P. v. Croutch CA2/2 ( 2013 )

Filed 5/30/13 P. v. Croutch CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE, B237227
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. TA117513)
v.
MONTROUTCH CROUTCH,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. John T.
sDoyle, Judge. Affirmed.
Klapach & Klapach and Joseph S. Klapach, under appointment by the Court of
Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Lawrence M. Daniels, Lauren E.
Dana and Brendan Sullivan, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Defendant and appellant Montroutch Croutch (defendant) appeals from his
criminal threat and attempted criminal threat convictions. Defendant contends that the
trial court erred in failing to suspend the proceedings to determine his competence to
stand trial. He also assigns three instructional errors: instructing the jury with
CALCRIM No. 358; failing to instruct the jury regarding one of the elements of
attempted criminal threat; and in failing to give a jury instruction regarding voluntary
intoxication. Defendant further contends that his conviction of attempted criminal threat
was unsupported by substantial evidence; that the trial court erred in refusing to appoint
new counsel; that reversal is required due to the cumulative effect of the enumerated
errors; and defendant requests a review of the in camera Pitchess proceeding.1 We find
no merit to defendant’s assignments of error and no cumulative effect requiring reversal.
Our review of the in camera proceedings reveals no abuse of discretion. We thus affirm
the judgment.
BACKGROUND
1. Procedural history
Defendant was charged in count 1 with making criminal threats to Anthony
Jackson (Jackson) in violation of Penal Code section 4222 and charged in count 2 with
making attempted criminal threats to Los Angeles County Deputy Sheriff Mike Barraza
(Deputy Barraza) in violation of sections 664 and 422. The information alleged for
purposes of section 667, subdivision (a)(1), that defendant had suffered a prior serious or
violent felony conviction in 2005; and that defendant suffered a 2010 felony conviction
for which he served a prison term within the meaning of section 667.5, subdivision (b).
The trial court granted defendant’s pretrial Pitchess discovery motion, and after
conducting an in camera review of the documents the court found no discoverable
material.
1 See Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 (Pitchess); Penal Code
sections 832.7 and 832.8; Evidence Code sections 1043 through 1045.
2 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code, unless otherwise indicated.
2
The jury found defendant guilty of both counts as charged and found true the prior
conviction allegations. The trial court ordered a 90-day diagnostic study by the
Department of Corrections pursuant to section 1203.03. On November 9, 2011, the trial
court reviewed that report and sentenced defendant to a total prison term of six years four
months. The court struck the 2010 prior conviction alleged and imposed the low term of
16 months as to count 1, plus five years for the 2005 prior conviction alleged under
section 667, subdivision (a). As to count 2, the court imposed a concurrent low term
sentence of eight months and stayed the five-year enhancement. The court then imposed
mandatory fines and fees, ordered defendant to provide a DNA sample, and awarded
presentence custody credit totaling 440 days. Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal
from the judgment.
2. Prosecution evidence
Jackson testified he was a passenger on a crowded bus on April 4, 2011, when
defendant boarded at approximately 5:30 p.m. with two girls. As defendant walked past
Jackson’s seat he loudly joked about having oral sex with girls, using the term “giving
head” and other graphic language. Defendant continued to ramble in a loud voice while
he stood or moved about, approximately eight feet from Jackson. Jackson heard
defendant say something about getting a gun and meeting a friend. Defendant was
wearing an untucked loose fitting T-shirt so Jackson could not see defendant’s belt.
Defendant used slang words “cuz” and “blood” which Jackson associated with street
gangs. Jackson explained he lived in Long Beach where gang members were
everywhere. Jackson denied that he was frightened or nervous but observed that other
passengers appeared to be uncomfortable, including a woman passenger with two girls
who looked frightened. At the next stop everyone got off the bus without being told to do
so.
Jackson was a reluctant witness, and denied that he gave a different version of the
events to law enforcement or that he said that he had been in fear for his safety. Jackson
testified he possibly told law enforcement that defendant yelled that he had a gun while
gesturing toward his waist.
3
Deputy Barraza was assigned to the Transit Services Bureau at the time of the
incident. At 5:30 p.m. he arrived at the bus stop where he interviewed several people,
including Jackson. Most of the passengers Deputy Barraza contacted refused to provide
information or their names. Jackson appeared to be nervous and anxious, and told
Deputy Barraza that defendant had made eye contact with Jackson from the back of the
bus and yelled that he had a gun and was going to shoot Jackson. Deputy Barraza asked
Jackson whether he was in fear for his safety and Jackson replied that he was in fear and
that was the reason he got off the bus. At the preliminary hearing, Jackson told Deputy
Barraza that he was afraid of retaliation by gang members and wanted to testify
anonymously.
Bus driver Jameela Clark (Clark) testified that while defendant was a passenger on
the bus he made loud rude comments, such as saying to a young female passenger
wearing a school uniform, “Oh, you look delicious. I’ll eat you up.” The girl looked
offended, said she was a minor, and told defendant not to talk to her like that. Clark also
heard defendant say, “I’m strapped” and “I’m Cuban” to no one in particular. Clark
feared that her life was in danger when she heard someone say, “Oh, my God. He’s got a
gun.” In response she called dispatch to summon the police. When Clark stopped the
bus, she and the other passengers disembarked. The police soon arrived and detained
defendant.
Deputy Barraza testified that before he transported defendant to the station, he
read defendant his Miranda rights, which defendant said he understood and waived.3 It
appeared to Deputy Barraza that defendant was intoxicated, as defendant smelled of
alcohol and had urinated on himself. When Deputy Barraza told defendant he was under
arrest for making criminal threats to people on the bus, defendant became enraged,
cursed, and looking directly at the deputy yelled: “If I really had a fucking gun, I’d blow
your fucking head off. And once you take these fucking handcuffs off, I’m going to kick
your ass.”
3 See Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436, 444-445.
4
Deputy Barraza knew that defendant did not have a gun as he had searched him
before placing him in the patrol car; but defendant’s threat to assault him caused the
deputy to fear that he would not be safe during the booking process. Deputy Barraza
explained that he worked without a partner and was usually alone with suspects during
booking, which required the removal the suspect’s handcuffs. Deputy Barraza was
always nervous taking handcuffs off suspects, knowing they might become assaultive,
and on this occasion defendant’s threat caused him to fear for his safety. Also, Deputy
Barraza was afraid that when he opened the door of the patrol car to remove defendant,
defendant would assault him while still handcuffed, such as by kicking or head-butting
Deputy Barraza. Deputy Barraza is five feet seven inches tall and thought defendant was
approximately six feet tall.
Because of the credible threat, Deputy Barraza notified his sergeant about
defendant’s behavior and threats and asked for a supervisor to be present during booking.
The drive to the station took 10 minutes, and although defendant had calmed down by the
time Deputy Barraza uncuffed him, the deputy was still in fear for his safety as he knew
that even a calm suspect could become assaultive in an instant.
3. Defense evidence
Defendant testified that he boarded the bus alone. He denied threatening to shoot
people or yelling at anyone, claiming that he said nothing to anyone and that he fell
asleep once on the bus. He denied saying he had a gun, adding “That’s crazy” and “I
don’t have anything like that.” Defendant claimed he slept until the bus stopped and an
officer woke him up to speak about an open container ticket. Defendant testified that he
had not been drinking and did not urinate on himself. When he told the officer he had not
been drinking, the officer said, “I’m going to arrest you anyway.”
Defendant gave a rambling account of his ride in the patrol car: the officer drove
around, stopped twice, and pretended to write on an envelope; after defendant asked him
“like eight hundred times” what he was doing, the officer “started looking at [defendant]
like crazy, making his eyes big, looking mean”; defendant then said to him, “‘Man, what
are you doing?’” and “‘You talking about an open container’”; the officer looked “mad”
5
and said “terrorist threat”; defendant then turned around said nothing more, but thought to
himself that asking what he was doing was not a terrorist threat; then the officer took him
to jail. Defendant denied that he ever threatened the deputy or that he ever became angry,
claiming that he was merely curious; but defendant admitted that he yelled when the
deputy gave defendant “the crazy eye thing” and said “terrorist threat.”
Once booked, defendant expected to be released after receiving an open container
ticket, but a woman transferred him from one cell to another. This made him “mad” but
“not mad”; the woman told him to calm down because they were “getting [his] little
ticket right now.” He was thinking that he had to use the phone and that “these people
are crazy.”
When the prosecutor attempted to impeach defendant with his 2005 conviction, a
previous violation of section 422, defendant claimed he did not know whether he had
been convicted, but he remembered spending a long time in jail. Defendant denied
having a criminal history and claimed the felony vandalism charge in 2009 was based on
breaking his father’s doorknob. Defendant admitted that he was convicted in 2010 of
receiving stolen property, but explained that the refrigerator magnets had not been
reported stolen and he did not have any “paperwork” or anything.
DISCUSSION
I. Competence to stand trial
Defendant contends the trial court was presented with sufficient evidence to raise a
reasonable doubt regarding defendant’s mental competence and was thus required to
suspend the proceedings and determine his competence to stand trial.
“A person cannot be tried or adjudged to punishment while that person is mentally
incompetent.” (§ 1367, subd. (a).) A defendant’s trial while incompetent violates state
law and federal due process guarantees. (People v. Ary (2011) 51 Cal.4th 510, 513; see
Pate v. Robinson (1966) 383 U.S. 375, 385.) A person is incompetent to stand trial if he
lacks “‘“a sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of
rational understanding -- and . . . a rational as well as a factual understanding of the
proceedings against him.”’ [Citations.]” (People v. Rogers (2006) 39 Cal.4th 826, 846-
6
847 (Rogers), quoting Dusky v. United States (1960) 362 U.S. 402, 402; see also Drope
v. Missouri (1975) 420 U.S. 162, 171.)
A trial court must “suspend trial proceedings and conduct a competency hearing
whenever the court is presented with substantial evidence of incompetence, that is,
evidence that raises a reasonable or bona fide doubt concerning the defendant’s
competence to stand trial. [Citation.]” (Rogers, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 847; §§ 1367,
1368.) The court must act sua sponte if necessary. (People v. Howard (1992) 1 Cal.4th
1132, 1163.) “A trial court’s decision whether or not to hold a competence hearing is
entitled to deference, because the court has the opportunity to observe the defendant
during trial. [Citations.]” (Rogers, at p. 847.) An appellate court is generally “‘“in no
position to appraise a defendant’s conduct in the trial court as indicating insanity, a
calculated attempt to feign insanity and delay the proceedings, or sheer temper.”’
[Citations.]” (People v. Marshall (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1, 33.)
Defendant contends that the trial court was presented with substantial evidence of
his incompetence throughout the proceedings. Defendant points to his rambling,
disjointed, nonresponsive, contradictory testimony and comments, some suggesting
paranoia and delusional thinking. For example, he never wavered from his implausible
claim that he merely asked the deputy what he was doing and that he was innocent of
prior convictions; the trial court noted that defendant looked confused at one hearing;
defendant asked for a restraining order against the victim; defendant laughed
inappropriately when he claimed that he was curious by his arrest but not angry and
attempted to imitate the deputy’s “crazy eyes”; he claimed that the deputy pretended to
write on an envelope; he believed that a woman jailer told him he would be released with
a ticket; and he said that the judge had been treating him unfairly for 15 years. Finally,
defendant notes that after the verdicts were reached, the trial court acknowledged “some
mental issues” and ordered an evaluation by the Department of Corrections. The
evaluating psychologist for the Department of Corrections concluded that defendant
7
showed signs of a possible mental disorder, and noted (without the records4) that in 2010
defendant had been found incompetent to stand trial until completing a four-month stay at
Patton State Hospital.
“[A] defendant must exhibit more than bizarre, paranoid behavior, strange words,
or a preexisting psychiatric condition that has little bearing on the question of whether the
defendant can assist his defense counsel. [Citations.]” (People v. Ramos (2004) 34
Cal.4th 494, 508.) For example, a defendant’s “paranoid distrust of the judicial system”
does not suffice. (People v. Welch (1999) 20 Cal.4th 701, 742 [belief that counsel was in
league with the prosecution]); People v. Davis (1995) 10 Cal.4th 463, 525 [defendant
believed he was “railroaded”]; People v. Marshall, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 33 [belief that
“the President and Governor were conspiring against him”].) Further, although
delusional claims may indicate mental incompetence, they may simply evidence a
proclivity to exaggerate and digress in argument, and do “not necessarily mean that a
defendant lacks a rational and factual understanding of the proceedings, the basic
criterion for competency. [Citation.]” (People v. Koontz (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1041, 1073,
citing Dusky v. United States, supra, 362 U.S. at p. 402.)
Although defendant’s behavior exhibited some mental disturbance, we do not find
that defendant’s behavior presented substantial evidence of incompetence to stand trial.
Because the evidence of defendant’s prior commitment and existing mental health issues
was not before the court, it could not have raised a doubt as to his competence to stand
trial. (See Rogers, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 847.) Further, the absence of any indication by
defense counsel that defendant was unable to understand or consult with counsel
rationally, although not dispositive, was significant as defense counsel “is in the best
position to evaluate whether the defendant is able to participate meaningfully in the
4 We granted defendant’s request to take judicial notice of the records of
defendant’s commitment to Patton State Hospital. However, our review is limited to
evidence and matters before the trial court. (See People v. Elliott (2012) 53 Cal.4th 535,
583; Rogers, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 847.) We thus do not consider the contents of the
records as they were not before the trial court.
8
proceedings. [Citation.]” (Rogers, at p. 848; cf. People v. Blair (2005) 36 Cal.4th 686,
716.)
At the sentencing hearing, the trial court had before it the psychological evaluation
conducted pursuant to section 1203.03, but that evaluation was not made for the purpose
of determining defendant’s competence and the psychologist gave no opinion in that
regard. Although the psychologist reported that defendant had been found incompetent
to stand trial in a 2010 case and had spent four months in Patton State Hospital, we find it
significant that defense counsel again did not dispute defendant’s competence. We
conclude that the prior psychiatric commitment was insufficient evidence, even coupled
with paranoid and delusional behavior, to require the trial court to suspend the
proceedings for a competency hearing. (See People v. Ramos, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p.
508.) We thus defer to the trial court’s observations and find no substantial evidence of
defendant’s incompetence to stand trial.
II. CALCRIM No. 358
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in reading CALCRIM No. 358 to the
jury.
The court instructed:
“You have heard evidence that the defendant made oral statements
before the trial. You must decide whether defendant made any of those
statements in whole or in part. If you decide that the defendant made such
statements, consider the statements, along with all of the other evidence in
reaching your verdict. It is up to you to decide how much importance to
give to the statements. Consider with caution any statement made by the
defendant tending to show his guilt unless the statement was written or
otherwise recorded.”
“When the evidence warrants, the court must instruct the jury sua sponte to view
evidence of a defendant’s oral admissions or confession with caution. [Citations.]”
People v. Dickey (2005) 35 Cal.4th 884, 905.) The cautionary instruction applies broadly
“to any oral statement of the defendant, whether made before, during, or after the crime.”
(People v. Carpenter (1997) 15 Cal.4th 312, 393.)
9
Defendant contends that the evidence of his statements came within the exception
enunciated for criminal threats in People v. Zichko (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 1055, 1058-
1059 (Zichko). In Zichko, Division Six of this court acknowledged the trial court’s sua
sponte duty to give CALJIC No. 2.71, which instructs the jury to view evidence of a
defendant’s oral admissions with caution. (Zichko, supra, at p. 1058.) However, the
court rejected the defendant’s contention that the trial court erred by failing to instruct
with CALJIC No. 2.71, explaining that the words of a criminal threat do not meet the
distinct definition of “admission” as “an acknowledgment, declaration or concession of a
fact or action that tends to prove guilt or from which guilt may be inferred. [Citations.]”
(Zichko, at p. 1059.) Instead, the court reasoned, the words of a criminal threat constitute
the crime itself, not an admission, which is a statement “that acknowledges something
tending to prove guilt.” (Ibid.) Upon concluding that it was not error to omit an
instruction to view the threatening statements with caution, the Zichko court added that
“instructing the jury with CALJIC No. 2.71 in this case would have been inconsistent
with the reasonable doubt standard of proof” because “[it] could have misled the jury into
believing that it could find Zichko guilty even if it did not conclude beyond a reasonable
doubt that the statements were made, as long as the jury exercised ‘caution’ in making its
determination.” (Zichko, at p. 1060.)
Defendant contends that the Zichko court’s reasoning is “squarely on point” and
compels reversal here. Defendant also contends that the trial court further misled the jury
regarding the reasonable doubt standard by including the sentence, “It is up to you to
decide how much importance to give to the statements.” Respondent disagrees and
suggests that Zichko was wrongly decided.
We need not agree or disagree with the reasoning of Zichko as it is not “squarely
on point” or on point at all, but distinguishable. In Zichko the asserted error was the
omission of a cautionary instruction, whereas here defendant complains that one was
given. Moreover, here several of defendant’s statements did not constitute the criminal
threat or attempted criminal threat, as in Zichko. For example, defendant made
statements tending to prove that he was not asleep and that his victim’s fear was
10
reasonable, such as, “I’m strapped,” “I’m Cuban,” and sexual comments to a minor
passenger and other comments to all passengers in general.
Defendant did not object to the court giving CALCRIM No. 385, and although
defendant made several statements that were not the words of the threat or attempted
threat, defendant did not ask to limit the instruction to the nonthreatening words; nor did
he ask the court to eliminate the sentence, “It is up to you to decide how much
importance to give to the statements.” He has thus forfeited his challenge to the
instruction. (See People v. Coffman and Marlow (2004) 34 Cal.4th 1, 122.)
Regardless of whether it was error, no prejudice appears. Defendant contends that
prejudice is shown by the trial court’s instruction that proof must be beyond a reasonable
doubt “unless I specifically tell you otherwise.” Defendant then refers to the sentence in
CALCRIM No. 358, “It is up to you to decide how much importance to give to the
statements” and concludes that because the two instructions are confusing when read
together, the jury might have considered the sentence to be a specific instruction that the
jury was free to apply its own standard of proof and disregard the reasonable doubt
standard.
“It is fundamental that jurors are presumed to be intelligent and capable of
understanding and applying the court’s instructions. [Citation.]” (People v. Gonzales
(2011) 51 Cal.4th 894, 940.) There is no reasonable likelihood that the jury interpreted
“unless I specifically tell you otherwise” to mean a confusing suggestion that it could
ignore the prosecution’s burden of proof. (Italics added.) This is particularly so when
other instructions are considered. In addition to instructing the jury that it was the
prosecution’s burden to prove each element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt
(CALCRIM No. 220), the court instructed the jury to consider all the instructions
together and to be aware that some of the instructions might not be applicable
(CALCRIM No. 200). Further, the court instructed on the elements of both criminal
threats and an attempted crime with CALCRIM Nos. 460 and 1300. We conclude no
rational jury would have interpreted CALCRIM No. 358 as lowering the prosecution’s
burden of proof.
11
Finally, no prejudice resulted because the purpose of CALCRIM No. 358 was to
benefit defendant. “‘The purpose of the cautionary instruction is to assist the jury in
determining if the statement was in fact made.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Carpenter, supra,
15 Cal.4th at p. 393.) It could not have harmed defendant to warn the jury that before
considering the words of a statement it should determine whether the statement was
actually made. We conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the instruction did not
contribute to the verdict and thus that any error in reading it would be harmless under any
standard. (See Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24; People v. Watson (1956)
46 Cal.2d 818, 836.)
III. Attempted criminal threat instruction
Defendant contends that the trial court failed to instruct the jury on all elements of
an attempted criminal threat. In particular, defendant contends that the trial court was
required to instruct the jury that the attempted threat against Deputy Barraza would have
caused a reasonable person to experience sustained fear.
“The trial court must instruct even without request on the general principles of law
relevant to and governing the case. [Citation.] That obligation includes instructions on
all of the elements of a charged offense. [Citation.]” (People v. Cummings (1993) 4
Cal.4th 1233, 1311.) “[J]ury instructions relieving the prosecution of the burden of
proving beyond a reasonable doubt each element of the charged offense violate the
defendant’s due process rights under the federal Constitution. [Citations.]” (People v.
Flood (1998) 18 Cal.4th 470, 491.)
A completed criminal threat is a statement, willfully made with the specific intent
that it be taken as a threat to commit a crime which will result in death or great bodily
injury to another person “even if there is no intent of actually carrying it out, which, on
its face and under the circumstances in which it is made, is so unequivocal,
unconditional, immediate, and specific as to convey to the person threatened, a gravity of
purpose and an immediate prospect of execution of the threat, and thereby causes that
person reasonably to be in sustained fear for his or her own safety.” (§ 422.)
12
“An attempt to commit a crime consists of two elements: a specific intent to
commit the crime, and a direct but ineffectual act done toward its commission.” (§ 21a.)
In the context of criminal threats, section 21a means that “a defendant properly may be
found guilty of attempted criminal threat whenever, acting with the specific intent to
commit the offense of criminal threat, the defendant performs an act that goes beyond
mere preparation and indicates that he or she is putting a plan into action.” (People v.
Toledo (2001) 26 Cal.4th 221, 230-231 (Toledo).) The Supreme Court found that the
crime of attempted criminal threat was not so broad as to punish speech where the
defendant has engaged in all the conduct that would amount to a completed criminal
threat, but some fortuity out of the defendant’s control has prevented its completion. (Id.
at pp. 233-234.)
The court gave three examples of the most common circumstances that would
justify a conviction of attempted criminal threats: “[1] a defendant takes all steps
necessary to perpetrate the completed crime of criminal threat by means of a written
threat, but the crime is not completed only because the written threat is intercepted before
delivery to the threatened person . . .[;] [2] a defendant, with the requisite intent, orally
makes a sufficient threat directly to the threatened person, but for some reason the
threatened person does not understand the threat . . .[; and 3] a defendant, again acting
with the requisite intent, makes a sufficient threat that is received and understood by the
threatened person, but, for whatever reason, the threat does not actually cause the
threatened person to be in sustained fear for his or her safety even though, under the
circumstances, that person reasonably could have been placed in such fear . . . .” (Toledo,
supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 231, second italics added; see also pp. 232-234.)
Here the trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM 460 (in pertinent part),
regarding attempted crimes in general, modified to read: “One, the defendant took a
direct but ineffective step toward committing the criminal threats; and two, the defendant
intended to commit criminal threats.” The trial court then instructed: “To decide
whether the defendant intended to commit criminal threats, please refer to the separate
instruction . . . on that crime.” After reading CALCRIM No. 460, the court immediately
13
read a modified CALCRIM No. 1300, which set forth the elements of a completed
criminal threat in the context of this case. To explain the element that the victim was
“reasonably . . . in sustained fear” (§ 422), the court instructed the jury that it must find
that “the threat actually caused [Jackson] to be in sustained fear for his own safety [and
that his] fear was reasonable under the circumstances.”
Defendant contends that it was not enough for the court to refer to the elements of
a completed criminal threat to determine specific intent, but was required to expressly
and separately instruct the jury that the attempted threat was one that could reasonably
have caused Deputy Barraza to experience sustained fear under the circumstances.
Defendant relies on People v. Jackson (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 590 (Jackson), which
interpreted comments in Toledo as requiring the trial court to instruct the jury that, to
convict the defendant of attempted criminal threat, it must find that “the intended threat
reasonably could have caused sustained fear under the circumstances.” (Jackson, at pp.
598-599, citing Toledo, supra, 26 Cal.4th at pp. 230-231, 233)5
Respondent contends that Jackson’s reasoning was flawed, and that in any case, it
is distinguishable and does not support a reversal in this case. We need not pass
judgment on Jackson’s reasoning; assuming for present purposes that Jackson was
correctly decided, we agree that this case is distinguishable and that reversal is not
required here.
As respondent notes, the Jackson court examined counsel’s arguments and found
that they “did not fill the gap.” (Jackson, supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at p. 599.) Discussion
by counsel in closing argument may cure failure to instruct as to an element of the crime.
(See, e.g., People v. Proctor (1992) 4 Cal.4th 499, 534; People v. Wade (1988) 44 Cal.3d
975, 994.) Here, in contrast to Jackson, the prosecutor told the jury in closing argument
to decide whether Deputy Barraza was reasonable in his fear. Referring to defendant’s
5 The correctness of Jackson’s interpretation of Toledo’s comments is currently
pending before the California Supreme Court in People v. Chandler (2012) 211
Cal.App.4th 114, review granted February 13, 2013, S207542.
14
statement that “when the handcuffs come off ‘I’m going to kick your fucking ass,’” the
prosecutor said, “That’s something a reasonable person would be afraid of. Whether you
think Deputy Barraza was reasonable in that situation is up to you to decide.”6 Defense
counsel argued that Deputy Barraza lied when he claimed fear and that “if he was, it’s not
reasonable that a deputy, a trained deputy, would be scared in that situation.” Assuming
the trial court was required to instruct the jury that it must find that a sustained fear would
be reasonable under the circumstances, we conclude that the jury was well informed of its
duty to find that defendant’s threat could reasonably have caused sustained fear.
Not only was the omission cured, it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
(See Chapman v. California, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24.) The evidence that defendant’s
threat could reasonably have caused sustained fear under the circumstances was
overwhelming. Defendant, a much larger person than Deputy Barraza, was hostile,
intoxicated, and enraged. Deputy Barraza was working alone and knew he would have to
remove defendant’s handcuffs knowing that suspects sometimes became assaultive even
after they appear to have calmed. Deputy Barraza did in fact fear for his own safety and
took precautions to protect himself by requesting the presence of a supervisor during
booking.
Defendant argues that the threat was too “outlandish” to be taken seriously; and
that no trained law enforcement officer armed with a firearm, a baton, mace, and a stun
gun would reasonably fear that a suspect would cause him physical harm, particularly
since the suspect was physically unable to carry out the threat at the moment he made it
and had calmed down by the time he reached the station. We disagree. First, the threat
was not outlandish, as suspects are known to become assaultive. Second, an immediate
ability to carry out the threat is not an element of the crime when the threat is conditioned
upon a future event. (See People v. Lopez (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 675, 679.) Further, the
6 Defendant contends that the prosecutor negated these statements by incorrectly
suggesting that the victim of an attempted criminal threat need not have been afraid.
Defendant’s argument is unpersuasive, as one of the examples of attempted criminal
threats suggested by the California Supreme Court was a threat that did not actually cause
the victim to be afraid. (See Toledo, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 231.)
15
threat caused Deputy Barraza to fear that defendant would assault him with defendant’s
feet or head even before the handcuffs were removed. Finally, it is not seriously arguable
that Deputy Barraza would consider deploying any of his weapons before removing
defendant’s handcuffs or taking him from the patrol car.
Thus there was ample reasonable cause for Deputy Barraza to fear that a large,
belligerent man could deliver a harmful blow in the few seconds either before or after the
handcuffs were removed. The evidence cited by defendant does not rationally lead to a
finding that the circumstances would not reasonably instill fear in the person threatened.
We thus conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the omission of a formal jury
instruction with regard to reasonable fear did not contribute to the verdict. (See Neder v.
United States (1999) 527 U.S. 1, 19.)
IV. Substantial evidence of attempted criminal threat
Defendant contends that his conviction of attempted criminal threat was
unsupported by substantial evidence.
When a criminal conviction is challenged as lacking evidentiary support, “the
court must review the whole record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to
determine whether it discloses substantial evidence -- that is, evidence which is
reasonable, credible, and of solid value -- such that a reasonable trier of fact could find
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” (People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d
557, 578; see also Jackson v. Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 318-319.) We must presume
in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the jury could reasonably deduce
from the evidence. (People v. Kraft (2000) 23 Cal.4th 978, 1053.) We do not reweigh
the evidence or resolve conflicts in the evidence. (People v. Young (2005) 34 Cal.4th
1149, 1181.) Reversal on a substantial evidence ground “is unwarranted unless it appears
‘that upon no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support [the
conviction].’ [Citation.]” (People v. Bolin (1998) 18 Cal.4th 297, 331.)
First, defendant contends that the circumstances were not such that a reasonable
person would experience sustained fear as a result of the threat, and he repeats his
arguments made in relation to his claim that the omission of a jury instruction regarding
16
reasonable fear was prejudicial. As we concluded in the previous section that
overwhelming evidence established otherwise, it follows that such evidence was
substantial. We thus turn directly to defendant’s contention that his threat to assault
Deputy Barraza once his handcuffs were removed did not convey an “immediate prospect
of execution of the threat” as required for a conviction under section 422.
A threat to commit a crime that will result in great bodily injury is not criminal
unless it conveys “an immediate prospect of execution of the threat.” (§ 422.) Defendant
argues at length that he could not have immediately assaulted defendant while handcuffed
in the back of a police car separated by a steel screen from the heavily armed deputy.
Defendant correctly deduces that he could not have immediately carried out his threat.
However, when a threat is conditioned upon a future event such as the removal of
handcuffs, the requirement of section 422 that the threat convey an “immediate prospect
of execution” does not mean that the defendant must have an immediate ability to carry it
out. (People v. Lopez, supra, 74 Cal.App.4th at p. 679.) Further, the specific intent
required by section 422 is not necessarily an intent to immediately carry out the
threatened crime; it is an intent that the victim receive and understand the threat. (People
v. Wilson (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 789, 806.) Nor must the threat “communicate a time or
precise manner of execution.” (Ibid.)
When a threat is conditional, the term “immediate prospect of execution” denotes
“that degree of seriousness and imminence which is understood by the victim to be
attached to the future prospect of the threat being carried out . . . .” (People v. Melhado
(1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1529, 1538, fn. omitted.) And when the words of a threat are
equivocal, ambiguous, or conditional, the intent that the words be taken as a threat must
be determined from all the surrounding circumstances. (People v. Butler (2000) 85
Cal.App.4th 745, 753-755.)
Defendant contends that the circumstances of this case are analogous to those of In
re Ricky T. (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 1132 (Ricky T.), where the minor student reacted by
“mouthing off” after his teacher accidently hit him while opening the classroom door, and
told the teacher that he was going to “get him” or “kick [his] ass.” (Id. at pp. 1135-1136,
17
1140.) The appellate court found the threat did not sufficiently convey an immediate
prospect of execution as demonstrated by evidence that the police were not called until
the following day and then the police did not interview the student until one week later.
(Id. at pp. 1135, 1138.)
The circumstances are not analogous; the only similarity is that defendant and the
minor in Ricky T. were both angry and threatened to “kick [the] ass” of the person to
whom the threat was directed. (Ricky T., supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1135-1136.) A
threat cannot be judged on words alone. (People v. Bolin, supra, 18 Cal.4th at pp. 339-
340.) In Ricky T. the minor was not violent or physically aggressive and had no history
of disagreements, prior quarrels, or even hostile words with the teacher. (Ricky T., supra,
at p. 1138.) Here in contrast, defendant had already demonstrated hostility and
belligerence, frightening Jackson, the bus driver, and the other passengers by his
behavior, and he became enraged when Deputy Barraza told him he was under arrest for
making criminal threats. Defendant’s threat was not a simple angry reaction to being
suddenly hit by a door, and Deputy Barraza did not wait a day or a week to take
precautions for his own safety.
The drive to the station took 10 minutes; thus Deputy Barraza feared defendant
would assault him while exiting the patrol car or soon after that, during booking. The
evidence sufficiently established that defendant’s threat conveyed “that degree of
seriousness and imminence” understood by Deputy Barraza “to be attached to the future
prospect of the threat being carried out” to satisfy the immediacy element of section 422.
(People v. Melhado, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th at p. 1538.)
V. Voluntary intoxication instruction
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury to
consider whether voluntary intoxication affected his intent that his words be taken as a
threat. A threat is not criminal unless it is made with the specific intent that it be taken as
a threat. (§ 422.) In some circumstances voluntary intoxication may affect a
“defendant’s ‘actual formation of specific intent.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Williams
(1997) 16 Cal.4th 635, 677.)
18
Defendant suggests that the court was required to give such an instruction absent
any request so long as there was substantial evidence to support its reading. He is
mistaken. “It is well settled that ‘[a]n instruction on the significance of voluntary
intoxication is a “pinpoint” instruction that the trial court is not required to give unless
requested by the defendant.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Verdugo (2010) 50 Cal.4th 263,
295.) Thus it is the defendant’s burden to raise a defense based upon voluntary
intoxication, present substantial evidence to support it, and then to request the appropriate
instruction. (People v. Saille (1991) 54 Cal.3d 1103, 1117-1120.)
Defendant did not raise voluntary intoxication as a defense in the trial court.
Defense counsel did not mention intoxication in closing argument and the theory was not
supported by substantial evidence. Deputy Barraza testified that defendant appeared to
be intoxicated, based upon the deputy’s observation that defendant was unable to stand
on his own, smelled of alcohol, and had urinated on himself. However, if voluntary
intoxication had been a defense theory, it is unlikely that the trial court would have given
the instruction on request, as mere intoxication without evidence of its affect on the
defendant’s mental state is insufficient to support such an instruction. (See People v.
Williams (1997) 16 Cal.4th 635, 677; People v. Ivans (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 1654, 1661.)
Defendant points to Jackson’s opinion that defendant was engaged in “idiot
behavior” reflecting a “high school” mentality, and suggests that the jury could have
concluded that his statements on the bus were drunken boasts. Defendant suggests that
the jury could have concluded that the outburst in the patrol car was mere “venting” over
discomfort caused by sitting in his own urine and thus not intended to be taken as threats.
Any such conclusions would have been speculative given there was no evidence
regarding the quantity of alcohol consumed, his degree of intoxication, or how it actually
affected defendant’s thought processes. Moreover, defendant testified that he had not
been drinking that day and when he thought he was being arrested for having an open
container, he told the deputy he had not been drinking. Defendant also denied having
urinated on himself.
19
In any event, had the court erroneously refused the instruction, the error would be
harmless. The erroneous failure to give a voluntary intoxication instruction is “‘subject
to the usual standard for state law error: “the court must reverse only if it also finds a
reasonable probability the error affected the verdict adversely to defendant.” [Citation.]’
[Citation.]” (People v. Letner and Tobin (2010) 50 Cal.4th 99, 187; see People v.
Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836.) As defendant denied consuming alcohol and did not
claim that alcohol affected his intent or other mental state, and as there was no evidence
of the degree of defendant’s intoxication or even how much he may have consumed, a
result more favorable to defendant was not reasonably probable.
VI. Marsden motion
Defendant contends that the court erroneously denied his two motions to replace
appointed counsel pursuant to People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118 (Marsden).
Quoting from People v. Clark (2011) 52 Cal.4th 856, 912 (Clark), defendant contends
that he and defense counsel had become so “‘embroiled in such an irreconcilable conflict
that ineffective representation was likely to result [citation].’ [Citations.]”
In Clark, the California Supreme Court summarized the settled principles that
guide the resolution of defendant’s claim that the trial court erroneously denied a
Marsden motion: “Once a defendant is afforded an opportunity to state his or her reasons
for seeking to discharge an appointed attorney, the decision whether or not to grant a
motion for substitution of counsel lies within the discretion of the trial judge. The court
does not abuse its discretion in denying a Marsden motion ‘“unless the defendant has
shown that a failure to replace counsel would substantially impair the defendant’s right to
assistance of counsel.”’ [Citations.] Substantial impairment of the right to counsel can
occur when the appointed counsel is providing inadequate representation or when ‘the
defendant and the attorney have become embroiled in such an irreconcilable conflict that
ineffective representation is likely to result [citation].’ [Citations.]” (Clark, supra, 52
Cal.4th at p. 912.)
On two occasions, defendant was given ample opportunity to express his
dissatisfaction with counsel, and defendant does not contend that the trial court’s inquiry
20
was inadequate. During a pretrial hearing, defendant told the trial court that he was
“sorta” having a problem with his attorney and “thought it would be best if [he] would
get a new public defender.” Defendant explained that he was “surprised that somebody
said [he] didn’t commit a crime on the stand under oath.”
The court then conducted an in camera Marsden hearing in which defendant
claimed that an officer and a witness said that he had not committed the crime of criminal
threat. Defendant then complained that his conviction of receiving stolen property had
been based upon property that had not been reported stolen. He also claimed that his
attorney did not want to hear his side of the story, adding, “I thought I would have been
out of jail sooner if he would have listened to me.” Defendant explained there had been
no threat, and the officer became angry and made up the story. The court explained that
defense counsel had filed a Pitchess motion alleging that what the officers claimed to
have happened did not happen, that the court would hear the case next week, and that
defense counsel would represent defendant but had no power to dismiss the case.
Asked whether defendant had other complaints about his attorney, he replied: “I
mean, frankly, . . . I just felt that I needed a new public defender because they was [sic]
switching the public defenders, so I was trying to just have a public defender that hears
me out, that can come in the courtroom and carry it out.” The court questioned defense
counsel, who responded that he was the same counsel who represented defendant at the
preliminary hearing. The court then explained arraignment and preliminary hearing
procedure, told defendant that counsel had defended him at the preliminary hearing, and
that it was the judge who heard the case and found enough evidence to go forward.
Defendant asked, “Are they going to present this evidence that they’re talking about?”
The court explained the trial procedure, adding:
“The prosecutor is going to put forward the case similar to the one
they did at the preliminary hearing, but your lawyer is still investigating the
case. Obviously, he’s filed this motion, and he will defend it. I know that
he’s a good lawyer. I’ve seen him in trial. He does a good job. He’s
fulfilling his ethical obligations. . . . He’s complying with the Rules of
Professional Conduct and the Business and Profession[s] Code. Your
motion is denied.”
21
Before a different judge on the first day of trial, after an unreported discussion,
defense counsel stated, “This is becoming a Marsden hearing, your Honor.” When the
trial court asked defendant whether he was making a request to relieve defense counsel,
defendant replied, “Um, I mean basically to me there’s no case.” The court asked, “Are
you trying to get me to fire Mr. Hoffman so you can get another lawyer?” Defendant
replied, “I mean, basically that’s real irrelevant. The other judge already told me . . . that
I couldn’t do such a thing.” The court told him he had the right to make the motion at
any time, and asked defendant again whether he wanted to go to trial with this lawyer.
After the court answered defendant’s questions about the trial, the charges, and the
evidence, defendant made the same complaint as before: “[T]his guy didn’t want to hear
my story at all.” Defendant said that counsel did not give him “paperwork” regarding
restraining orders or obtain a restraining order against the victim, and he again
complained about the preliminary hearing testimony. Counsel explained that the only
restraining order was one issued by the magistrate at the close of the preliminary hearing
to protect Jackson, who had testified at the hearing. The court did not conduct an in
camera Marsden hearing.
Defendant has not met his burden to show an abuse of discretion, as none of his
complaints indicated to the court “‘“that a failure to replace counsel would substantially
impair the defendant’s right to assistance of counsel.”’ [Citations.]” (Clark, supra, 52
Cal.4th at p. 912.) Tactical disagreements and a defendant’s lack of trust in his attorney
do not establish an irreconcilable conflict requiring removal of appointed counsel unless
it appears that counsel’s representation is inadequate or incompetent or there is a
complete breakdown in the attorney-client relationship. (People v. Jackson (2009) 45
Cal.4th 662, 688) A breakdown in the relationship is not demonstrated by the
defendant’s own unreasonable attitude and refusal to cooperate; and “‘[a] trial court is not
required to conclude that an irreconcilable conflict exists if the defendant has not made a
sustained good faith effort to work out any disagreements with counsel . . . .’ [Citation.]”
(Clark, supra, at p. 913.)
22
To demonstrate his contention the trial court erred, defendant points to events that
occurred subsequent to the challenged rulings. He cites his distrust in his attorney, whose
advice he repeatedly disregarded by insisting on testifying, refusing to wear civilian
clothes, and turning down an advantageous plea deal negotiated by his counsel.
“Defendant may not attempt to make up for what was lacking in his [Marsden] motion by
relying on matters subsequent to its denial. A reviewing court ‘focuses on the ruling
itself and the record on which it was made. It does not look to subsequent matters . . . .’
[Citation.]” (People v. Berryman (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1048, 1070, overruled on other
grounds in People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 823.)
Finally, defendant has not suggested that his refusal to cooperate was the result of
any ineffectiveness on the part of defense counsel, or even that defense counsel did not
represent him adequately. “If a defendant’s claimed lack of trust in, or inability to get
along with, an appointed attorney were sufficient to compel appointment of substitute
counsel, defendants effectively would have a veto power over any appointment, and by a
process of elimination could obtain appointment of their preferred attorneys, which is
certainly not the law. [Citations.]” (People v. Jones (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1229, 1246.)
VII. Cumulative error
Defendant contends that the cumulative effect of all the errors heretofore
discussed was to deny him a fair trial. Because “[w]e have either rejected on the merits
defendant’s claims of error or have found any assumed errors to be nonprejudicial,” we
must reject defendant’s claim of prejudicial cumulative effect. (People v. Sapp (2003) 31
Cal.4th 240, 316.)
VIII. Pitchess review
Prior to trial, defendant filed a Pitchess motion for discovery of all material in
Deputy Barraza’s personnel file relating to dishonesty or improper tactics. The trial court
granted the motion, conducted an in camera review, and determined that there were no
discoverable items in the records produced. Defendant requests that we review the sealed
transcript of the Pitchess hearing for possible error.
23
We review the trial court’s determination for an abuse of discretion. (People v.
Jackson (1996) 13 Cal.4th 1164, 1220-1221.) Upon review of the in camera proceedings,
we find the transcript sufficiently detailed to adequately review the trial court’s decision.
(See People v. Mooc (2001) 26 Cal.4th 1216, 1228-1229.) We conclude that the trial
court properly exercised its discretion in determining that no documents existed within
the scope of the Pitchess motion, and that no documents or information should be
disclosed to the defense as a result of the review.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
_____________________________, J.
CHAVEZ
We concur:
_______________________________, P. J.
BOREN
_______________________________, J.
ASHMANN-GERST
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