.4th 583, 591 [retrial after reversal
permitted except when evidence was insufficient].) We agree there is insufficient
evidence to support those counts of conviction with respect to Bigelow and Yvette, but
we disagree as to Jessica.
A. Standard of Review
“In determining the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, ‘the
relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Leon (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 149,
156.) Judicial review of a claim of insufficient evidence includes review of “the whole
record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it
discloses substantial evidence -- that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of
solid value -- such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.” (People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557, 578.)
B. Intent to Kill Jessica
We described the elements of attempted murder ante. The crime of explosion of
an explosive or destructive device with intent to murder requires the People to prove
(1) defendant exploded, ignited, or attempted to explode or ignite any destructive device
or explosive, and (2) when defendant did so, he acted with intent to murder someone.
(§ 18745.)
There is substantial evidence defendant intended to kill Jessica at the time he
threw the Molotov cocktail at the apartment building. Defendant knew Jessica, knew
where she lived, had previously been in her apartment, and often stayed with Morias at
the apartment complex. Yvette testified that Jessica and defendant had been in a
“heated” argument the day of the fire, and Jessica testified she believed Morias--
defendant’s girlfriend--was seeking revenge. While we recognize proof of motive is not
15
required to establish intent to kill, presence of a motive is often probative of intent to kill.
(People v. Houston (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1186, 1218.)
Defendant set fire to the building using a Molotov cocktail, an incendiary device
that included an accelerant making the fire hotter and faster burning. (See People v.
Townsend (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 1151, 1155 [Molotov cocktail is a classic instrument
of violence having no other purpose but as a weapon; as a bomb, a Molotov cocktail is
more dangerous than other deadly weapons typically used in crimes].) He set fire to the
building late at night, a time when Jessica would be home and asleep. Additionally,
Jessica saw defendant at the scene of the fire, and he fled the scene rather than help put
out the fire, suggesting an intent to kill. (See People v. Martinez (1952) 38 Cal.2d 556,
561 [failing to aid in rescue attempts and actively hindering those attempts were acts of
deliberation; jury could reasonably conclude acts were done pursuant to premeditated
plan to kill defendant’s wife].)
Defendant asserts there is insufficient evidence that he intended to throw the
Molotov cocktail into an uninhabited downstairs unit in order to allow the fire to grow
and reduce the chance that the fire would be put out. He contends that argument is
entirely speculative, and it is just as reasonably likely that he intended to throw the
Molotov cocktail into Jessica’s apartment to frighten her and his throw fell short. We
agree a reasonable jury could find that defendant merely intended to scare Jessica. But
even if defendant intended to throw the Molotov cocktail directly into Jessica’s
apartment, a reasonable jury could find that throwing an incendiary device directly into
Jessica’s apartment demonstrated an intent to kill her.
Defendant relies on People v. Belton (1980) 105 Cal.App.3d 376, a case in which
the defendant set fire to his former wife’s apartment building twice in the same night.
(Id. at pp. 378-379.) The defendant had struck his former wife three months before the
incident, without repeat, and the defendant and his former wife had spent the day of the
fire together in “reasonable tranquility.” (Id. at p. 380.) The appellate court reversed
16
defendant’s conviction for attempted murder and two counts of arson, concluding nothing
supported the finding that defendant intended to kill anyone; rather, it was equally likely
defendant wanted to destroy the property to impoverish his former wife or to have the
building rebuilt at the insurance company’s expense. (Ibid.) The court recognized that
proof of arson of an inhabited dwelling is not a sufficient basis from which to infer intent
to kill, and in that case, there were no “threats of personal injury, vows of vengeance,
conversations about contemplated personal violence, or earlier attempts at murder.” (Id.
at p. 381.)
With respect to Jessica, Belton is distinguishable. While the Belton court found no
evidence of an intent to kill aside from the fact the defendant set the fire, here there is
evidence defendant had been in a heated argument with Jessica earlier on the day of the
fire, and Jessica believed Morias was seeking revenge. A reasonable jury could have
found that defendant sought to take violent revenge against Jessica following the
altercation. Accordingly, there is substantial evidence to support the finding that
defendant intended to kill Jessica
C. Intent to Kill Yvette and Bigelow
We reach a different conclusion with respect to Yvette and Bigelow. As we
concluded ante, the kill zone theory of attempted murder does not apply here. In closing,
the prosecutor recognized defendant was charged with attempting to murder Bigelow and
Yvette solely under this theory: “[T]he reason why [Bigelow] is also included and
[Yvette] is included in this particular thing is in the jury instruction you were -- the
phrase is a kill zone, that is a zone of harm.”
With respect to Yvette and Bigelow, People v. Belton, supra, 105 Cal.App.3d 376is on point. Merely setting fire to a building, without more, is not sufficient evidence of
an intent to kill the occupants of a building. (Id. at p. 381.) There is substantial evidence
defendant intended to kill Jessica, as we have discussed, but there is a conspicuous
absence of any evidence suggesting defendant intended to kill either Yvette or Bigelow.
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At most, the evidence suggests defendant consciously disregarded the risk of serious
injury or death to the other occupants in the building in his effort to kill Jessica, which is
not sufficient to show an intent to kill. (See Canizales, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 607.)
The Attorney General contends a reasonable jury “could easily infer” that
defendant intended to kill everyone inside the apartment building, but that is simply an
argument for the application of the kill zone theory, which we have concluded does not
apply here. Because there is insufficient evidence of defendant’s intent to kill Bigelow
and Yvette, retrial of the attempted murder and exploding a destructive device with intent
to murder counts as to Bigelow and Yvette is precluded.
III
Prosecutorial Misconduct
Defendant also argues the judgment must be reversed on the basis of prosecutorial
misconduct because the prosecutor cross-examined the sole defense witness concerning a
letter the witness purportedly wrote in support of a person convicted of child molestation,
when in fact the letter was written by someone other than the witness, and the letter did
not include the language the prosecutor purported to quote from it. We conclude the
prosecutor lacked a good faith basis for the questions he posed to the witness, but
defendant did not suffer prejudice as a result of the misconduct.
A. Procedural Background
T.J. Morrison testified for the defense that defendant and Morias were at his house
at the time of the fire. On cross-examination, the prosecutor asserted Morrison had
written a letter in support of another one of defense counsel’s clients, Thomas Fred, in a
“child molest case.” Then the following exchange took place between the prosecutor and
Morrison:
“Q. Did you write a letter on behalf of Thomas Fred at a sentencing saying there’s
no way he could have committed that particular crime and provided that letter to
[defendant’s trial counsel] at the sentencing for Thomas Fred?
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“A. No.
“Q. So that letter that says I, TJ Morrison --
“A. Do you have a copy.
“Q. That I TJ Morrison know that Thomas Fred would have never had molested
those kids?
“A. I never written a letter like that. Can I see a copy.
“Q. Didn’t you also write another letter in regard to Juan Medina claiming that if
you were released from jail that you would say that Juan Medina was the one who killed
the gentleman in Artois?
“A. No.”
Defense counsel objected on the basis that he had not been provided with “any of
that information,” and the objection was sustained. The court then sustained a defense
objection after the prosecutor accused Morrison of being “just a snitch for hire.” The
prosecutor attempted to find the letter on his computer, but the court directed the
prosecutor to move on. The prosecution never produced the letters Morrison purportedly
wrote in those other cases.
Defendant’s new attorney filed a motion for new trial, claiming in part that the
prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct during his cross-examination of Morrison.
The defense produced a letter written by John Joey Morrison--not T.J. Morrison--in
support of Thomas Fred, and asserted T.J. Morrison did not write a letter in support of
Fred. Additionally, the letter neither mentioned T.J. Morrison nor included a sentence
anything like to the prosecutor’s quoted material.
The prosecutor asserted his questions were based on the mistaken belief that T.J.
Morrison had written the letter that was written by John Joey Morrison. He asserted his
“improper questions” to Morrison “were based on mistaken identity” and “are not of the
type to provide the basis of a new trial.” At the hearing on the motion, the prosecutor
stated--incorrectly--that “[c]hild molestation wasn’t mentioned.” The prosecutor again
19
stated the questions to Morrison regarding the letters was the result of a “mix-up” and
constituted minor, harmless error.
The trial court denied defendant’s motion for new trial without specifically
mentioning the prosecutorial misconduct. The court recognized there “probably were
errors that were made,” but concluded any such errors were minor and did not support
granting a new trial.
B. Legal Background
The standard of review for an order on a motion for new trial differs depending on
whether the trial court granted or denied the motion for new trial. (People v. Ault (2004)
33 Cal.4th 1250, 1260.) Where the trial court grants the motion for new trial, we apply
the deferential abuse of discretion standard. (Ibid.) However, where defendant’s appeal
reasserts claims previously raised in an unsuccessful new trial motion, we employ
independent review and judgment to determine if prejudicial error occurred. (Id. at p.
1261.)
“ ‘ “ ‘A prosecutor’s . . . intemperate behavior violates the federal Constitution
when it comprises a pattern of conduct so “egregious that it infects the trial with such
unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due process.” ’ ” [Citations.] Conduct
by a prosecutor that does not render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair is prosecutorial
misconduct under state law only if it involves “ ‘ “the use of deceptive or reprehensible
methods to attempt to persuade either the court or the jury.” ’ ” ’ [Citation.]” (People v.
Navarette (2003) 30 Cal.4th 458, 506.) Misconduct under state law will not be
overturned “ ‘ “unless it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the
defendant would have been reached without the misconduct.” ’ ” (People v. Young
(2019) 7 Cal.5th 905, 932-933.)
“A prosecutor may not ask questions of a witness suggesting facts harmful to a
defendant without a good faith belief that such facts exist. [Citation.]” (People v.
Pearson (2013) 56 Cal.4th 393, 434.) “In other words, ‘a prosecutor may not examine a
20
witness solely to imply or insinuate the truth of the facts about which questions are
posed.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Young (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1149, 1186.)
C. Defense Counsel’s Failure to Object
The Attorney General contends defendant forfeited his claim of prosecutorial
misconduct by failing to object at trial. Defendant acknowledges his counsel failed to
object to the prosecutor’s questioning on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct, but he
asserts we should excuse his trial counsel’s failure to timely object to the alleged
misconduct because, at the time of the cross-examination, defense counsel had no basis
for believing or demonstrating that misconduct had occurred. He contends his trial
counsel assumed that the prosecutor was reading from a letter when he appeared to quote
from the letter.
“A claim of prosecutorial misconduct is ordinarily preserved for appeal only if the
defendant made ‘a timely and specific objection at trial’ and requested an admonition.
[Citations.]” (People v. Daveggio and Michaud (2018) 4 Cal.5th 790, 853.)
Additionally, “[r]aising an error for the first time in a motion for a new trial is not
sufficient to preserve the issue for appeal.” (People v. Jo (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 1128,
1178.) However, we may excuse a lack of an objection and request for admonition where
objection would have been futile or request for admonition ineffectual. (People v. Potts
(2019) 6 Cal.5th 1012, 1035.)
Here, defense counsel objected to the prosecutor’s discussion of the letters on the
basis that counsel had not been provided with the information, and that objection was
sustained. We agree that without the opportunity to review the purported letters, counsel
did not have a reasonable basis for accusing the prosecutor of questioning Morrison
without a good faith basis for doing so. Rather, defense counsel made the only
appropriate objection available to him at the time. Defendant did not become aware of
the prosecutor’s alleged misconduct until after the trial, when defendant’s newly
appointed counsel located the letter written by John Joey Morrison on behalf of Thomas
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Fred. Accordingly, we conclude defendant preserved his claim of prosecutorial
misconduct.
D. Analysis
At the outset, we agree with defendant that the prosecutor lacked a good faith
basis for questioning Morrison about letters he did not write. Even the most cursory
review of the letter written on behalf of Fred clearly demonstrates that the letter was not
written by T.J. Morrison. Moreover, as demonstrated by defendant in his motion for new
trial, a routine search of superior court cases in Glenn County reveals that John Joey
Morrison and T.J. Morrison are different people. While we recognize John Joey
Morrison and T.J. Morrison share a last name, that fact is not sufficient to assert a good
faith basis where the first names differ, and the most basic of fact checking reveals that
the witness and the author are different people.
Further, the prosecutor certainly did not have a good faith basis for pretending to
quote from the letter using language not remotely resembling any passage appearing in
the letter at issue. Purporting to quote the letter, including inserting T.J. Morrison’s name
as directly supporting a person accused of molesting multiple children, provided
additional support for the proposition that T.J. Morrison wrote the letter, and his denial
confirmed his dishonest character. The prosecutor’s decision to pretend to quote from the
letter itself was patently inexcusable.
We must next decide whether it is reasonably probable a result more favorable to
the defendant would have been reached without the prosecutor’s misconduct. We
conclude it is not. First, Jessica knew defendant, had interacted with him that same day,
and testified she was one “hundred percent” sure she saw defendant standing outside of
her apartment at the time of the fire. Jessica yelled defendant’s name and he reacted by
running away, and Jessica told the 911 operator that defendant was “throwing fire bombs
at [her] apartment.”
22
Second, while we recognize that one of the principal issues in this case was the
identity of the person who threw the Molotov cocktail, Jessica’s identification of
defendant was not the only evidence connecting him to the crime. Jessica described the
clothing defendant wore at the time of the fire, which matched the clothing he wore at the
time of his arrest. Additionally, Detective Knight found cloth in the apartment where
defendant had been staying that matched cloth found in the Molotov cocktail.
Third, Morrison’s credibility was impeached in other ways. Morrison
acknowledged he had previous criminal convictions, including for drugs and theft. He
also agreed he did not come forward as an alibi witness or alert law enforcement when he
learned defendant was being charged with the crimes at issue here, instead writing a letter
and giving it to Morias. Moreover, Morrison’s responses to the prosecutor’s questions
likely mitigated the effect. Morrison vehemently denied writing the letters and requested
to see the letters, calling the prosecutor’s bluff. Indeed, the prosecutor was unable to
produce the letters and was told to move on by the court, further mitigating the questions’
effect on the jury.
Finally, the jury was properly instructed that nothing attorneys say, including their
questions, is evidence. Neither the prosecutor nor defense counsel discussed the letters
during their closing arguments. We presume the jury followed the court’s instructions
(People v. Sanchez (2001) 26 Cal.4th 834, 852), and therefore we presume the jury did
not consider the prosecutor’s unsupported accusations against Morrison as evidence of
their truth.
Because it is not reasonably likely defendant would have obtained a more
favorable result had the prosecutor not committed misconduct, we conclude defendant’s
claim of prosecutorial misconduct does not compel reversal.
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IV
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Defendant filed a motion for a new trial on the basis that his trial counsel had
rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance by failing to subpoena Morias to secure
her availability to testify at trial as an alibi witness. Defendant’s trial counsel stated in a
declaration that his investigator interviewed Morias, and Morias “was a friendly witness
who had voluntarily stayed in contact with me and attended hearings. For this reason I
did not have her served with a subpoena.” Defendant’s trial counsel did not call Morias
at trial because he could not find her when he was putting on the defense case.
The trial court denied defendant’s motion for new trial, and defendant re-asserts
his claim of ineffective assistance here. We conclude it lacks merit.
A. Legal Background
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must show: (1) counsel’s
representation was deficient in that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness
under prevailing professional norms; and (2) he was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient
performance. In determining prejudice, the inquiry is whether there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s deficiencies, defendant would have obtained a more
favorable outcome. (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 692-694;
People v. Frye (1998) 18 Cal.4th 894, 979, overruled on other grounds in People v.
Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421, fn. 22.) “A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” (Strickland, at p. 694; In re Harris
(1993) 5 Cal.4th 813, 833.) “[T]he question is ‘whether counsel’s deficient performance
renders the result of the trial unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair.’ ” (In re
Harris, at p. 833.) To show prejudice, “[i]t is not enough for the defendant to show that
the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.” (Strickland, at
p. 693.)
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We presume “that counsel’s actions fall within the broad range of reasonableness,
and afford ‘great deference to counsel’s tactical decisions.’ [Citation.]” (People v.
Mickel (2016) 2 Cal.5th 181, 198.) “ ‘[A] reviewing court will reverse a conviction based
on ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal only if there is affirmative evidence
that counsel had “ ‘ “no rational tactical purpose” ’ ” for an action or omission.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Woodruff (2018) 5 Cal.5th 697, 746.)
B. Analysis
Defendant contends his trial counsel’s explanation for not subpoenaing Morias--
that she was a friendly witness, was cooperative with the defense investigator, and
indicated she would appear to testify--was not sufficient reason for him to disregard his
duty to secure her testimony. We disagree. Subpoenaing a cooperative witness runs the
risk of offending and thereby alienating the witness. Counsel may reasonably have
determined he was more likely to secure Morias’s testimony by keeping her as a friendly
witness rather than attempting to force her to testify and risk her not appearing at all.
Because we disagree with defendant that his trial counsel lacked a conceivable tactical
purpose for not subpoenaing Morias, we conclude he has failed to show his counsel’s
performance was deficient.8
8 Because we conclude defendant’s trial counsel was not constitutionally ineffective, and
we reverse defendant’s convictions on counts I through VI as discussed ante, we do not
address defendant’s assertion that the judgment must be reversed due to cumulative error.
Additionally, we need not and do not address the sentencing claims.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment as to counts I through VI is reversed and the case is remanded for
possible retrial of counts II and V and resentencing.
/s/
Duarte, J.
We concur:
/s/
Mauro, Acting P. J.
/s/
Krause, J.
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