Ruckman v. Wildwood Farms CA5 ( 2021 )

Filed 6/1/21 Ruckman v. Wildwood Farms CA5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
GLORIA RUCKMAN et al.,
F078655
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
(Super. Ct. Nos. BCV-15-101699,
v. BCV-16-101264 & BCV-17-100722)
WILDWOOD FARMS, LLC,
OPINION
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. Stephen D.
Schuett, Judge.
Rodriguez & Associates, Daniel Rodriguez, Chantal A. Trujillo; Esner, Chang &
Boyer, Andrew N. Chang and Steven T. Swanson for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Clifford & Brown, Daniel T. Clifford; Hayes, Scott, Bonino, Ellingson, Guslani,
Simonson & Clause, Mark G. Bonino and Ryan P. Snyder for Defendant and
Respondent.
-ooOoo-
While farmland owned by defendant Wildwood Farms, LLC (Wildwood) was
being excavated in preparation for planting almond trees, the contractor performing the
work ruptured a high-pressure underground gas line, resulting in an explosion and fire
that killed the driver of the tractor and injured several neighbors on adjoining property.
The injured neighbors—namely, plaintiffs Gloria Ruckman, Robert Ruckman, Robert
Elias Ruckman, a minor, Amalia Leal and Gildardo Leal (plaintiffs)—filed the present
action against Wildwood, among other defendants, alleging various legal theories of
negligence and strict liability. Wildwood moved for summary judgment, asserting that
under the undisputed facts it was not liable to plaintiffs under any of the causes of action.
The trial court granted Wildwood’s motion for summary judgment, and plaintiffs now
appeal from the resulting entry of judgment. Plaintiffs argue the trial court erred in
granting the motion for summary judgment because, allegedly, triable issues of fact
existed on their claims premised on peculiar risk, nondelegable duty and ultrahazardous
activity. We hold that plaintiffs are correct regarding the claim of peculiar risk.
Accordingly, the judgment is reversed and the case is remanded to the trial court with
directions to enter a new order denying summary judgment but granting summary
adjudication of all causes of action other than peculiar risk.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The Complaint
The operative pleading at the time of Wildwood’s motion for summary judgment
was plaintiffs’ third amended complaint, which sought recovery of damages for personal
injuries and property damages caused by the fire and explosion triggered by the ruptured
underground gas line. The pleading included causes of action for general negligence,
strict liability, and premises liability arising from the underlying facts. The core facts as
alleged therein are straightforward. The explosion occurred on November 13, 2015, near
Wible Road and Houghton Road south of Bakersfield, California, when a tractor operator
excavating the soil in the area of the underground gas line struck and ruptured the gas
line. At the time of the explosion, plaintiffs Gloria Ruckman, minor infant Robert Elias
Ruckman, and Amalia Leal were inside the Ruckmans’ house. The explosion caused the
entire house and surrounding property to catch fire. Although they were able to flee to
2.
safety, serious burns were suffered, and a loss of consortium resulted in the spousal
relationship of Gloria and Robert Ruckman, as well as in that of Amalia and Gildardo
Leal.
The defendants named in the third amended complaint included the following:
Wildwood, the owner of the property where the excavation1 took place; Ag-Wise
Enterprises, Inc. (Ag-Wise), an independent contractor hired by Wildwood; and Big N
Deep Ag Development Co. (BND), the subcontractor hired by Ag-Wise to perform the
excavation work. Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), the utility company that
owned and operated the underground gas line, was also named as a defendant. The gas
line in question was allegedly only a few feet below the surface. According to the first
cause of action for negligence, Wildwood and/or the other defendants were allegedly
negligent because they breached a duty of care to plaintiffs relating to the safe
performance of this dangerous excavation work on the property. As part of the
negligence claim, it was further alleged that Ag-Wise hired BND to perform the work
even though it knew BND had struck the underground gas line on a previous job. It was
also alleged that, on the day of the incident, BND’s permit from PG&E was allegedly
expired.2
In addition to asserting a negligence cause of action against defendants, the third
amended complaint alleged as a second cause of action that defendants Wildwood and/or
Ag-Wise were strictly and/or vicariously liable. Plaintiffs alleged that the presence of an
active and explosive gas line only a few feet below the surface was “likely to create a
peculiar risk of explosion unless special precautions, including but not limited to such as
1 The excavation work for tree planting is sometimes referred to in the record by
various other terms such as digging, ripping or deep soil ripping.
2 We note the deposition transcripts, pleadings and briefing in the appellate record
in this case use various terminology to describe a permit from PG&E to dig near the
location of an underground gas line, including a “USA [Underground Service Alert]
permit,” a “USA ticket” or an “811 permit.”
3.
shutting off the active gas line and/or marking the active gas line, were taken to ensure
the … gas line was not pierced resulting in an explosion.” (Italics added.) The
circumstances also allegedly created a “nondelegable duty” relating to the condition of
the property and the prevention of the risk of harm to plaintiffs. Additionally, or in the
alternative, it was alleged that “the excavation, digging, and/or ‘soil ripping’ ” only a few
feet above the active and explosive gas line conducted at the subject property “was ultra
hazardous and/or abnormally dangerous activity ….”
A third cause of action asserted against Wildwood was for premises liability. The
claim for premises liability reiterated that Wildwood’s duty to exercise reasonable care in
the ownership and maintenance of its property in a safe manner was “a nondelegable
legal duty.”
Wildwood’s Motion for Summary Judgment
On June 6, 2018, Wildwood filed a motion for summary judgment on three
grounds: (1) Wildwood was not vicariously liable for the negligence of independent
contractors or subcontractors; (2) plaintiffs’ premises liability claim fails because the
undisputed facts show Wildwood did not breach any duty owed to plaintiffs; and
(3) plaintiffs’ strict liability claim fails as a matter of law because digging, excavating
and/or ripping of agricultural land is not an ultrahazardous activity.
In support of its motion for summary judgment, Wildwood asserted it had
contractually delegated all aspects of the work to an independent contractor, i.e., Ag-
Wise, including any safety and permit requirements of the work. Further, Wildwood
noted both Ag-Wise and BND were aware of the existence of the gas pipeline, so even
assuming Wildwood as the owner had a duty to warn, it was purportedly satisfied. For
these reasons, Wildwood argued in its motion that the general rule should apply here that
a hirer is not vicariously liable for the negligence of an independent contractor to whom
the details of the work have been delegated. Wildwood further asserted, based on its
assessment of the undisputed facts, that the exception to the general rule with respect to
4.
peculiar risks was inapplicable. On the same facts, Wildwood asserted that no strict
liability was available, as the activity involved was not ultrahazardous as a matter of law.
Wildwood’s Separate Statement
Wildwood’s separate statement of undisputed material facts (separate statement)
in support of its motion for summary judgment, numbered as facts 1–23, included in
substance the following assertions of fact along with supporting evidence:3
On November 13, 2015, an employee of BND was operating excavation
equipment on agricultural land located on the northwest corner of Houghton and Wible
Roads in Kern County, California, when he struck an underground high pressure, natural
gas line (i.e., Pipeline 300A), causing a fire on adjacent property occupied by Gloria
Ruckman, Robert Elias Ruckman (a minor), and Amalia Leal. The agricultural land on
which the excavation work was being done was owned by defendant Wildwood. During
the 2015–2016 farming season, Wildwood and Ag-Wise entered into a Farm
Management Services Agreement (management agreement) whereby Ag-Wise agreed to
provide farming and management services concerning Wildwood’s farmland. Pursuant
to the management agreement, Wildwood delegated to Ag-Wise all duties and
responsibilities in managing the farming on the property, including “ ‘all acts and
services … necessary or desirable for management of the operation in order that the
farming on the PROPERTY be undertaken … in accordance with the best agricultural
practices employed’, and to ‘[e]nsure compliance with all known regulatory requirements
imposed by federal, state, or local authorities.’ ” Pursuant to the management agreement,
Ag-Wise was given “full authority to employ qualified and experienced workman in
carrying out the terms of [the management agreement], and shall be responsible for and
in full control of such workman so hired.” Thus, pursuant to the management agreement,
3 For purposes of this synopsis, and for the sake of brevity, we refer to the asserted
facts in the manner they were presented, but not to the supporting evidence.
5.
Wildwood delegated full authority and responsibility to Ag-Wise with respect to hiring
and controlling any and all independent contractors and/or subcontractors, including
BND, for the purpose of providing farming and management services concerning the
subject agricultural property.
Ag-Wise exclusively made the decision to hire BND to perform digging,
excavating, and/or ripping services on the property. Before Ag-Wise hired BND, Ag-
Wise did not seek nor did it have to seek Wildwood’s permission to hire BND. At no
time was Wildwood, or any representative thereof, involved in Ag-Wise’s decision to
hire BND for the purpose of performing and carrying out digging, excavating, and/or
ripping activities on the property. Wildwood did not retain the right or power to hire,
control, manage, or supervise Ag-Wise and its employees with respect to farming and
management services performed on the property, or any of the independent contractors or
subcontractors hired by Ag-Wise, including BND and its employees, with respect to
management services performed on the property. Further, Wildwood did not manage,
supervise, dictate, instruct, or control the digging, excavating, and/or ripping services
engaged in and performed by BND and its employees on the property.
Under the management agreement, Wildwood delegated to Ag-Wise all
responsibility for securing required licenses and permits necessary to the performance of
services and the conduct of the operations envisioned under the management agreement.
Ag-Wise, in hiring BND to engage in and perform digging, excavating, and/or ripping
services, delegated to BND the responsibility for securing any licenses and permits
necessary to perform digging, excavating, and/or ripping services, including obtaining
“USA Tickets” prior to the commencement of any work on the property. When obtaining
a USA Ticket, PG&E determines whether any gas lines are present in the area and marks
the lines so that contact with the lines is avoided. At all times prior to the
commencement of and during the performance of work on the property, BND, and
BND’s employees performing services on the property, were aware of the presence and
6.
general location of Pipeline 300A. BND also held customary meetings to inform its
employees of the existence of underground utilities present in the area where the work
was to be performed.
Further, according to Wildwood’s separate statement, it is standard practice for
operators who are digging, excavating, and/or ripping in an area where a pipeline exists
to not operate directly over the pipeline but to maintain a safe distance away from any
pipeline. BND’s standard practice was to create a buffer zone surrounding any existing
pipeline and intended to implement said buffer zone surrounding Pipeline 300A. The risk
of striking any underground pipeline as a result of digging, excavating, and/or ripping can
be eliminated by adhering to the following safety procedures: (i) obtaining USA tickets
requesting that any underground pipelines be properly marked by PG&E; (ii) marking the
areas where any underground pipelines exist with flags or markers; (iii) creating a buffer
zone surrounding any underground pipelines; and (iv) adhering to the buffer zone when
performing digging, excavating and/or ripping activities. If the foregoing procedures are
followed, activities involving digging, excavating, and/or ripping where an underground
pipeline is present “are often performed successfully and safely.” Such digging,
excavating and/or ripping activities where an underground pipeline is present “is a
common practice” with respect to farming and property development in the Kern County
area.
Plaintiffs’ Opposition to the Motion for Summary Judgment
On September 10, 2018, plaintiffs filed opposition to the motion for summary
judgment, arguing that Wildwood did not show entitlement to judgment as a matter of
law and/or triable issues of fact existed because Wildwood’s motion did not adequately
negate plaintiffs’ theories of nondelegable duty, peculiar risk and ultrahazardous activity.
Plaintiffs’ Separate Statement
In opposing the motion, plaintiffs’ separate statement asserted other material facts
existed in addition to those presented by Wildwood, which were numbered in plaintiffs’
7.
separate statement as additional facts 1–50. Some of the main factual assertions set forth
therein were as follows:
In 2015, when Wildwood entered into its agreement with Ag-Wise, referred to
previously herein as the management agreement, it was “for Ag-Wise to develop their
land and plant almond trees at [the] Houghton and Wible Road property.” Wildwood,
through its managing member John Bidart, knew that a gas line ran underneath its
property before entering into the management agreement with Ag-Wise. The
management agreement, at article I, section D, stated that Wildwood agrees it has
secured, or will secure, all required licenses and permits necessary to the performance of
Ag-Wise’s services.4 Wildwood did not ascertain the depth or precise location of the gas
line before the excavation or “soil ripping” work started on its property, and it did not
itself obtain any USA permit. Wildwood also did not ensure that any special precautions
were taken to avoid hitting the underground gas line during the excavation or soil ripping
process.
When a development plan calls for planting trees, such as almond trees, Ag-Wise
will select an excavation company to “deep rip the soil.” Ag-Wise selected BND to
perform the deep soil ripping even though it knew that BND had a history of striking
underground utility lines. In one prior incident that occurred in October 2014, while
BND was working on another job for Ag-Wise, BND struck the same pressurized gas
line (i.e., Pipeline 300A) that was buried underneath the soil it was ripping. Prior to the
October 2014 incident, both Ag-Wise and BND knew a highly pressurized gas line was
in that location. Although the October 2014 incident did not result in a fire or explosion,
it could have been life threatening. The massive gas leak from the 2014 incident resulted
in schools in the surrounding area being temporarily closed. Before hiring Ag-Wise in
4 Conversely, the same provision also stated that Ag-Wise agrees and represents it
will secure all required licenses and permits necessary to the performance of its services,
and the conduct of the operations envisioned under the agreement.
8.
2015, Wildwood did not request references or inquire about its safety record for deep soil
ripping projects; nor did Wildwood ask who would be performing the deep soil ripping
on its property.
The high-pressure gas line was buried less than four feet below the surface.
Wildwood understood the ripping/excavating depth would be between five and six feet.
When BND conducted the work, it would sink a metal shank five to six feet down into
the soil. In operating the excavation equipment, the method used by BND’s workers was
to drive the tractor in a direction perpendicular to (or towards) the high-pressure gas line,
and upon reaching the buffer zone, to cross over it with the equipment lifted up, and then
(once beyond the buffer zone) drop the shank back into the soil.5 Wildwood’s managing
partner, John Bidart, would occasionally visit the property to check the progress of the
excavation work. He never went over to the excavator/worker to warn him about the
underground gas line.
On Friday, November 13, 2015, without a valid 811 permit, BND struck and
punctured Pipeline 300A.6 The puncture caused a massive gas explosion, with flames
more than 200 feet in the air. Wildwood’s managing partner, John Bidart, heard the
explosion and could see the flames from six miles away. The explosion and fire burned
down the Ruckman house, killed their pets, and caused third and fourth degree burns over
Gloria Ruckman’s and Amalia Leal’s bodies.
Wildwood’s Reply Papers in Support of Motion
On September 19, 2018, Wildwood filed its reply to plaintiffs’ opposition to the
motion for summary judgment. The reply included excerpts from the deposition of
5 We have amplified or filled in some gaps in this statement of fact in plaintiffs’
separate statement regarding the worker’s methodology to correspond more fully and
accurately to the supporting deposition testimony.
6 A prior permit had been obtained by BND, but at the time of the incident, it had
lapsed or expired.
9.
PG&E’s person most knowledgeable, Steve Cleaver, who inspected the property after the
incident. Cleaver testified based on the existence and location of remaining flags (or wire
remnants thereof) that the pipeline’s location had been properly marked before the
incident.
Hearing on Motion for Summary Judgment
Wildwood’s motion for summary judgment was heard on September 24, 2018.7
At the outset of the hearing, the trial court announced its tentative ruling was to grant the
motion because “the Privette [v. Superior Court (1993) 5 Cal.4th 689] … line of cases
prevents the [p]laintiffs from establishing the negligence claims against Wildwood” since
there was no affirmative showing of “any affirmative exercise of control” over BND. As
to strict liability, the trial court indicated it did not appear the activity constituted
“ultrahazardous” work. For these reasons, the trial court’s tentative ruling was to grant
the motion. Plaintiffs’ attorney responded that since this case involves injury to
bystanders, not the contractor’s employee, “the Privette shield does not apply.”
Plaintiffs’ attorney then argued the applicability of nondelegable duty and peculiar risk,
urging the trial court to find a triable issue of fact exists under those two theories. At the
same hearing, Wildwood’s attorney noted that grounds other than Privette existed for
granting the motion; namely, that both Ag-Wise and BND “were fully aware of the
pipeline” and therefore any duty to warn or to safely maintain the property was satisfied
by Wildwood. Additionally, the task had been delegated by Wildwood to Ag-Wise, and
Wildwood exercised no control over it. Further, Wildwood’s attorney argued that there
was no liability under the theories of peculiar risk or ultrahazardous activity.
On October 5, 2018, the trial court’s written order granting Wildwood’s motion
for summary judgment was filed. As to the relevant facts that were shown by the moving
7 Several other summary judgment and/or summary adjudication motions by other
defendants or relating to other injured parties were heard in the case at the same hearing.
10.
and opposing papers, the trial court’s order held there were no triable issues of material
fact as to Wildwood’s facts numbers 1 through 23 and plaintiffs’ additional facts numbers
1 through 50. The trial court concluded these undisputed facts establish the following:
“1. Wildwood is not vicariously liable as a matter of law for the negligent acts or
omissions of [Ag-Wise], [BND], and/or any other [d]efendant in the instant matter. [¶]
2. Plaintiffs’ premises liability claim fails as a matter of law as the [u]ndisputed
[m]aterial [f]acts demonstrate Wildwood did not breach any duty owed to [p]laintiffs. [¶]
3. Plaintiffs’ strict liability claim fails as a matter of law as digging, excavating and/or
ripping is not an ultra-hazardous activity because the risk of harm created by the activity
is a risk that can be eliminated by the exercise of care.” Accordingly, the trial court
granted the motion for summary judgment in favor of Wildwood, and judgment was
entered.
A motion for a new trial was filed by plaintiffs. That motion was denied by the
trial court on December 20, 2018.
Plaintiffs’ notice of appeal from the judgment timely followed.
DISCUSSION
I. Summary Judgment Standard of Review
A defendant may move for summary judgment if it is contended the action has no
merit. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (a)(1).) Summary judgment is appropriate when
all of the papers submitted show there is no triable issue of material fact and the moving
party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).)
“The purpose of the law of summary judgment is to provide courts with a mechanism to
cut through the parties’ pleadings in order to determine whether, despite their allegations,
trial is in fact necessary to resolve their dispute.” (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co.
(2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 843.) On appeal, we review the correctness of the trial court’s
ruling de novo, applying the same legal standard as the trial court. (Havstad v. Fidelity
National Title Ins. Co. (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 654, 658.) That is, our task is to
11.
independently determine whether an issue of material fact exists and whether the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. (Jones v. Awad (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th
1200, 1206; Brantley v. Pisaro (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 1591, 1601; see Parsons v. Crown
Disposal Co. (1997) 15 Cal.4th 456, 464 [on review of summary judgment order, “we
examine the facts presented to the trial court and determine their effect as a matter of
law”].)
Preliminarily, we note that plaintiffs contend the trial court erroneously relied on
the holding in Privette v. Superior Court, supra, 5 Cal.4th 689, 702 (Privette), which
holding would be applicable only in the context of a contractor’s injured employee who
had a worker’s compensation remedy. Although the trial court did indicate at oral
argument it was inclined to follow Privette and that case’s progeny, the actual wording of
the trial court’s written order did not mention Privette. On balance, we think the record is
uncertain or inconclusive on what the trial court’s rationale was. In any event, even if the
trial court’s reasoning was erroneous to some extent, our task is to conduct a de novo
review to determine the effect of the facts and issues presented in the trial court as a
matter of law. “We must affirm a summary judgment if it is correct on any of the
grounds asserted in the trial court, regardless of the trial court’s stated reasons.” (Garrett
v. Howmedica Osteonics Corp. (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 173, 181.)
II. Legal Background to Issues Raised
At common law, a landowner or other person who hired an independent contractor
to perform a task generally was not liable to third parties for injuries caused by the
independent contractor’s negligence. (Delgadillo v. Television Center, Inc. (2018) 20
Cal.App.5th 1078, 1086; Kesner v. Superior Court (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1132, 1160.) Central
to this general rule of nonliability was the recognition that a person who hired an
independent contractor ordinarily had no right to control the mode of doing the work.
(SeaBright Ins. Co. v. US Airways, Inc. (2011) 52 Cal.4th 590, 598.) Viewed under the
concept of delegation, the common law rule recognized that when a hirer or landowner
12.
delegated a task to an independent contractor, it in effect delegated responsibility for
performing the task safely. (Id. at p. 600; Kinsman v. Unocal Corp. (2005) 37 Cal.4th
659, 671.) However, over time, the courts have for policy reasons created many
exceptions to this general rule of nonliability, and it has been observed that the rule is
now primarily important as a preamble to the catalog of its exceptions. (Privette, supra,5 Cal.4th at p. 693.)
Two of the main exceptions to the general rule of nonliability of hirers of
independent contractors are raised by plaintiffs in the instant appeal: peculiar risk and
nondelegable duty. “A company that hires an independent contractor can be held liable
to third parties under the doctrine of peculiar risk [citation], [and] the nondelegable duty
exception [citation] ….” (Secci v. United Independent Taxi Drivers, Inc. (2017) 8
Cal.App.5th 846, 860.) In challenging the trial court’s order granting Wildwood’s
motion for summary judgment, plaintiffs argue there are triable issues of fact relating to
whether Wildwood is potentially liable under theories of peculiar risk and nondelegable
duty. Additionally, plaintiffs also argue triable issues of fact exist whether Wildwood
was strictly liable for undertaking an “ultrahazardous” activity on its land. We shall
address each of these theories of recovery and consider them in light of the factual
showing made in the summary judgment motion, in our discussion that follows.
III. Peculiar Risk Doctrine
A. Overview of Peculiar Risk
“The doctrine of peculiar risk is a judicially created exception to the common law
rule that a person hiring an independent contractor to perform inherently dangerous work
is generally not liable to third parties for injuries resulting from the work.” (Tverberg v.
Fillner Construction, Inc. (2010) 49 Cal.4th 518, 524.) A peculiar risk is “neither a risk
that is abnormal to the type of work done, nor a risk that is abnormally great.” (Privette,
supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 695.) Rather, it is a special and recognizable danger inherent in the
work itself, arising either from the nature or the location of the work to be done, and
13.
against which a reasonable person would recognize the necessity of taking special
precautions. (Ibid.; see also Aceves v. Regal Pale Brewing Co. (1979) 24 Cal.3d 502, 509
[it is a special risk “ ‘peculiar to the work to be done’ ” which “ ‘arises out of its character
or the place where it is to be done,’ ” and that reasonably necessitates the taking of
special precautions].) The peculiar risk doctrine is expressed by the Restatement Second
of Torts, section 416, as follows: “ ‘One who employs an independent contractor to do
work which the employer should recognize as likely to create during its progress a
peculiar risk of physical harm to others unless special precautions are taken, is subject to
liability for physical harm caused to them by the failure of the contractor to exercise
reasonable care to take such precautions, even though the employer has provided for such
precautions in the contract or otherwise.’ ” (Bowman v. Wyatt (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th
286, 306, quoting Rest.2d Torts, § 416; Aceves v. Regal Pale Brewing Co., supra, 24
Cal.3d at p. 509, referring to Rest.2d Torts, §§ 413, 416; see also CACI No. 3708.)8 In
its effect, the peculiar risk doctrine creates a form of vicarious liability on the part of the
hirer of the independent contractor. (Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 695 & fn. 2;
American States Ins. Co. v. Progressive Casualty Ins. Co. (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 18,
29–30.)
Through the peculiar risk doctrine, courts have sought to ensure that a landowner
who chose to undertake inherently dangerous activity on his or her land would not escape
liability for injuries to third parties—e.g., innocent bystanders or neighboring property
owners—simply by hiring an independent contractor to do the work. (Privette, supra, 5
Cal.4th at pp. 694–696; Tverberg v. Fillner Construction, Inc., supra, 49 Cal.4th at
pp. 524–525.) Thus, “innocent third parties injured by the negligence of an independent
contractor hired by a landowner to do inherently dangerous work … would not have to
8 California has followed the Restatement Second of Torts regarding peculiar risk.
(See Griesel v. Dart Industries, Inc. (1979) 23 Cal.3d 578, 585; Aceves v. Regal Pale
Brewing Co., supra, 24 Cal.3d at p. 509.)
14.
depend on the contractor’s solvency in order to receive compensation for the injuries.”
(Privette, supra, at p. 694.)
Illustrative examples of work that has been held to create a peculiar risk
warranting special precautions were summarized by this court decades ago as follows:
“The danger of being struck by a wall being knocked down on a demolition job (Aceves
v. Regal Pale Brewing Co., supra[, 24 Cal.3d 502]); the risk of a cave-in while working
in a nine-foot deep unshored and unsloped trench (Griesel v. Dart Industries,
Inc.[, supra,] 23 Cal.3d 578); … ; eradicating white line markings on the street with the
risk a motorist would injure a workman (Van Arsdale v. Hollinger (1968) 68 Cal.2d 245);
repairing a metal tank from the inside by forcing buckled metal outward with the risk that
the metal would spring inward and injure a workman (Ferrel v. Safway Steel Scaffolds
(1962) 57 Cal.2d 651); painting the inside of a tank with the risk of an explosion because
of inadequate ventilation (Woolen v. Aerojet General Corp. (1962) 57 Cal.2d 407); …;
cement work on a bridge 20 feet high with no scaffolding or railing—worker fell from
bridge (Fonseca v. County of Orange (1972) 28 Cal.App.3d 361); erecting and cross-
girdering of 30-foot steel column for a water tower without safety equipment to keep
plaintiff from failing off tower (Stilson v. Moulton-Niguel Water Dist. (1971) 21
Cal.App.3d 928); building a bridge over high voltage wires—worker injured when boom
of crane touched wire (Walker v. Capistrano Saddle Club (1970) 12 Cal.App.3d 894);
building [a] concrete wall and floor without railings to a height of 10 feet with the risk
that a workman might fall or be pushed from the wall (Morehouse v. Taubman Co.
(1970) 5 Cal.App.3d 548); [and] backing a loaded truck on a construction project without
a warning device with the risk that worker might be run down (Anderson v. L.C. Smith
Constr. Co. (1969) 276 Cal.App.2d 436).” (Stark v. Weeks Real Estate (1979) 94
Cal.App.3d 965, 970–971.)9
9 Parallel citations of the quoted cases have been omitted.
15.
Even when work performed by an independent contractor poses a special or
peculiar risk of harm, the person who hired the contractor will not be liable for injury to
others if the injury results from the contractor’s mere “ ‘collateral’ ” or “ ‘casual’ ”
negligence. (Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 696.) An independent contractor’s
negligence may be found to be collateral when it “involves an ‘operative detail of the
work, as distinguished from the general plan or method to be followed.’ [Citation.]”
(Ibid.; see Rest.2d Torts, § 426.) Thus, if the negligence bears no relation to the peculiar
risk inherent in the character or location of the particular work, but simply arises out of
the common or ordinary risks of performing operative details of the work, the doctrine
does not apply. (See, e.g., Bowman v. Wyatt, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th 286, 309 [peculiar
risk inapplicable where character of the work did not contribute to the accident, which
was a result of ordinary use of vehicle]; Hughes v. Atlantic Pacific Construction Co.
(1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 987, 1000 [doctrine inapplicable to negligent selection of pieces
of plywood and its wedging support during construction]; Stark v. Weeks Real Estate,
supra, 94 Cal.App.3d at pp. 972–973 [peculiar risk inapplicable to negligent use or
misuse of the customary tools or equipment in performing the work].) However, as
cautioned by Privette, “it is often difficult to distinguish those risks that are inherent in
the work from those that are collateral, and the line to be drawn between the two types of
risks is ‘shadowy.’ [Citation.]” (Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 696.)
“The analysis of the applicability of the peculiar risk doctrine to a particular fact
situation can be broken down into two elements: (1) whether the work is likely to create
a peculiar risk of harm unless special precautions are taken; and (2) whether the employer
should have recognized that the work was likely to create such a risk.” (Jimenez v.
Pacific Western Construction Co. (1986) 185 Cal.App.3d 102, 110.) These questions are
ordinarily resolved by the trier of fact. (Ibid.; Castro v. State of California (1981) 114
Cal.App.3d 503, 511 [whether the work creates a peculiar risk “is ordinarily a question of
fact”].) However, on a proper showing, a court may determine the applicability of
16.
peculiar risk as a matter of law. (Jimenez v. Pacific Western Construction Co., supra,
185 Cal.App.3d at p. 110; Bowman v. Wyatt, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at p. 309.)
B. Analysis of Arguments Raised on Appeal
The trial court’s written order granting summary judgment held without any
explanation that Wildwood is not vicariously liable for the negligent acts of Ag-Wise or
BND as a matter of law. That holding necessarily disposed of the peculiar risk claim,
which is a form of vicarious liability.
Plaintiffs argue the trial court reversibly erred. They emphasize the nature of the
work was not merely digging, excavating or ripping agricultural land in preparation for
planting trees, but doing so in proximity to an underground high-pressure gas line.
Because of the location of the excavation work (i.e., near the gas line), there was
allegedly a special risk inherent in the work (i.e., striking the gas line and causing
explosion or fire), which reasonably necessitated special precautions. In this regard,
plaintiffs point out Wildwood admitted, in its separate statement, that the risk of striking
an underground pipeline as a result of digging, excavating or ripping can be eliminated
by following certain procedures. These precautionary procedures consist of (i) obtaining
USA tickets requesting that any underground utilities or pipelines be properly marked by
PG&E, (ii) marking the area where any underground pipelines exist with flags or
markers, (iii) creating a buffer zone surrounding any underground pipelines, and
(iv) adhering to the buffer zone when performing the work. According to plaintiffs, this
admission by Wildwood confirms that special precautions were needed to perform the
work in a manner to avoid the peculiar risk of striking the pipeline. At the very least,
plaintiffs argue, the question should be left to the jury to resolve.
In response, Wildwood makes reference to its evidentiary showing in support of
the motion for summary judgment that digging, excavating or ripping farmland which has
an underground pipeline is a “common practice” in Kern County, and industry protocols
and requirements include the necessary precautions to avoid striking a pipeline.
17.
According to Wildwood, since avoidance of utility pipelines is often a part of any such
excavation work, the work involved in this case should not be characterized as creating a
special or peculiar risk.10 (See Aceves v. Regal Pale Brewing Co., supra, 24 Cal.3d at
p. 509 [a peculiar risk “is something other than the ordinary and customary dangers
which may arise in the course of the work or of normal human activity”].)
On the record in this case, we are unable to conclude that as a matter of law the
undertaking did not involve a peculiar risk. To the extent the work contemplated by
Wildwood was digging, excavating or ripping of agricultural land for the purpose of
planting trees, but it was known that the same land was traversed by a high-pressure
underground gas line—something inherently explosive if ruptured—a trier of fact could
reasonably conclude under all the facts and circumstances that a special recognizable risk
of harm was involved as a result of the location of the excavation work in the vicinity of
the high-pressure pipeline, thereby necessitating that special precautions be taken.
Therefore, on the showing made in connection with the motion, the question of whether a
peculiar risk was present here remained a triable issue of fact. (Castro v. State of
California, supra, 114 Cal.App.3d 503, 511 [whether the work creates a peculiar risk “is
ordinarily a question of fact”].) That is, the trial court’s ruling as to this legal theory
cannot be affirmed on the ground no peculiar risk existed as a matter of law, since on the
showing made that particular issue remained a factual question for the trier of fact.
10 Wildwood also asserts, without citation to the record as evidentiary support and
without adequate legal and factual analysis, that peculiar risk was inapplicable because
there was no recognizable risk from Wildwood’s vantage point of a major explosion and
fire. That determination would require “consideration of the employer’s [i.e.,
Wildwood’s] knowledge and experience in the field of work to be done” (Aceves v. Regal
Pale Brewing Co., supra, 24 Cal.3d at p. 509), which is not before us. Moreover, the
issue was not addressed in Wildwood’s separate statement and is asserted on appeal as a
mere conclusion. We disregard this argument as inadequately supported. (See People v.
Harper (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 1413, 1419, fn. 4 [an argument “raised in such perfunctory
fashion is waived”].)
18.
A second argument by Wildwood asserts that the peculiar risk doctrine was
unavailable here due to collateral negligence. Specifically, Wildwood argues that
peculiar risk was inapplicable because, even though special precautions were taken,
BND’s worker still hit the pipeline, which allegedly indicates the accident must have
been caused by collateral negligence—that is, the result of an ordinary mistake by the
worker in carrying out the operational details of the work, not an absence of special
precautions.
Some further elaboration of this line of argument is required. Preliminarily, we
agree it was shown that some forms of special precautions were taken by BND. In our
independent review of all the papers and evidence in connection with the motion for
summary judgment, it appears that a prima facie showing was made therein that special
precautions or procedures were followed by BND in performing the work. This prima
facie showing included evidence of the following: (1) That PG&E marked the location of
the pipeline with flag markers; (2) BND marked out a buffer zone of about 15 feet on
both sides of the pipeline; (3) BND’s workers were informed of the existence and general
location of the pipeline and markers; (4) The procedure adopted by BND was to have its
excavation worker drive the tractor in a direction perpendicular to (or towards) the high-
pressure gas line, and upon reaching the buffer zone, to cross over it with the equipment
lifted up off the ground, and then (once beyond the buffer zone) drop the shank back into
the soil.
According to Wildwood, the above factual showing established that BND’s
workers were advised of the location of the pipeline and understood that no excavation or
ripping activity was to be conducted directly over the pipeline area. Further, according to
Wildwood, and in light of the above showing, the fact that on the date of the accident one
of BND’s workers apparently did excavate over the pipeline and struck it gives rise to a
reasonable inference that the worker simply made a mistake (e.g., was not paying
attention) in carrying out the operative details of the work. The case authorities reflect
19.
that the doctrine of peculiar risk does not apply to collateral or casual negligence in
performing the operative details of the work, such as neglect or carelessness with respect
to the use or operation of equipment. (See Johnson v. Tosco Corp. (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th
123, 132–134; Stark v. Weeks Real Estate, supra, 94 Cal.App.3d at pp. 971–973; see also
Hughes v. Atlantic Pacific Construction Co., supra, 194 Cal.App.3d at p. 1000 [“The
possibility of routine negligence in the performance of work provides no basis for such
liability.”]; Privette, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 696.)
Although the above collateral negligence argument has some superficial appeal,
we find it to be deficient in the context of Wildwood’s summary judgment motion. In
our assessment of this matter, we conclude that Wildwood’s showing was too equivocal,
fragmentary and incomplete on the question whether the accident was in fact caused by
collateral negligence to adequately meet its initial burden on that issue. Among other
deficiencies is the following: Because BND required its worker to drive the excavation
equipment perpendicularly across or over the pipeline with each pass, it appears to this
court that the issue of the conspicuous nature (or lack thereof) of the markers and buffer
zone along the length of the pipeline across this farmland would be crucial to that
question. However, Wildwood’s separate statement did not provide any description or
other indication of how clear, apparent or conspicuous the markers and buffer zones
were. In addition to this shortcoming in the showing made by Wildwood, we note the
literal wording of Wildwood’s separate statement is incomplete, doubtful or equivocal in
its portrayal of the extent of the precautions taken by BND, stating among other things
that BND’s employees were only made aware of the “general location” of the pipeline,
and that BND “intended to implement” a buffer zone surrounding the pipeline. Also,
remarkably absent from the separate statement on this point is any statement asserting the
cause of the accident. We conclude the showing by Wildwood was insufficient to shift
the burden as the moving party on this issue, and a triable issue of fact remained whether
the accident was caused by collateral negligence. “In performing our de novo review,
20.
‘we must view the evidence in a light favorable to plaintiff as the losing party [citation],
… resolving any evidentiary doubts or ambiguities in plaintiff’s favor.’ ” (Leyva v.
Garcia (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 1095, 1103.)
Based on the forgoing discussion, inasmuch as triable issues of fact existed
regarding factual elements bearing upon the applicability of the peculiar risk theory of
vicarious liability, we conclude the trial court erred in granting the motion with respect to
that distinct claim.
IV. Nondelegable Duty
In a further effort to obtain vicarious liability against Wildwood, plaintiffs also
alleged that Wildwood is liable under the theory of nondelegable duty relating to
Wildwood’s responsibility to maintain the property. The trial court implicitly rejected
this theory in its order granting summary judgment when it held that Wildwood was not
subject to vicarious liability for the negligence of Ag-Wise or BND. Plaintiffs challenge
the trial court’s ruling, arguing triable issues of fact existed as to whether Wildwood
breached nondelegable duties owed to plaintiffs relating to Wildwood’s maintenance of
its farmland. As explained below, we disagree with plaintiffs and conclude the trial
court’s ruling was correct on this matter.
A. This Case Did Not Involve the Specified Nondelegable Duty
“The nondelegable duties doctrine prevents a party that owes a duty to others from
evading responsibility by claiming to have delegated that duty to an independent
contractor hired to do the necessary work. The doctrine applies when the duty preexists
and does not arise from the contract with the independent contractor.” (SeaBright Ins.
Co. v. US Airways, Inc., supra, 52 Cal.4th 590, 600–601.) Thus, the existence of a
nondelegable duty constitutes one of the exceptions to the general rule of nonliability of
one who hires an independent contractor for the performance of the work. (Koepnick v.
Kashiwa Fudosan America, Inc. (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 32, 36.) A typical example is
that car owners cannot delegate their duty to ensure that their cars have working brakes,
21.
even if the mechanic failed to discover the brake problem. (Maloney v. Rath (1968) 69
Cal.2d 442, 446–447.)
The nondelegable duty asserted by plaintiffs in this case is the duty incumbent
upon owners or possessors of real property to maintain the property in a reasonably safe
condition. As stated in Brown v. George Pepperdine Foundation (1943) 23 Cal.2d 256(Brown): “ ‘The duty which a possessor of land owes to others to put and maintain it in
reasonably safe condition is nondelegable. If an independent contractor, no matter how
carefully selected, is employed to perform it, the possessor is answerable for harm caused
by the negligent failure of his contractor to put or maintain the buildings and structures in
reasonably safe condition ….’ ” (Id. at p. 260.) Thus, a landlord cannot escape liability
for failure to maintain elevators in a safe condition by delegating such duty to an
independent contractor. (Id. at p. 259 [where child injured after falling down elevator
shaft due to independent contractor’s negligent maintenance, landlord found liable under
nondelegable duty rule]; Koepnick v. Kashiwa Fudosan America, Inc., supra, 173
Cal.App.4th at p. 36 [applying Brown where injury occurred due to malfunctioning
elevator].) The nondelegable duty rule has been applied to other instances of unsafe
conditions of real property. (See, e.g., Srithong v. Total Investment Co. (1994) 23
Cal.App.4th 721, 726 [unsafe condition of roofing]; O’Gan v. King City Joint Union
High School Dist. (1970) 3 Cal.App.3d 641, 646 [unsafe sink dislodged and caused
injury]; Knell v. Morris (1952) 39 Cal.2d 450, 456–457 [unsafe condition of water
heater]; see also Alcaraz v. Vece (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1149, 1156 [hazardous condition of
meter box on ground missing its cover].) In this regard, a landowner’s duty of care may
extend to persons outside the property if the landowner’s property is maintained in such
an unsafe manner as to expose persons offsite to an unreasonable risk of injury. (Kesner
v. Superior Court, supra, 1 Cal.5th 1132, 1159–1160 [e.g., escaped animals or escaping
substances that cause injury].) When the nondelegable duty rule is applied, it creates a
22.
form of vicarious liability against the owner or possessor of the real property. (Srithong
v. Total Investment Co., supra, 23 Cal.App.4th 721, 727.)
Wildwood argues the nondelegable duty rule, as outlined above, does not apply to
this case because the substance of plaintiffs’ claim does not involve harm caused by an
unsafe condition of the real property in violation of Wildwood’s responsibility to
maintain it, but rather it involves harm caused by the action of a contractor that
negligently severed a gas line it was aware of. On the factual record before us, we are
persuaded that Wildwood’s distinction is fundamentally correct and it reflects the
nondelegable duty rule under consideration does not apply here. Manifestly, this case is
about the peculiar risks inherent in performing relatively deep excavation work on
Wildwood’s land in light of the existence of an underground high-pressure gas line; and
conversely, it is not about the condition of that land apart from that particular excavation
work. No preexisting duty is involved, but only that which may be related to the peculiar
nature of the work being performed under scope of the independent contractor.
Therefore, as a matter of law, the cause of action is more accurately and properly one for
peculiar risk—not a nondelegable duty arising out of Wildwood’s maintenance
responsibility.
For these reasons, we conclude that no reversible error has been shown by
plaintiffs regarding the trial court’s implicit rejection of the theory of a nondelegable duty
to safely maintain the property as a potential basis for vicarious liability. The trial court
correctly eliminated that distinct claim.
B. Wildwood’s Duty Analysis Unavailing
Wildwood further argues under the factors set forth in Rowland v. Christian
(1968) 69 Cal.2d 108, 113 (Rowland) it had no nondelegable duty as the landowner
relating to the maintenance of its property that would extend to plaintiffs—who were
situated on neighboring property. Although not entirely clear, it appears Wildwood is
seeking to preclude any liability as landowner in this case through an analysis of whether
23.
a duty of care existed based on factors such as the alleged lack of foreseeability and lack
of proximity of the activity to plaintiffs. We need not give attention to this line of
argument by Wildwood because it does not appear to this court that the issue of the
foreseeability of the type or extent of harm (see Kesner v. Superior Court, supra, 1
Cal.5th at p. 1145) was adequately addressed in the facts presented in Wildwood’s
separate statement in connection with the summary judgment motion. Inasmuch as the
issue was not adequately developed below, we are in no position to consider it on appeal.
To summarize this part of our opinion, plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate any
error in the trial court’s determination that Wildwood was not vicariously liable on a
theory of nondelegable duty to maintain the land in a safe condition. Meanwhile,
Wildwood’s Rowland duty analysis was not adequately supported by the showing made
in connection with the summary judgment motion, and, thus, was unavailing.
V. Ultrahazardous Activity
The trial court held, in granting summary judgment, that plaintiffs’ strict liability
claim based on ultrahazardous activity “fails as a matter of law as digging, excavating
and/or ripping is not an ultra-hazardous activity because the risk of harm created by the
activity is a risk that can be eliminated by the exercise of care.” Plaintiffs contend the
trial court reversibly erred, because allegedly there were triable issues of fact relating to
factors bearing on the question of whether the activity was ultrahazardous. We disagree.
As explained below, the trial court correctly concluded that the activity in the present
case was not ultrahazardous.
Under California law, “ ‘[a]n activity is ultrahazardous if it (a) necessarily
involves a risk of serious harm to the person, land or chattels of others which cannot be
eliminated by the exercise of the utmost care, and (b) is not a matter of common
usage….’ ” (Luthringer v. Moore (1948) 31 Cal.2d 489, 498.) The issue of whether an
activity is ultrahazardous is one of law for the court to decide. (Edwards v. Post
Transportation Co. (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 980, 983.) In deciding on the question
24.
whether an activity is ultrahazardous or abnormally dangerous, the following factors are
generally considered: “ ‘[1] existence of a high degree of risk of some harm to the
person, land or chattels of others; [2] likelihood that the harm that results from it will be
great; [3] inability to eliminate the risk by the exercise of reasonable care; [4] extent to
which the activity is not a matter of common usage; [5] inappropriateness of the activity
to the place where it is carried on; and [6] extent to which its value to the community is
outweighed by its dangerous attributes.’ ” (Id. at p. 985, quoting Rest.2d Torts, § 520.) It
is not necessary that all the factors are present in a particular case. (Ahrens v. Superior
Court (1988) 197 Cal.App.3d 1134, 1143.)
Here, the undisputed facts in support of the motion showed that the activity in
question is not ultrahazardous. Most importantly, it was shown that ripping or excavation
of farmland in preparation for planting trees can safely be carried out even where there is
an underground gas pipeline crossing the land, if certain precautionary procedures are
followed, including: “obtaining USA tickets requesting any underground utilities or
pipelines be properly marked by [PG&E]; marking the area where any underground
pipelines exist with flags or markers; creating a buffer zone surrounding any underground
pipelines; and adhering to the buffer zone when performing digging, excavating and/or
ripping activities.” Where the risk can be effectively eliminated by the exercise of due
care, as here, the court can properly determine it is not ultrahazardous. (Edwards v. Post
Transportation Co., supra, 228 Cal.App.3d at p. 987 [finding no ultrahazardous activity
present if risk can be eliminated through reasonable care since “[t]he theory of imposition
of strict liability for ultrahazardous activity is that the danger cannot be eliminated
through the use of care”]; accord, Ramsey v. Marutamaya Ogatsu Fireworks Co. (1977)
72 Cal.App.3d 516, 527–528, fn. 2.) Additionally, it was shown here that “[d]igging,
excavating and/or ripping activities where an underground pipeline is present is a
common practice with respect to farming and property development in the Kern County
25.
area.” Finally, it is clear that the agricultural work was appropriate for the area in
question (i.e., farmland) and is beneficial to the community.
We conclude the trial court did not err in determining, based upon the undisputed
facts presented in connection with the summary judgment motion, that the present case
did not give rise to strict liability under a theory of ultrahazardous activity.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the trial court. On
remand, the trial court shall enter a new order denying Wildwood’s motion for summary
judgment but granting summary adjudication of all causes of action other than peculiar
risk. Plaintiffs’ case against Wildwood may then proceed on a peculiar risk theory.
Costs on appeal are awarded to plaintiffs.
LEVY, Acting P.J.
WE CONCUR:
FRANSON, J.
PEÑA, J.
26.