The People v. Martin CA2/3 ( 2013 )

Filed 9/6/13 P. v. Martin CA2/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE, B242102
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BA386277 )
v.
BRANDON MARTIN,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Dennis J. Landin, Judge. Affirmed.
William J. Capriola, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Scott A. Taryle and John Yang,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_________________________
Defendant and appellant, Brandon Martin, appeals his conviction, by guilty plea,
for possession of a controlled substance (Health & Saf. Code, § 11350). He was placed
on deferred entry of judgment for 18 months.
The judgment is affirmed.
BACKGROUND
The following facts are taken from the hearing on Martin‟s motion to suppress
evidence.
1. Prosecution evidence.
Los Angeles Police Officer Victor Cadena, assigned to a narcotics enforcement
detail on the afternoon of July 6, 2011, was in plain clothes and driving an unmarked
police van. Near Monte Vista and 52nd Streets, while “monitoring the area for narcotics
activity,” Cadena saw two African-American men walking down the street. One of them
“matched the description of a [grand theft auto] suspect that had been broadcast the day
before” as being “a light-skinned male black with dreadlocks.” Cadena testified this man
drew his interest because “it was in the area where [the car theft had] happened. Also, he
was exactly like they described, a light-skinned male black and had dreadlocks.”
The man with the dreadlocks turned out to be Huteson and his companion was
defendant Martin. Cadena radioed to have a backup unit respond to the scene and make a
pedestrian stop. While awaiting the backup unit, Cadena continued to monitor the two
men. He saw them walk down Monte Vista and turn onto Avenue 51. “About a couple
houses west they met up with a male Hispanic who . . . handed witness Huteson an
object. Huteson then handed that male Hispanic an object. Then they separated.” When
the backup officers arrived, Cadena instructed them to detain Huteson and Martin, who
were handcuffed.
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Cadena walked over and asked Huteson and Martin for their identifications.
He also made a radio request to have Officer Ibarra, who had provided the description of
the grand theft auto suspect, come to the scene to see if he could identify Huteson. While
waiting for Ibarra to arrive, warrant checks were run on the two men. It turned out there
was an outstanding misdemeanor arrest warrant for Martin.
Ibarra arrived within 15 minutes or less. He said Huteson “looked just like” the
grand theft auto suspect, except the suspect did not have tattoos and Huteson “had tattoos
on his arms and face. So [Ibarra] eliminated him as a suspect.” Huteson was released.
Martin was taken into custody on the outstanding arrest warrant. When Martin was later
searched at the police station holding tank, he was found to be in possession of cocaine.
2. Defense evidence.
Martin testified he ran into his friend Huteson after getting off the bus and they
were walking down Avenue 54 toward Martin‟s father‟s house on Avenue 51. When
Huteson stopped to talk to a Hispanic man, Martin went into his father‟s house. The
police subsequently detained him as he was leaving his father‟s house. He was
handcuffed and taken to where Huteson was being detained.
About 20 minutes later, three police cars arrived. One of the officers indicated
Huteson fit the description of a robbery suspect. Martin testified he asked the officers,
“Okay. If he fits the description, why am I here?” The police then checked Martin‟s
identification, which was almost 30 minutes after he had left his father‟s house.
CONTENTION
The trial court erred by denying Martin‟s motion to suppress evidence of the
cocaine discovered during his booking search.
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DISCUSSION
Martin contends the cocaine discovered at the station house should have been
suppressed under the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine because his detention on the
street had been illegal. We conclude that, even if the temporary detention was illegal, the
outstanding arrest warrant constituted an independent, untainted ground for Martin‟s
arrest and the cocaine was, therefore, admissible. Hence, the trial court properly denied
Martin‟s suppression motion.
1. Background.
At the suppression hearing, the trial court initially said it intended to suppress the
cocaine because the police lacked sufficient cause to stop Martin on the street. But after
reviewing our Supreme Court‟s opinion in People v. Brendlin (2008) 45 Cal.4th 262, the
court concluded the evidence was admissible because the legitimate jailhouse search that
flowed from the outstanding arrest warrant was a sufficiently attenuating circumstance:
“As I said, I don‟t think the police officer had reasonable suspicion to detain and seize
your client. But in light of all the circumstances, I don‟t see it as a fishing expedition or
. . . acting knowingly unconstitutionally. [¶] It‟s my understanding that your client was
with someone who was a suspect in some other crime. And, of course, once he, the
police officer learned of . . . the outstanding warrant . . . there is an intervening
circumstance . . . .” The trial court reasoned: “[I]n light of the totality of the
circumstances, it seems to me that the officer wasn‟t just grabbing someone randomly off
the street. He stopped your client because your client was associated with someone who
was wanted.”
2. Standard of review.
“ „In ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court must find the historical facts,
select the rule of law, and apply it to the facts in order to determine whether the law as
applied has been violated. [Citation.] We review the court‟s resolution of the factual
inquiry under the deferential substantial evidence standard. The ruling on whether the
applicable law applies to the facts is a mixed question of law and fact that is subject to
independent review. [Citation.]‟ [Citation.] In evaluating whether the fruits of a search
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or seizure should have been suppressed, we consider only the Fourth Amendment‟s
prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures. [Citation.]” (People v. Brendlin,
supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 268.)
3. There may have been a valid Terry stop.
Although the trial court relied on the attenuation of an initial illegality to admit the
evidence, on appeal the Attorney General contends the evidence could also have been
properly admitted on the ground the temporary detention was lawful. This is a close
question.
a. Legal principles.
The seminal case in the area of stop-and-frisk detentions is Terry v. Ohio (1968)
392 U.S. 1 [88 S.Ct. 1868], which said: “[W]e deal here with an entire rubric of police
conduct – necessarily swift action predicated upon the on-the-spot observations of the
officer on the beat – which historically has not been, and as a practical matter could not
be, subjected to the warrant procedure. Instead, the conduct involved in this case must be
tested by the Fourth Amendment‟s general proscription against unreasonable searches
and seizures. [¶] Nonetheless, the notions which underlie both the warrant procedure
and the requirement of probable cause remain fully relevant in this context. . . . [I]t is
necessary „first to focus upon the governmental interest which allegedly justifies official
intrusion upon the constitutionally protected interests of the private citizen,‟ for there is
„no ready test for determining reasonableness other than by balancing the need to search
[or seize] against the invasion which the search [or seizure] entails.‟ [Citations.] And in
justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and
articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts,
reasonably warrant that intrusion. . . . And in making that assessment it is imperative that
the facts be judged against an objective standard: would the facts available to the officer
at the moment of the seizure or the search „warrant a man of reasonable caution in the
belief‟ that the action taken was appropriate?” (Id. at pp. 21-22, fns. omitted.)
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“The guiding principle in determining the propriety of an investigatory detention
is „the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of
a citizen‟s personal security.‟ [Citations.] In making our determination, we examine „the
totality of the circumstances‟ in each case. [Citations.] [¶] Reasonable suspicion is a
lesser standard than probable cause, and can arise from less reliable information than
required for probable cause, including an anonymous tip. [Citation.] But to be
reasonable, the officer‟s suspicion must be supported by some specific, articulable facts
that are „reasonably “consistent with criminal activity.” ‟ [Citation.] The officer‟s
subjective suspicion must be objectively reasonable, and „an investigative stop or
detention predicated on mere curiosity, rumor, or hunch is unlawful, even though the
officer may be acting in complete good faith. [Citation.]‟ [Citation.] But where a
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity exists, „the public rightfully expects a police
officer to inquire into such circumstances “in the proper exercise of the officer‟s duties.”
[Citation.]‟ [Citation.]” (People v. Wells (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1078, 1083.)
b. Discussion.
Citing Ybarra v. Illinois (1979) 444 U.S. 85 [100 S.Ct. 338], Martin argues his
detention was illegal because Detective Cadena “did not testify that he had any prior
knowledge of appellant or suspicion that he was involved in criminal activity. Appellant
was merely „with someone who was [mistakenly thought to be] a suspect in some other
crime.‟ This was the sole justification for appellant‟s detention. There is no indication in
the record that the grand theft auto from the day before was committed by more than one
person, let alone that appellant fit the description of a perpetrator of that crime.”
In Ybarra, officers looking for evidence of drug trafficking executed a search
warrant naming the Aurora Tap Tavern as the place to be searched and a bartender named
Greg as the person to be searched. Upon entering the tavern, the officers advised all
those present they would be frisked for weapons. Ybarra, who was standing in front of a
pinball machine, was found to be in possession of heroin. The Supreme Court held
Ybarra‟s search had been illegal because the officers lacked “probable cause to believe
that any person found on the premises of the Aurora Tap Tavern, aside from „Greg,‟
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would be violating the law. The search warrant complaint did not allege that the bar was
frequented by persons illegally purchasing drugs. It did not state that the informant had
ever seen a patron of the tavern purchase drugs from „Greg‟ or from any other person.
Nowhere, in fact, did the complaint even mention the patrons of the Aurora Tap Tavern.”
(Ybarra v. Illinois, supra, 444 U.S. at p. 90, fn. omitted.) Ybarra declared that “a
person‟s mere propinquity to others independently suspected of criminal activity
does not, without more, give rise to probable cause to search that person. [Citation.]”
(Id. at p. 91.)
The Attorney General argues Martin‟s situation was fundamentally different from
Ybarra‟s. “Here, the officer observed someone (Huteson) fitting a very unique and
specific description of a criminal suspect, i.e., an African-American male with
dreadlocks, milling about the very location of the crime that occurred a day earlier.
Under these circumstances, there was certainly a sufficient basis to detain Huteson for
purposes of determining whether he in fact was the perpetrator of an earlier crime.
Because the criminal suspect was accompanied by one additional person, due to officer
safety issues and due to the need to determine what criminal connections appellant may
have as to Huteson, the officers had reasonable basis to also detain appellant.”
“Furthermore, Detective Cadena saw appellant and Huteson briefly meet another person
on the street and saw that person hand Huteson an object. While this may not have
sufficed to justify the detention by itself in the absence of evidence regarding the nature
of the object, this certainly contributed to the totality of the circumstances the officers
observed, supporting a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.”
The Attorney General cites People v. Glasser (1995) 11 Cal.4th 354, a case where
officers were executing a search warrant at a suspected drug house when the defendant
drove up, parked in the driveway and started to walk through a gate into the backyard.
Although the officers did not recognize the defendant as someone connected to the
residents, he “appeared to be more than a stranger or casual visitor” (id. at p. 365) and he
was detained. Glasser held the detention “was justified by the need to determine
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defendant‟s identity and connection to the premises and to protect the officers‟ own
safety.” (Id. at p. 360.)
In the case at bar, the officer safety factor could have been triggered in two ways.
Huteson‟s interaction with the Hispanic man might have been a drug transaction, and
given Cadena‟s testimony that Martin and Huteson were together the whole time, Martin
was arguably a drug suspect. Drug-related crimes are classic examples of inherently
violent situations in which investigating officers are legitimately concerned about their
safety. (See Ybarra v. Illinois, supra, 444 U.S. at p. 106 [firearms are “tools of the trade”
in the drug business]; People v. Glasser, supra, 11 Cal.4th at p. 367 [“The police interest
in protecting against violence during the search of a home for narcotics has been widely
recognized.”].) The same concern might also have been triggered by the suspicion
Huteson and Martin had both been involved in the auto burglary. People v. Osborne
(2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1052, pointed out that auto burglary, although not a classic
violent felony, raised safety concerns: “The burglary cases . . . are most instructive to the
current case, as they point out that not only may an individual suspected of such a crime
reasonably be anticipated to be armed with a weapon (such as a knife or a firearm), but
also may reasonably be expected to possess „tools of the trade‟ such as screwdrivers and
pry tools, which may easily be used as weapons. . . . [¶] A similar analysis holds true for
automobile burglary and automobile theft suspects, as they use tools that can readily be
used as weapons.” (Id. at pp. 1060-1061.)
However, we need not determine the legality of Martin‟s initial detention. As we
will explain, post, the trial court properly denied the suppression motion because any
taint from an illegal pedestrian stop was sufficiently attenuated by the subsequent
discovery of Martin‟s outstanding arrest warrant.
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4. Any illegality in Martin’s initial detention was sufficiently attenuated by the
outstanding arrest warrant.
We agree with the Attorney General that, even if Martin‟s initial detention had
been illegal, the trial court correctly denied his suppression motion because the illegality
was subsequently attenuated. As our Supreme Court held in People v. Brendlin, supra,45 Cal.4th 262: “Case law from other state and federal courts uniformly holds that the
discovery of an outstanding arrest warrant prior to a search incident to arrest constitutes
an intervening circumstance that may – and, in the absence of purposeful or flagrant
police misconduct, will – attenuate the taint of the antecedent unlawful traffic stop.
We join this chorus of cases and reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeal, which had
ordered suppression of the evidence seized from defendant‟s person and from the vehicle
in which he was a passenger on the sole ground that the outstanding warrant would not
have been discovered „[b]ut for the unlawful vehicle stop.‟ ” (Id. at p. 265, italics added.)
Brendlin explained:
“ „ “[N]ot . . . all evidence is „fruit of the poisonous tree‟ simply because it would
not have come to light but for the illegal actions of the police. Rather, the more apt
question in such a case is „whether, granting establishment of the primary illegality, the
evidence to which instant objection is made has been come at by exploitation of that
illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary
taint.‟ ” ‟ [Citations.] „[B]ut-for cause, or “causation in the logical sense alone,”
[citation] can be too attenuated to justify exclusion. . . .‟ [Citations.]
“Although the significance of an arrest warrant in attenuating the taint of an
antecedent unlawful traffic stop is an issue of first impression for this court, the general
framework for analyzing a claim of attenuation under the Fourth Amendment is well
settled. [Citation.] „[T]he question before the court is whether the chain of causation
proceeding from the unlawful conduct has become so attenuated or has been interrupted
by some intervening circumstance so as to remove the “taint” imposed upon that
evidence by the original illegality.‟ [Citation.] . . .
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“Where, as here, the issue is whether the discovery of an outstanding arrest
warrant has attenuated the taint of an antecedent unlawful seizure, other state and federal
courts have likewise invoked the three Brown factors [citing Brown v. Illinois (1975)
422 U.S. 590, 592 (95 S.Ct. 2254)] – i.e., the temporal proximity of the unlawful seizure
to the subsequent search of the defendant‟s person or vehicle, the presence of intervening
circumstances, and the flagrancy of the official misconduct in effecting the unlawful
seizure. [Citations.]” (People v. Brendlin, supra, 45 Cal.4th at pp. 268-269.)
In Brendlin, an officer spotted a car being driven by Karen Simeroth with expired
registration tags. The officer learned by radio a renewal application was in process and
he could see a valid temporary operating permit taped to the rear window of the car.
However, he could not tell if the permit matched the car, so he made a traffic stop to
investigate further. The officer asked Simeroth for her license and asked her passenger,
defendant Brendlin, to identify himself. During this query, the officer saw drug-related
contraband in the car. The officer then learned by radio that defendant was a parolee
with an outstanding arrest warrant. The Court of Appeal suppressed evidence found on
defendant and in the car on the rationale that, because the officer had only a mere hunch
the car was unregistered, the traffic stop was illegal.
Applying the three Brown factors, Brendlin held there was sufficient attenuation to
admit the evidence. Although a close temporal proximity between the illegal detention
and the subsequent search usually militates against an attenuation finding,1 “where the
intervening circumstance is a lawful arrest under an outstanding arrest warrant, the
defendant‟s conduct is irrelevant, and the police cannot be said to have exploited the
illegal seizure that preceded the discovery of the outstanding warrant.” (People v.
Brendlin, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 270.) Brendlin then explained: “Accordingly, some
courts have held that the first Brown factor is not relevant to the attenuation of the taint of
1
For instance “where the alleged intervening factor between the illegal police
conduct and the challenged evidence was a volitional act by the defendant, such as
resisting arrest or flight.” (People v. Brendlin, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 270.)
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an antecedent illegal seizure where the intervening circumstance is an outstanding arrest
warrant. [Citations.] Other courts have reasoned that the first Brown factor is
nonetheless relevant (and tends to favor suppression of the evidence) but is not
dispositive. [Citations.] We need not decide which line of authority is correct because
even the courts in the latter category „have all but unanimously concluded that, in this
kind of situation, this first Brown factor is outweighed by the others.‟ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
Brendlin went on to explain: “As to the second Brown factor, the case law
uniformly holds that an arrest under a valid outstanding warrant – and a search incident to
that arrest – is an intervening circumstance that tends to dissipate the taint caused by an
illegal traffic stop. . . . The challenged evidence was thus the fruit of the outstanding
warrant, and was not obtained through exploitation of the unlawful traffic stop.
[Citation.] [¶] The third Brown factor, the flagrancy and purposefulness of the police
misconduct, is generally regarded as the most important because „it is directly tied to the
purpose of the exclusionary rule – deterring police misconduct.‟ [Citations.] Defendant
contends that the illegality here was flagrant in that Deputy Brokenbrough „had no
reasonable suspicion that any occupant of the vehicle had violated the law when he made
the traffic stop‟ and that he had at most „a hunch‟ the driver was operating an
unregistered vehicle. But a mere „mistake‟ with respect to the enforcement of our traffic
laws does not establish that the traffic stop was pretextual or in bad faith. [Citations.]
Deputy Brokenbrough testified that he ordered the traffic stop in order to investigate the
vehicle‟s registration, that he did see the temporary sticker in the rear window prior to the
stop, but that (in his experience) such stickers sometimes belonged to a different vehicle
or had been falsified. Although the People have conceded that this was insufficient to
justify a temporary detention to permit further investigation, the insufficiency was not so
obvious as to make one question Deputy Brokenbrough‟s good faith in pursuing an
investigation of what he believed to be a suspicious registration, nor does the record show
that he had a design and purpose to effect the stop „in the hope that something [else]
might turn up.‟ [Citations.] In particular, there is no evidence at all that the deputy
„invented a justification for the traffic stop in order to have an excuse to run [a] warrant
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check[]‟ [citation] or that a search of the vehicle or its occupants was the „ultimate goal‟
of the initial unlawful detention. [Citations.]” (People v. Brendlin, supra, 45 Cal.4th at
pp. 271-272.)
Martin argues his case is different because he “was searched (i.e., pat-searched)
before the police discovered the existence of the [arrest] warrant.” However, as
explained ante, such a pat search was probably warranted for reasons of officer safety
and, in any event, nothing was found during this pat search. The drugs were not
discovered until Martin‟s subsequent booking search at the police station. Martin asserts
Cadena had absolutely no reason to suspect he was involved in the auto burglary or any
other crime. Not so; the trial court reasonably concluded Cadena suspected Martin might
have been Huteson‟s accomplice.
Martin‟s reliance on the facts in Brown v. Illinois, supra, 422 U.S. 590, is
misplaced. There the defendant came home to find two police detectives inside his
residence. The detectives had “broke[n] into his apartment, searched it, and then arrested
Brown, all without probable cause and without any warrant, when he arrived. They later
testified that they made the arrest for the purpose of questioning Brown as part of their
investigation of the murder of a man named Roger Corpus.” (Id. at p. 592.) There was
no attenuation in Brown because the entire point of arresting the defendant had been the
chance the detectives might find incriminating evidence for their on-going investigation.
Here, on the other hand, the reason for Martin‟s detention was his apparent connection to
Huteson, not because Catena had some independent ulterior motive for investigating
Martin. And even if that connection was insufficient to justify a Terry stop, it was
enough to demonstrate Catena had not been acting in bad faith.
The trial court properly held the drug evidence was admissible because the
discovery of Martin‟s outstanding arrest warrant attenuated any taint caused by an illegal
temporary detention.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
KLEIN, P. J.
We concur:
KITCHING, J.
ALDRICH, J.
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