P. v. Escalona CA4/3 ( 2013 )

Filed 7/22/13 P. v. Escalona CA4/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, G046747
v. (Super. Ct. No. 10SF0012)
DANIEL ESCALONA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, M. Marc
Kelly, Judge. Affirmed.
Patrick Morgan Ford, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Melissa Mandel and
Warren Williams, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
* * *
Defendant Daniel Escalona appeals his felony convictions arising out of his
shooting Edgar Campos, contending his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
to the admission of Campos‟s earlier statements to law enforcement. We reject the
argument as the evidence was properly admitted and counsel has no obligation to raise
meritless objections.
I
FACTS
The issue raised by defendant does not require a full recitation of the facts.
The following suffices.
The district attorney filed an information in the Orange County Superior
Court charging defendant, Andy Castellanos, Michael Torres, and Edgar Caudillo with
the deliberate and premeditated attempted murder of Campos (Pen. Code,1 §§ 187, subd.
(a), 664, subd. (a); count one), assault with a firearm (§ 245, subd. (a)(2); count two), use
of force against a witness (§ 140, subd. (a); count three) and active participation in a
criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (a)). The information further alleged defendant
personally discharged a firearm, causing great bodily injury (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)),
personally used a firearm (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)), and personally inflicted great bodily
injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)). It also alleged the remaining defendants vicariously
discharged a firearm causing great bodily injury (§ 12022.53, subds. (d), (e)(1)) and were
vicariously armed with a firearm (§ 12022, subd. (a)(1)). Additionally, as to each
defendant, the information alleged counts one, two, and three were committed for the
benefit of a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)).2
1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
2 Castellanos, Torres, and Caudillo are not parties to this appeal.
2
Before the Shooting
Deputy Sheriff Ashraf Abdelmuti testified as a gang expert. He is familiar
with the Varrio Chico gang. He testified Varrio Chico had approximately 100 members
at the time of the charged offenses and its primary activities include murder, assault with
a deadly weapon, vehicle theft, and vandalism. The parties stipulated Varrio Chico
members have committed the requisite predicate acts required by section 186.22. Each of
the crimes were committed either by an active gang member or for the benefit of the
“Varrio Chico criminal street gang.” Abdelmuti concluded Jesus Canasales, Caudillo,
Torres, and defendant are active participants in the Varrio Chico gang, and that Campos
was an active participant in the gang until a few months prior his being shot.
On October 15, 2009, Investigator Patrick Rich responded to a gas station
in San Juan Capistrano in connection with a loaded gun found in a vehicle. Rich
questioned Edgar Campos, one of the individuals detained, about the firearm. Campos
said he, his brother, and a female had been picked up by another female and an individual
he identified as “Shadow.” Campos identified a photograph of Canasales as Shadow.
Campos said Canasales displayed a firearm during the drive to San Juan Capistrano and
showed the weapon to everyone in the vehicle. Canasales ran from the scene, but was
arrested later that day.
In November 2009, defendant and Debra Flores, the mother of Canasales‟s
daughter, visited Canasales in jail at Canasales‟s request. Flores knew the reason
Canasales had been arrested. During the visit, Canasales held up a police report to the
glass partition in the visiting booth. Although areas of the police report were “blacked-
out,” Flores could read some of the names in the report. Flores said the police report
showed that Campos was a “rat,” a person who informed on another gang member to the
police. According to Flores, a rat has to leave the gang and the neighborhood “or they
get hurt.”
3
In December 2009, Canasales pled guilty to felon in possession of a firearm
and active participation in a criminal street gang, Varrio Chico. The guilty pleas were
based on the October 15, 2009 incident.
The Shooting
On the evening of January 6, 2010, Flores returned home from work.
Defendant and the codefendants were at her residence. The four defendants left Flores‟s
residence about 6:00 p.m. Prior to leaving, they were “rowdy” and kept saying, “Let‟s
go.”
That same evening, Candy Lopez, a neighbor of Campos, saw Campos
walking his dogs. Lopez left her patio and walked in the direction toward where she had
seen Campos and his dogs. While she was still in front of her house, she saw some
seven- or eight-year-old children who said there were people looking for Campos. Lopez
went to find Campos to warn him, because she felt something bad was going to happen to
him. She knew Campos was not on good terms with Varrio Chico because she had been
told Campos gave police information about Canasales.
Lopez continued walking and saw Campos with his dogs. She saw
defendant, Torres, and Castellanos assault Campos while a fourth person “was just
standing there.” Campos fought back. Once the fighting stopped, Lopez heard Torres
say, “Just do it already.” Lopez, said she did not remember what happened next, but
admitted she told an investigator, defendant pulled a gun out of his pocket, “racked it,”
pointed the gun at Campos, and shot him one time. After the shot was fired, the
defendant, Torres, Castellanos, and the fourth person ran away.
Campos was taken to the emergency room at the San Clemente Hospital.
X-rays showed he had a bullet in his femur just above his knee. Campos was interviewed
at the hospital and identified the defendants, stating he was positive defendant was the
shooter.
4
Campos did not appear for trial despite having been subpoenaed. He was
arrested and brought to the trial. He denied that he associated with Varrio Chico. He
also claimed not to know Canasales and denied having been arrested with Canasales on
October 15, 2009. After reading the police report of the incident to refresh his
recollection, Campos said he remembered being detained and questioned about a gun.
He denied remembering telling the sheriff deputy that Canasales possessed the loaded
firearm. Campos also denied statements attributed to him while he was at the hospital.
He further denied knowing any of the defendants and said he did not remember them
being involved in his being shot. Without objection, the court permitted the prosecution
to introduce the recording of Abdelmuti‟s questioning of Campos at the hospital into
evidence, after finding Campos had been evasive in answering questions relating to
statements he made to the deputy.
The jury found defendant guilty of attempted voluntary manslaughter (§§
192, subd. (a), 664, subd. (a)) as a lesser included offense of attempted murder, and guilty
on counts two through four. The jury found each of the sentencing allegations in
connection with defendant true. The court sentenced defendant to 17 years in prison,
consisting of a four-year aggravated term on count two, plus consecutive terms of three
years on the great bodily injury enhancement and 10 years on the gang enhancement.
The court stayed the sentence on the remaining counts.
II
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends his counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the
introduction of Campos‟s recorded statement to the police. There is no merit to
defendant‟s position.
A. The Law Pertaining to Review of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims
A criminal defendant has a federal and state constitutional right to the
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effective assistance of counsel. (U.S. Const., 6th & 14th Amends; Cal. Const., art. I, §
15.) There is no substantive difference between the federal and state constitutional right.
(People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421.) “The right to counsel is a fundamental
right of criminal defendants; it assures the fairness, and thus the legitimacy, of our
adversary process. [Citation.] The essence of an ineffective-assistance claim is that
counsel‟s unprofessional errors so upset the adversarial balance between defense and
prosecution that the trial was rendered unfair and the verdict rendered suspect.
[Citations.]” (Kimmelman v. Morrison (1986) 477 U.S. 365, 374-375.) “To establish
ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must demonstrate that (1) counsel‟s
representation was deficient in falling below an objective standard of reasonableness
under prevailing professional norms, and (2) counsel‟s deficient representation subjected
the petitioner to prejudice, i.e., there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel‟s
failings, the result would have been more favorable to the petitioner. [Citations.]” (In re
Wilson (1992) 3 Cal.4th 945, 950, citing Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668,
687.)
The failure to object to evidence is generally considered a tactical decision
we do not second-guess. (People v. Castaneda (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1292, 1335.) When the
appellate record does not contain the reasons for counsel‟s action, we will reverse the
conviction based on ineffective assistance of counsel “only when the record demonstrates
there could have been no rational tactical purpose for counsel‟s challenged act or
omission. [Citations.]” (People v. Mesa (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 1000, 1007-1008; see
People v. Torres (1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 37, 48 [ineffective assistance of counsel claim
considered when “there simply could be no satisfactory explanation for counsel not
objecting to the proferred evidence”].)
B. Trial Counsel was not Ineffective
The court admitted Campos‟s recorded statement pursuant to Evidence
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Code section 1235: “Evidence of a statement made by a witness is not made
inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the statement is inconsistent with his testimony at the
hearing and is offered in compliance with Section 770.” Under section 770 of the
Evidence Code, evidence of an inconsistent statement is admissible only if: “(a) The
witness was so examined while testifying as to give him an opportunity to explain or
deny the statement; or [¶] (b) The witness has not been excused from giving further
testimony in the action.” The court implies the witness‟s statement is inconsistent with
his testimony when the “„witness‟s claim of lack of memory amounts to deliberate
evasion.‟” (People v. Ervin (2000) 22 Cal.4th 48, 84, italics omitted.)
Campos, who did not appear for trial despite having been subpoenaed,
testified only after he was arrested and brought to the trial. During the prosecutor‟s
questioning, Campos was evasive about statements he made to Abdelmuti at the hospital.
He repeatedly claimed not to remember statements attributed to him during that
encounter or statements made during his detention in October 2009, in connection with
the investigation of the loaded firearm found in a vehicle. For example, in addition to the
evasions set forth above, after reading from the transcript of his questioning at the
hospital, Campos denied remembering having made the statement that word was out on
the street that he had been “green-lighted” because he had informed on Canasales.3
Campos did admit that those who “rat” on gang members “get cracked.”
After finding Campos was evasive in responding to questions about the
interview at the hospital, the court permitted the prosecutor to play the recording of the
interview. We defer to the trial court‟s determination on the question of whether
Campos‟s purported lack of memory was a deliberate evasion (People v. Superior Court
(Jones) (1998) 18 Cal.4th 667, 690, fn. 2), but even a cold reading of the record would
lead to that conclusion. It was incontrovertibly evident Campos did not want to
3 Abdelmuti, the gang expert, said a “green light” means an individual has
been cleared to be assaulted or killed.
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incriminate defendant, notwithstanding his prior statements to police. Indeed, one of the
codefendant‟s counsel candidly admitted it was evident Campos was being willfully
evasive. The court did not err in admitting Campos‟s prior statements to police pursuant
to Evidence Code section 1235.
As the statement was properly admitted under Evidence Code section 1235
and defense counsel had an opportunity to cross-examine Campos afterward (Evid. Code,
§ 770), defense counsel was not ineffective in failing to object to the admission of the
evidence. Defense counsel is not ineffective “for failing to make meritless objections.”
(People v. Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal.4th 353, 463.)
Lastly, the fact that Campos was clearly being evasive did not deny
defendant his Sixth Amendment right to cross-examine. The mere fact that a witness
gave evasive answers does not give rise to a violation of the defendant‟s Sixth
Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel. (United States v. Cronic (1984) 466
U.S. 648, 660, fn. 26 [“generally no basis for finding a Sixth Amendment violation unless
the accused can show how specific errors of counsel undermined the reliability of the of
the finding of guilt”], italics added.)
IIII
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
MOORE, J.
WE CONCUR:
O‟LEARY, P. J.
IKOLA, J.
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