Heller v. Ralph's Grovery Co. CA2/5 ( 2014 )

Filed 6/23/14 Heller v. Ralph’s Grovery Co. CA2/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
JACOB HELLER, B249608
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC486035)
v.
RALPH’S GROCERY COMPANY,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Jane
Johnson, Judge. Affirmed.
R. Rex Parris Law Firm, R. Rex Parris, Alexander R. Wheeler, Kitty Szeto and
John M. Bickford; Lawyers for Justice, Edwin Aiwazian and Jill J. Parker for Plaintiff
and Appellant.
Morrison and Foerster, Miriam A. Vogel, David F. McDowell and Purvi G. Patel
for Defendant and Respondent.
Plaintiff Jacob Heller (“Heller”), on behalf of himself and all others similarly
situated, sued Ralphs Grocery Company (“Ralphs”) for unfair competition based on
violations of Civil Code section 1749.60 et seq., The Supermarket Club Card Disclosure
Act of 1999 (“the Club Card Act”), by selling and/or sharing its customers’ personal
identification information without their consent. Ralphs demurred to the complaint,
contending that Heller had no standing to prosecute his claims, as he alleged no economic
injury resulting from Ralphs’ business practices, a necessary element of a cause of action
under Business and Professions Code1 section 17200 et seq., the Unfair Competition Law
(“UCL”). Heller maintained that his claims were not subject to the standing requirements
of the UCL, and that in any event, his allegations of economic injury were sufficient to
state a cause of action under the UCL. The trial court concluded that, because he failed
to allege a sufficient nexus between Ralphs’ alleged violations of the Club Card Act and
his economic injury, Heller had no standing to pursue his claims. We agree, and so
affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The gist of Heller’s claim is that personal information, which he provided to
Ralphs when he applied for membership in Ralphs’ free rewards card program, was
improperly shared with Ralphs’ “subsidiaries, affiliates, agents, representatives, and
trusted business partners.” More specifically, Heller alleges that Ralphs shared his
personal information with Kroger (Ralphs’ parent corporation), dunnhumby USA, Inc.
(an entity owned in part by Kroger), and “an unknown business entity” (later identified
by Heller as “Metasource, LLC”) and described by Heller as a “third party entity that
processes the information contained in the Ralphs rewards card application and inputs the
data contained therein into a computer database.” He alleges that but for Ralphs’ failure
to disclose the sharing of his personal information, he would not have applied for a
1
Unless otherwise specified, statutory references are to this code.
2
rewards card and, “in all reasonable probability, would not have shopped at Ralphs
stores.”
On June 6, 2012, Heller filed a class action complaint against Ralphs alleging that
the company violated the Club Card Act, and consequently the UCL, by improperly
sharing its reward card customers’ personal identification information and their purchases
with third parties, whenever they used their Ralphs rewards cards. Ralphs filed a
demurrer to the complaint and a motion to strike portions of the complaint. In its
demurrer, Ralphs asserted that Heller lacked standing to bring a UCL action because the
complaint failed to allege how Heller suffered economic damages, i.e., lost money or
property, as a result of Ralphs’ alleged violation of the Club Card Act.
In opposition to the demurrer, Heller argued that he and his fellow class members
had suffered economic damages “because they would not have applied for a Ralphs
rewards card and/or would not have shopped at Ralphs grocery stores and/or would not
have purchased as many items from Ralphs grocery stores” had they known that Ralphs
was sharing their personal information and purchases with third parties in violation of the
Club Card Act.
On December 13, 2012, the trial court issued its tentative ruling and heard oral
argument on the demurrer and motion to strike. The trial court relied on Kwikset Corp. v.
Superior Court (2011) 51 Cal.4th 310 (“Kwikset”) to rule that Heller had no standing to
bring the UCL claim. The court explained: “The question is whether [Heller’s
allegations are] sufficient to allege injury in fact. Here, [Ralphs] makes a logical point;
that is, it does not appear that there is a nexus between the gravamen of the UCL claim
(alleged disclosure of customer’s personal information in violation of the Supermarket
Club Card Act) and economic injury (spending money at Ralphs that Heller would not
otherwise have done had he known that his personal information would have been
misused). Unlike the plaintiff in Kwikset who intended to buy a product made in the
USA (and got one that was made in a foreign county), [Heller] spent no money to get [the
Ralphs Rewards Card]. If the product is the groceries, which he bought in Ralphs, there
is no allegation that the product was not as represented.”
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The court then invited further briefing on the issue of whether it is “sufficient for
UCL purposes that damages for a UCL violation can be based on the allegation that
[Heller] would not have purchased goods from [Ralphs].”
The parties engaged in further briefing, but their further arguments did not change
the court’s decision. At the second hearing on the demurrer and motion to strike, the
court sustained the demurrer to the UCL cause of action for an alleged violation of the
Club Card Act without leave to amend. The demurrer to the remaining causes of action
was sustained with leave to amend to “articulate [his] damages better.”
Heller subsequently filed an amended complaint, to which Ralphs again demurred,
arguing that Heller lacked standing to assert any claim against Ralphs because “there is
no nexus between Ralphs’ alleged wrongdoing and the injury he claims.” The trial court
agreed and sustained the demurrer to the remaining causes of action without leave to
amend. The case was thereafter dismissed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Because the function of a demurrer is to test the sufficiency of the pleading as a
matter of law, the appellate court applies the de novo standard of review following the
dismissal of an action subsequent to the sustaining of a demurrer without leave to amend.
(California Logistics, Inc. v. State (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 242, 247.) In the context of
an appeal from a dismissal following a demurrer, the reviewing court will assume the
truth of all facts properly pleaded (Evans v. City of Berkeley (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1, 6), and
will examine the operative pleading to determine whether it states a cause of action on
any available theory. (Jenkins v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th
497, 506; Saunders v. Cariss (1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 905, 908.) The court will not, of
course, assume the truth of contentions, deductions, or conclusions of fact or law
(Jenkins, supra, at p. 506), and will not treat as true allegations that are flatly contradicted
by other allegations in the same or prior pleadings, or by exhibits to the complaint.
(Aryeh v. Canon Business Solutions, Inc. (2013) 55 Cal.4th 1185, 1189, fn.1;
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SC Manufactured Homes, Inc. v. Liebert (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 68, 83; Banis
Restaurant Design, Inc. v. Serrano (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 1035, 1044-1045.)
DISCUSSION
1. Heller lacks standing to sue under the UCL
The Club Card Act prohibits supermarket club card issuers from requesting in a
club card application, or requiring as a condition of obtaining a club card, that the
applicant provide a driver’s license number or a social security number. (Civ. Code,
§ 1749.64.) The Act also prohibits a club card issuer from selling or sharing a
cardholder’s name, address, telephone number, or other personal identification
information unless, among other things, it charges an annual fee, is not open to the public
but only to cardholders, or provides a privacy statement to the cardholder “notifying
cardholders that outside companies will be receiving marketing information including
names and addresses of cardholders, and the cardholder has agreed to allow the club card
issuer to share this information.” (Civ. Code, § 1749.65, subd. (c)(4).) The Club Card
Act itself contains no enforcement or penalty provisions, but instead provides that “A
violation of [the Act] constitutes ‘unfair competition’ as defined in Section 17200 of the
Business and Professions Code and is punishable as prescribed [by the UCL].”
(Civ. Code, § 1749.63.)
The UCL includes extensive enforcement procedures for the prosecution of unfair
competition actions. Government prosecutors may seek civil penalties of up to $2,500
for each violation of the UCL (§ 17206, subd. (a)) as well as injunctive relief (§ 17203).
In addition, a person who meets the standing requirements of the UCL may pursue
representative claims or relief on behalf of others. (§ 17203.)
Proposition 64 (adopted Gen. Elec., Nov. 2, 2004) amended the UCL to limit
standing to one who has “suffered injury in fact and has lost money or property as a result
of the unfair competition.” (§ 17204; see also Buckland v. Threshold Enterprises (2007)
155 Cal.App.4th 798, 819-820.) “The text of Proposition 64 establishes expressly that in
selecting this phrase the drafters and voters intended to incorporate the established federal
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meaning. The initiative declares: ‘It is the intent of the California voters in enacting this
act to prohibit private attorneys from filing lawsuits for unfair competition where they
have no client who has been injured in fact under the standing requirements of the United
States Constitution.’ (Prop. 64 § 1, subd. (e), italics added; see also Buckland v.
Threshold Enterprises, Ltd.[, supra,] 155 Cal.App.4th [at p.] 814.)” (Kwikset, supra, 51
Cal.4th at p. 322.) Thus, under the UCL as amended by Proposition 64, a plaintiff must
allege and prove both (a) a loss or deprivation of money or property sufficient to qualify
as injury in fact, and (b) that the economic injury resulted from the unfair business
practice which is the gravamen of the claim. (Bower v. AT&T Mobility, LLC (2011) 196
Cal.App.4th 1545, 1553-1554; Hall v. Time Inc. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 847, 849.)
The trial court sustained Ralphs’ demurrer to Heller’s complaint under the UCL
based on Heller’s inability to allege an economic injury, i.e., loss of money or damages
suffered by Heller as a result of Ralphs’ alleged violations of the Club Card Act. Heller
maintains that this was error, as his allegations are sufficient to satisfy the injury-in-fact
requirement of the UCL.
We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that Heller failed to allege an economic
injury sufficient to meet the standing requirements of the UCL. His only allegations of
economic damages suffered are found in paragraphs 23 and 24 of the complaint wherein
he alleges that in the absence of Ralphs’ misrepresentation and/or nondisclosure, as
described above, he would not have obtained a Ralphs rewards card and “in all
reasonable probability would not have shopped at Ralphs grocery stores, and/or would
not have purchased as many items from Ralphs grocery stores.” What is notably missing
from this allegation is how he suffered an economic injury, i.e., loss of property or
money, resulting from his use of the Ralphs reward card. The card was provided without
cost to him, and it provided him with discounts on certain products. There are no
allegations that any product purchased was not as represented.
Heller’s reliance on Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court, supra, 51 Cal.4th 310 is
misplaced. In Kwikset, the plaintiff sued a business entity for restitution and injunctive
relief under the UCL and the False Advertising Law (§ 17500 et seq.), alleging that
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defendants violated the statutory provisions prohibiting marketing or sale of merchandise
with “Made in U.S.A.” or similar labels when merchandise either contained foreign made
parts or involved a foreign manufacturer. In regard to the issue of standing, the Supreme
Court held that: (a) plaintiffs who were deceived by a product’s label into spending
money to purchase the product have “lost money or property’ as required for UCL
standing; (b) consumers’ alleged purchases of mislabeled locksets established injury in
fact and loss of money and property; and (c) ineligibility for restitution is not a basis for
denying standing under the UCL. In doing so, it noted that the substantive reach of the
UCL, while still expansive, had been limited by Proposition 64. Where once private suits
could be brought by any person acting for the interests of itself, its members or the
general public, now private standing is limited to persons who have suffered injury in fact
and have lost money or property as a result of unfair competition. The court stated in this
regard: “While the voters clearly intended to restrict UCL standing, they just as plainly
preserved standing for those who had had business dealings with a defendant and had lost
money or property as a result of the defendant’s unfair business practices.” (Kwikset,
supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 321.) Further, a plaintiff must show that the misrepresentation
was an immediate cause of the injury-producing conduct. (In re Tobacco II Cases (2009)
46 Cal.4th 298, 328.)
Unlike the plaintiff in Kwikset, who intended to buy a product made in the U.S.A.
but received one made in a foreign country, Heller does not allege that he did not get the
product he intended to buy. Because the complaint contains no allegation that any
product Heller purchased at Ralphs was not as represented, and Heller paid nothing for
the reward card itself, there is no nexus between Ralph’s alleged unfair business practice
(using Heller’s personal information) and the money he paid for the products he chose to
buy and used or consumed without complaint.
Heller also contends on appeal, as he did before the trial court at the hearing on the
demurrer, that the requirement that a plaintiff must plead and prove economic damages in
a UCL action does not apply when the basis of the UCL action is an alleged violation of
the Club Card Act. We disagree.
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Civil Code section 1749.63 provides that a “violation of the [Club Card Act]
constitutes ‘unfair competition’ as defined in Section 17200 of the Business &
Professions Code and is punishable as prescribed [by the UCL].” This language says
nothing about any of the other requirements of a UCL cause of action (such as standing
or damages) and does no more than establish that there is no private cause of action
which can be brought under the Club Card Act; rather, an action for a violation of the Act
must be brought as a UCL action. (See Crusader Ins. Co. v. Scottsdale Ins. Co. (1997)
54 Cal.App.4th 121, 133.)
Heller’s contention that the Club Card Act adopted specific provisions of the
UCL, as that law existed at the time the Club Card Act was enacted (that is, before the
UCL was amended by Proposition 64) is not convincing. “Where a statute adopts by
specific reference the provisions of another statute, the provisions are incorporated as
they exist at the time of the reference and not as subsequently modified. Where the
reference is general instead of specific, the referring statute takes the laws in their
contemporary form and as they may be changed from time to time.” (Christian v. Flora
(2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 539, 551; see also In re Jovan B. (1993) 6 Cal.4th 801, 816
[referring statute takes the law referred to not only in its contemporary form but also as it
may be changed from time to time].)
As previously stated, the Club Card Act’s adoption of the UCL is general, not
specific: Civil Code Section 1749.63 provides that a “violation of [the Club Card Act]
constitutes ‘unfair competition’ as defined in Section 17200 of the Business and
Professions Code and is punishable as prescribed [by the UCL].” No specific remedy is
mentioned and no specific amount is stated. The Club Card Act simply adds specific
business practices to the list of business practices prohibited under the UCL.2 Economic
injury resulting from the unfair business practice is an element of a UCL claim. Heller
2
We note as well that section 12 of the Business and Professions Code specifically
provides that “Whenever any reference is made to any portion of this code or of any other
law of this State, such reference shall apply to all amendments and additions thereto now
or hereafter made.”
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was not able to allege this element in his UCL claim. (See In re Derrick B. (2006) 39
Cal.4th 535, 539.)
While the Supreme Court in Kwikset broadened the situations in which a plaintiff
can recover under the UCL (Kwikset, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 323),3 it did not eliminate
the requirement that, in order for a plaintiff to have standing to bring a UCL action, he or
she must allege and prove that loss of money or property. Because Heller was not able to
allege an economic injury, the trial court properly sustained Ralphs’ demurrer to the UCL
cause of action without leave to amend.
2. Heller’s remaining claims failed to state a cause of action
After sustaining the demurrer to Heller’s causes of action for breach of contract,
fraud, intentional misrepresentation and negligent misrepresentation, the trial court
granted Heller leave to file an amended complaint. Heller did so, alleging additional
facts about what Ralphs did and did not “guarantee” regarding its customers’ personal
information, but otherwise repeating the basic theme of the original complaint. Ralphs
demurred once more, arguing that the remaining claims, for misrepresentation and breach
of contract, still failed to state a cause of action because Heller failed to allege any
damages resulting from Ralphs’ alleged misrepresentations and breach of contract
resulting from what Ralphs allegedly did or did not do. The trial court sustained the
demurrer without leave to amend when Heller’s counsel was not able to articulate how he
could further amend the complaint to cure the failure to allege actual damages.
3
The Supreme Court stated in part: “There are innumerable ways in which
economic injury from unfair competition may be shown. A plaintiff may (1) surrender in
a transaction more, or acquire in a transaction less, than he or she otherwise would have;
(2) have a present or future property interest diminished; (3) be deprived of money or
property to which he or she has a cognizable claim; or (4) be required to enter into a
transaction, costing money or property, that would otherwise have been unnecessary.”
(Kwikset, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 323.)
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a. Fraud, intentional misrepresentation and negligent misrepresentation
“The well-known elements of a cause of action for fraud are: (1) a
misrepresentation, which includes a concealment or nondisclosure; (2) knowledge of the
falsity of the misrepresentation, i.e., scienter; (3) intent to induce reliance on the
misrepresentation; (4) justifiable reliance; and (5) resulting damages. (Small v. Fritz
Companies, Inc. (2003) 30 Cal.4th 167, 173.) The same elements comprise a cause of
action for negligent misrepresentation, except there is no requirement of intent to induce
reliance. (Ibid.) In both causes of action, the plaintiff must plead with particularity that
he or she actually relied on the misrepresentation. (Mirkin v. Wasserman (1993) 5
Cal.4th 1082, 1088-1089.)” (Cadlo v. Owens-Illinois, Inc. (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 513,
519-520.) Moreover, there must be a causal connection between the misrepresentations
and the alleged damages resulting there from. (Alliance Mortgage Co. v. Rothwell (1995)
10 Cal.4th 1226, 1239.) All of these elements must be present for fraud to be found; the
absence of a single element is fatal to recovery. (Ach v. Finkelstein (1968) 264
Cal.App.2d 667.) In the absence of a fiduciary relationship (and none was alleged here),
recovery in a fraud action is limited to the actual damages suffered by the plaintiff.
(Salahutdin v. Valley of California, Inc. (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 555, 565.)
The trial court properly sustained the demurrer for failure to state a cause of action
based on fraud. As discussed above, the fraud allegations were deficient due to Heller’s
inability to articulate how he suffered any damages as a result of the alleged
misrepresentation.
b. Breach of Contract.
To state a claim for breach of contract, the plaintiff must plead and prove “the
existence of a contract, [the plaintiff’s] performance of the contract or excuse for
nonperformance, the defendant’s breach, and resulting damage.” (Harris v. Rudin,
Richman & Appel (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 299, 307.) Again, the demurrer was sustained
based upon Heller’s inability to allege damages resulting from the alleged breach of
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contract. Because the complaint failed to allege a necessary element of a cause of action
for breach of contract, it was subject to demurrer.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Ralphs is awarded its costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
MINK, J.*
We concur:
TURNER, P.J.
MOSK, J.
*
Retired Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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