Save 30th Street Parking v. City of San Diego CA4/1 ( 2022 )

Filed 12/23/22 Save 30th Street Parking v. City of San Diego CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SAVE 30TH STREET PARKING, D079752
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v. (Super. Ct. No. 37-2019-
00042552-CU-TT-CTL)
CITY OF SAN DIEGO et al.,
Defendants and Respondents;
ORTIZ CORPORATION,
Real Party in Interest and
Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Richard S. Whitney, Judge. Affirmed.
Craig A. Sherman, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Mara W. Elliott, City Attorney, M. Travis Phelps, Assistant City
Attorney, and Benjamin P. Syz, Deputy City Attorney, for Defendants and
Respondents.
No appearance for Real Party in Interest and Respondent.
This litigation involves a challenge to an approval by the City of San
Diego (the City) of a public works project to install protected bicycle lanes on
30th Street as it runs through the North Park neighborhood. Specifically,
appellant Save 30th Street Parking (Save 30th Street) appeals from the trial
court’s denial of its petition for writ of mandate, which alleged that the City
did not comply with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA; Pub.
Resources Code, § 21000 et seq.) before approving the project and that the
project is inconsistent with the City’s planning documents in violation of the
Planning and Zoning Law (Gov. Code, § 65000 et seq.).
We conclude that the City did not violate CEQA in approving the
project, and that the project is consistent with the relevant planning
documents. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Beginning in late 2018, in connection with a public works project to
replace a water pipeline, which would involve street resurfacing, the City
identified a potential opportunity to implement bicycle lanes along 30th
Street in the North Park neighborhood. 30th Street has one lane of traffic in
each direction and, at the time, was marked with “sharrows,” indicating that
motorists must share the road with bicyclists. The City’s engineers prepared
a study setting forth multiple options for implementing bicycle lanes on 30th
Street, each of which would require the loss of at least some of the parking
spaces along 30th Street. On May 16, 2019, the City’s mayor issued a
memorandum which endorsed “Option A” proposed by the City’s engineers,
involving the installation of a “Class IV” protected bikeway and the loss of
2
420 parking spaces (the Bikeway Project).1 The mayor also directed staff to
evaluate additional blocks of 30th Street to the north for inclusion in the
Bikeway Project.
Save 30th Street filed a petition for writ of mandate on August 13,
2019, against the City and its mayor, in his official capacity.2 The first cause
of action alleged the City had committed itself to the Bikeway Project without
first complying with CEQA. The second cause of action alleged the Bikeway
Project was inconsistent with the North Park Community Plan, the City’s
Bicycle Master Plan, and the mobility element of the City’s General Plan.
1 Bikeways are classified by the California Department of Transportation
based on their characteristics. A Class IV bikeway is dedicated for the
exclusive use of bicycles and includes a separation between the bikeway and
vehicular traffic. A Class III bikeway uses signage to provide for shared use
with motor vehicle traffic within the same travel lane, often referred to as
“sharrows.” Prior to the implementation of the Bikeway Project, 30th Street
through North Park was a Class III bikeway, as it was marked with
“sharrows.” Class II bikeways are one-way facilities on either side of a
roadway designated for exclusive or preferential bicycle travel with striping
and signage, but without the separation from vehicular traffic provided by
Class IV bikeways. Class I bikeways are off-street paved paths for the
exclusive use by bicyclists, pedestrians, and those using non-motorized modes
of travel.
2 At the time the petition was filed, the City’s mayor was Kevin
Faulconer. During the course of this litigation, Todd Gloria became the City’s
mayor. The operative version of Save 30th Street’s petition states,
“Respondent Todd Gloria is the current mayor of the City . . . and is sued
herein in his official capacity, as a continuation of the action of previous
Mayor Kevin Faulconer . . . .” Save 30th Street does not purport, in its
appellate briefing, to be pursuing an appeal regarding its claims against the
City’s mayor specifically. Further, the respondent’s brief in this appeal was
filed solely by the City (not separately including its mayor). Therefore, we
limit our analysis to whether Save 30th Street’s appeal has merit as against
the City.
3
On December 4, 2019, a plan called “Option A+” for the development of
a protected bike lane on 30th Street was presented to the City’s Mobility
Board. The revised plan extended the bicycle lane to the north as suggested
by the mayor. According to the City, it also restored some of the parking
spaces that “Option A” would have removed.3
On January 30, 2020, a memorandum by Program Manager Heidi
Vonblum in the City’s Planning Department, which was addressed to
Program Manager Everett Hauser in the City’s Transportation & Storm
Water Department, discussed the issue of whether the City was in
compliance with CEQA regarding the proposed Bikeway Project (the CEQA
memo). The CEQA memo was not a model of thoroughness or clarity with
respect to its analysis or conclusions. However, the CEQA memo generally
set forth two grounds for concluding that the City was not required to conduct
any CEQA analysis for the Bikeway Project. First, the CEQA memo
concluded that the Bikeway Project was not subject to CEQA because it was
an activity that “will not result in a direct or reasonably foreseeable indirect
physical change in the environment.” (See CEQA Guidelines, §§ 15060, subd.
(c)(2), 15378, subd. (a).)4 Second, the CEQA memo stated that the Bikeway
Project “would also implement the goals and policies of the City’s Bicycle
Master Plan and North Park Community Plan.” More specifically, it
3 The parties have not identified any portion of the administrative record
that sets forth the exact number of parking spaces that were removed from
30th Street under “Option A+.”
4 The regulations implementing CEQA are codified at California Code of
Regulations, title 14, section 15000 et seq., and are commonly referred to as
the “CEQA Guidelines.” All further references to the “CEQA Guidelines” are
to California Code of Regulations, title 14, section 15000 et seq.
4
observed that those “goals and policies were analyzed in the Final Program
Environmental Impact Report . . . for the Bicycle Master Plan . . . and the
Final [Program Environmental Impact Report] for the North Park and
Golden Hill Community Plan Updates.” The CEQA memo concluded that
“because the [Bikeway] Project is consistent with these plans, it is also
consistent with the abovementioned environmental documents.” Although
the CEQA memo did not include any specific discussion about the content
and coverage of the program environmental impact reports (program EIRs)
for the Bicycle Master Plan and the North Park and Golden Hill Community
Plan Updates to show that the Bikeway Project was within the scope of those
program EIRs, we understand the CEQA memo to have taken the position
that no further CEQA analysis was required for the Bikeway Project because
it fell within the scope of the CEQA analysis conducted in the two program
EIRs.
On May 26, 2020, Save 30th Street filed a motion seeking a preliminary
injunction to stop the City from moving forward with the Bikeway Project.
The trial court denied the motion for a preliminary injunction on August 10,
2020.
With leave of the trial court, Save 30th Street filed a supplemental
petition on August 21, 2020, which included updated factual allegations.
On November 17, 2020, the City Council approved a construction
change order to fund the water pipeline replacement project, which included
funds for the implementation of the Bikeway Project.
In December 2020, Save 30th Street again sought preliminary
injunctive relief to stop the implementation of the Bikeway Project, which the
trial court denied.
5
Save 30th Street filed the operative First Amended Petition for Writ of
Mandate on April 26, 2021. The first amended petition updated the factual
allegations and added as a real party in interest, Ortiz Corporation, which
was the construction company implementing the Bikeway Project.5
On August 19, 2021, after considering the parties’ briefing and hearing
argument, the trial court issued an order determining that Save 30th Street’s
petition lacked merit. The trial court concluded that the City was not
required to perform a CEQA analysis because the Bikeway Project was
within the scope of the program EIRs for the City’s Bicycle Master Plan and
the North Park and Golden Hill Community Plan Updates. It further
concluded that the Bikeway Project was consistent with the applicable
planning documents.
Save 30th Street appeals from the subsequently entered judgment.6
5 Real party in interest Ortiz Corporation has not appeared in this
appeal.
6 As the parties acknowledge, the Bikeway Project was installed during
the summer of 2021 and is in active use. Although the City suggested in a
single sentence in its August 24, 2022 supplemental letter brief that this
appeal may be moot because the Bikeway Project has already been
implemented, the City has not moved to dismiss this appeal on the ground of
mootness. (Cf. Wilson & Wilson v. City Council of Redwood City (2011)
191 Cal.App.4th 1559, 1576 [a project’s completion “moots an action seeking
to require preparation of an [environmental impact report] for a particular
project”]; Santa Monica Baykeeper v. City of Malibu (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th
1538, 1547, 1548 [noting that “[g]eneral principles for determining whether
an appeal is moot have been applied to CEQA cases” but pointing out that
“[s]everal courts have considered a CEQA challenge on the merits after
determining that effective relief may be granted despite partial or complete
construction of the challenged project”].) Because we conclude, in any event,
that the appeal lacks merit, and because the City has not asked us to dismiss
6
II.
DISCUSSION
A. Save 30th Street’s Contention That the City Failed to Comply With
CEQA in Approving the Bikeway Project
We first address Save 30th Street’s contention that the City failed to
comply with CEQA in approving the Bikeway Project.
1. Applicable Legal Principles
“ ‘In CEQA, the Legislature sought to protect the environment by the
establishment of administrative procedures drafted to “[e]nsure that the long-
term protection of the environment shall be the guiding criterion in public
decisions.” ’ [Citation.] At the ‘heart of CEQA’ (CEQA Guidelines, § 15003,
subd. (a)) is the requirement that public agencies prepare an [environmental
impact report (EIR)] for any ‘project’ that ‘may have a significant effect on the
environment.’ ([Pub. Resources Code,] § 21151, subd. (a); see id., §§ 21080,
subd. (a), 21100, subd. (a).) The purpose of the EIR is ‘to provide public
agencies and the public in general with detailed information about the effect
which a proposed project is likely to have on the environment; to list ways in
which the significant effects of such a project might be minimized; and to
indicate alternatives to such a project.’ (Pub. Resources Code, § 21061.) The
EIR thus works to ‘inform the public and its responsible officials of the
environmental consequences of their decisions before they are made,’ thereby
protecting ‘ “not only the environment but also informed self-government.” ’ ”
(Friends of College of San Mateo Gardens v. San Mateo County Community
College Dist. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 937, 944-945.)
the appeal, we need not, and do not, consider whether implementation of the
Bikeway Project has rendered this litigation moot.
7
A public agency’s “implementation of CEQA proceeds by way of a
multistep decision tree, which has been characterized as having three tiers.
[Citation.] First, the agency must determine whether the proposed activity is
subject to CEQA at all. Second, assuming CEQA is found to apply, the
agency must decide whether the activity qualifies for one of the many
exemptions that excuse otherwise covered activities from CEQA’s
environmental review. Finally, assuming no applicable exemption, the
agency must undertake environmental review of the activity, the third tier.”
(Union of Medical Marijuana Patients, Inc. v. City of San Diego (2019)
7 Cal.5th 1171, 1185 (UMMP).)
With respect to the first tier, “a proposed activity is a CEQA project if,
by its general nature, the activity is capable of causing a direct or reasonably
foreseeable indirect physical change in the environment. This determination
is made without considering whether, under the specific circumstances in
which the proposed activity will be carried out, these potential effects will
actually occur. Consistent with this standard, a ‘reasonably foreseeable’
indirect physical change is one that the activity is capable, at least in theory,
of causing. [Citation.] Conversely, an indirect effect is not reasonably
foreseeable if there is no causal connection between the proposed activity and
the suggested environmental change or if the postulated causal mechanism
connecting the activity and the effect is so attenuated as to be ‘speculative.’ ”
(UMMP, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 1197.)7
7 As we have explained, one of the conclusions reached by the City in the
CEQA memo was that the Bikeway Project was not an activity capable of
causing a direct or reasonably foreseeable indirect physical change in the
environment and thus was not a project subject to CEQA. Although the City
advanced that theory in the trial court, in ruling on Save 30th Street’s
petition, the trial court rejected it. As the trial court explained, the loss of
8
With respect to the second tier, “[i]f the lead agency concludes it is
faced with a project, it must then decide ‘whether the project is exempt from
the CEQA review process under either a statutory exemption [citation] or a
categorical exemption set forth in the CEQA Guidelines.’ . . . If the lead
agency concludes a project is exempt from review, it must issue a notice of
exemption citing the evidence on which it relied in reaching that
conclusion. . . . The agency may thereafter proceed without further
consideration of CEQA.” (UMMP, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 1186.)8
parking on 30th Street due to the Bikeway Project could possibly cause a
physical change to the environment by virtue of potential changes in traffic.
(See Taxpayers for Accountable School Bond Spending v. San Diego Unified
School Dist. (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1013, 1051 [“as a general rule, we believe
CEQA considers a project’s impact on parking of vehicles to be a physical
impact that could constitute a significant effect on the environment”].) On
appeal, the City no longer advances the argument that the Bikeway Project
was not a project within the meaning of CEQA. In light of the City’s position
in this appeal, we proceed with our analysis by assuming, without deciding,
that the Bikeway Project is a CEQA project under the first tier of the CEQA
inquiry.
8 The CEQA memo did not identify any statutory or categorical
exemptions to CEQA that might apply to the Bikeway Project. However, the
administrative record contains a draft document, prepared by City staff,
suggesting that the City was at one point considering the applicability of the
categorical exemptions for “[t]he creation of bicycle lanes on existing rights-
of-way” (CEQA Guidelines, § 15304, subd. (h)) and alterations to existing
streets “such as the addition of bicycle facilities, including but not limited to
bicycle parking, bicycle-share facilities and bicycle lanes.” (Id., § 15301, subd.
(c); but see id., § 15300.2 [setting forth exceptions to the categorical
exemptions, including that “[a] categorical exemption shall not be used for an
activity where there is a reasonable possibility that the activity will have a
significant effect on the environment due to unusual circumstances”].) The
applicability of those exemptions has not been litigated in this proceeding.
We note, however, that in the supplemental briefing we requested regarding
the appropriate remedy in the event Save 30th Street prevailed on appeal,
9
On the third tier of the CEQA decision tree, “[e]nvironmental review is
required under CEQA only if a public agency concludes that a proposed
activity is a project and does not qualify for an exemption. In that case, the
agency must first undertake an initial study to determine whether the project
‘may have a significant effect on the environment.’ [Citations.] If the initial
study finds no substantial evidence that the project may have a significant
environmental effect, the lead agency must prepare a negative declaration,
and environmental review ends. [Citations.] If the initial study identifies
potentially significant environmental effects but (1) those effects can be fully
mitigated by changes in the project and (2) the project applicant agrees to
incorporate those changes, the agency must prepare a mitigated negative
declaration. This too ends CEQA review. [Citations.] Finally, if the initial
study finds substantial evidence that the project may have a significant
environmental impact and a mitigated negative declaration is inappropriate,
the lead agency must prepare and certify an EIR before approving or
proceeding with the project.” (UMMP, supra, 7 Cal.5th at pp. 1186-1187.)
As centrally relevant here, a variation on this decision tree exists when
an agency has previously prepared a program EIR and the current project is
within the scope of that program EIR. “A program EIR is an EIR which may
be prepared on a series of actions that can be characterized as one large
project and are related either: [¶] (1) Geographically, [¶] (2) As logical parts
in the chain of contemplated actions, [¶] (3) In connection with issuance of
rules, regulations, plans, or other general criteria to govern the conduct of a
continuing program, or [¶] (4) As individual activities carried out under the
the City stated that if it was ordered to perform further CEQA analysis, it
could conclude that those categorical exemptions apply to the Bikeway
Project. We express no view on the issue.
10
same authorizing statutory or regulatory authority and having generally
similar environmental effects which can be mitigated in similar ways.”
(CEQA Guidelines, § 15168, subd. (a).) “ ‘[A] program EIR may serve as the
EIR for a subsequently proposed project to the extent it contemplates and
adequately analyzes the potential environmental impacts of the project . . . .’ ”
(Center for Biological Diversity v. Department of Fish & Wildlife (2015)
234 Cal.App.4th 214, 239 (Center for Biological Diversity).)
“ ‘ “If a program EIR is sufficiently comprehensive, the lead agency may
dispense with further environmental review for later activities within the
program that are adequately covered in the program EIR.” ’ ” (Citizens for a
Sustainable Treasure Island v. City and County of San Francisco (2014)
227 Cal.App.4th 1036, 1051.) “If the site-specific activity will not create
effects or require mitigation measures that were not discussed in the
program EIR, the public agency is not required to prepare any other site-
specific environmental document.” (Center for Biological Diversity, supra,
234 Cal.App.4th at p. 238.) In such a case, the question is whether the
evidence supports a determination that the project “was either the same as or
within the scope of the project, program, or plan described in the program
EIR.” (Sierra Club v. County of Sonoma (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1307, 1320-
1321.)
The rules applicable to whether additional environmental review is
required in the context of a program EIR are set forth in section 15168,
subdivision (c) of the CEQA Guidelines.
“(1) If a later activity would have effects that were not examined
in the program EIR, a new initial study would need to be
prepared leading to either an EIR or a negative declaration. . . .
“(2) If the agency finds that . . . no subsequent EIR would be
required, the agency can approve the activity as being within the
11
scope of the project covered by the program EIR, and no new
environmental document would be required. Whether a later
activity is within the scope of a program EIR is a factual question
that the lead agency determines based on substantial evidence in
the record. Factors that an agency may consider in making that
determination include, but are not limited to, consistency of the
later activity with the type of allowable land use, overall planned
density and building intensity, geographic area analyzed for
environmental impacts, and covered infrastructure, as described
in the program EIR.
“(3) An agency shall incorporate feasible mitigation measures and
alternatives developed in the program EIR into later activities in
the program.
“(4) Where the later activities involve site specific operations, the
agency should use a written checklist or similar device to
document the evaluation of the site and the activity to determine
whether the environmental effects of the operation were within
the scope of the program EIR.
“(5) A program EIR will be most helpful in dealing with later
activities if it provides a description of planned activities that
would implement the program and deals with the effects of the
program as specifically and comprehensively as possible. With a
good and detailed project description and analysis of the
program, many later activities could be found to be within the
scope of the project described in the program EIR, and no further
environmental documents would be required.” (CEQA
Guidelines, § 15168, subd. (c).)
The City’s sole contention on appeal regarding its compliance with
CEQA is that no environmental review was required because the Bikeway
Project was within the scope of previous program EIRs.
2. Standard of Review
“In general, judicial review of agency actions for CEQA compliance
extends to ‘whether there was a prejudicial abuse of discretion.’ [Citations.]
‘Abuse of discretion is established if the agency has not proceeded in a
12
manner required by law or if the determination or decision is not supported
by substantial evidence.’ ([Pub. Resources Code,] § 21168.5.) . . . [¶] In a
CEQA case, the appellate court’s review ‘is the same as the trial court’s: [It]
reviews the agency’s action, not the trial court’s decision; in that sense
appellate judicial review under CEQA is de novo.’ [Citation.] The reviewing
court independently determines whether the record ‘demonstrates any legal
error’ by the agency and deferentially considers whether the record ‘contains
substantial evidence to support [the agency’s] factual determinations.’ ”
(Protecting Our Water and Environmental Resources v. County of Stanislaus
(2020) 10 Cal.5th 479, 495.)
Case law is clear that courts must apply a substantial evidence
standard of review to an agency’s conclusion that a project falls within the
scope of a previous program EIR. “ ‘Once an agency has prepared an EIR, its
decision not to prepare a supplemental or subsequent EIR for a later project
is reviewed under the deferential substantial evidence standard. [Citations.]
“This rule applies to determinations regarding whether a new EIR is required
following a program-EIR level of review.” [Citations.]’ ” (Latinos Unidos de
Napa v. City of Napa (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 192, 204, quoting Citizens for
Responsible Equitable Environmental Development v. City of San Diego
Redevelopment Agency (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 598, 610 (CREED).)
“Substantial evidence is the proper standard where . . . an agency determines
that a project consistent with a prior program EIR presents no significant,
unstudied adverse effect.” (Mission Bay Alliance v. Office of Community
Investment & Infrastructure (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 160, 174.)
3. The Bikeway Project Was Within the Scope of a Previous
Program EIR
The City argues that the Bikeway Project was within the scope of
previous program EIRs: the 2013 program EIR for the San Diego Bicycle
13
Master Plan, and the 2016 program EIR for the North Park Community
Plan. We begin our analysis by turning to the two planning documents for
which the two program EIRs were created.
The North Park Community Plan (NPCP) was adopted by the City in
October 2016. “A component of San Diego’s General Plan, the [NPCP] is a
guide for how the community will grow and develop over 20 to 30 years.” The
NPCP contains an extensive discussion of transportation, including the goal
of promoting bicycle use and the creation of a bicycle network, as part of
“Complete Streets concepts that balance all modes of transportation.” “The
Community Plan envisions repurposing streets to incorporate multiple modes
of travel and parking. By creating an efficient and attractive multi-modal
network, people can bicycle, walk, and use transit, which ideally can
contribute to less automobile congestion and a more healthy community.”
One specific policy identified was to “[r]epurpose right[s]-of-way to provide
and support a continuous network of safe, convenient, and attractive bicycle
facilities, where feasible.” The NPCP states that “[t]he development of a
well-connected bicycle network with protected bicycle lanes where feasible
will help to meet the community’s mobility vision.” It recognizes that “[t]he
construction of additional bicycle facilities that are separated from vehicular
traffic could encourage more people to choose bicycles for their preferred
mode of travel,” but that “[s]eparated facilities require more street space to be
implemented.” 30th Street was specifically identified as one of the streets on
which regional bicycle facilities would be implemented. A map in the NPCP
shows 30th Street through North Park as a proposed Class III bikeway (i.e.,
marked with “sharrows”), but the map indicates that the recommended
classifications are subject to revision at implementation.
14
The San Diego Bicycle Master Plan (BMP) was adopted by the City in
2013. It “serves as a policy document to guide the development and
maintenance of San Diego’s bicycle network, including all roadways that
bicyclists have the legal right to use, support facilities, and non-
infrastructure programs over the next 20 years.” It “provides direction for
expanding the existing bikeway network, connecting gaps, addressing
constrained areas, improving intersections, providing for greater local and
regional connectivity, and encouraging more residents to bicycle more often.”
The BMP includes a series of maps that show proposed bikeways throughout
the City. 30th Street through North Park is shown as a proposed Class II
bikeway (i.e., separate bike lanes) or Class III bikeway (i.e., marked with
“sharrows”), with one segment shown as only a Class III bikeway. However,
the BMP also indicates that the “[p]roposed classifications are expected to be
used as a guide and may change at implementation.”
The City prepared program EIRs for both the NPCP and the BMP. The
issue before us on this appeal is whether the Bikeway Project is within the
scope of either of those program EIRs. We therefore focus on each of the
program EIRs, in turn, to determine whether the Bikeway Project was within
their scope.
a. The Program EIR for the North Park Community Plan
The 2016 program EIR for the NPCP was set forth in a program EIR
that also addressed the Golden Hill Community Plan, titled “Final Program
Environmental Impact Report for the North Park and Golden Hill
Community Plan Updates” (the NPCP Program EIR).
The NPCP Program EIR describes the provisions of the NPCP that deal
with bicycle transportation. Among other things, it states, “In order to
reduce reliance on fossil fuels and encourage alternative modes of
15
transportation, the proposed [community plan updates] aim to provide a safe
and convenient bicycle network that connects community destinations and
links to surrounding communities and the regional bicycle network. In
support of this goal, the North Park Mobility Element includes Bicycle
Policies ME-1.14 through ME-1.18. . . . Specifically, implementation of North
Park Mobility Element Policy ME-1.14 would support and implement bicycle
priority streets and facilities that connect North Park to neighboring
communities with emphasis on constructing bikeways in the bicycle network,
and implementing and building upon the San Diego Bicycle Master Plan. In
addition, North Park Mobility Element Policy ME-1.16 calls for increasing
bicycle comfort and accessibility for all levels of bicycle rides with
improvements such as signage, marking, and wayfinding for bicycles,
directing them to points of interest within North Park and adjacent
communities, actuated by signal timing for bicycles, priority parking for
bicycles, wider bike lanes, and—where feasible—separated bicycle facilities.”
The NPCP Program EIR acknowledges that 30th Street has been identified
in the BMP as either a Class II or Class III bikeway, and it contains a map
showing 30th Street as having a proposed Class III bikeway, with the caveat
that the bikeway classifications may be changed during implementation.
Although the NPCP Program EIR describes the proposed bicycle
facilities that are part of the NPCP, we have not located any discussion in the
NPCP Program EIR that provides a specific analysis of the potential
environmental impacts of implementing bicycle facilities in North Park. Nor
has the City identified any such discussion. The City asserts in its
respondent’s brief that “the [NPCP] Program EIR analyzed the effect of
16
installing on-street, separated bikeways along 30th Street.” However, it
provides no record citation to support that statement.9
In determining whether a subsequent project is within the scope of a
previous program EIR, the inquiry is whether the program EIR
“ ‘contemplates and adequately analyzes the potential environmental impacts
of the [subsequent] project’ ” and whether the subsequent project will “create
effects or require mitigation measures that were not discussed in the
program EIR.” (Center for Biological Diversity, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 238, 239.) Put simply, the question is whether “a project’s potential
environmental impacts were adequately analyzed in a prior program EIR.”
(CREED, supra, 134 Cal.App.4th at p. 611, italics added.) Here, because the
NPCP Program EIR contains no discussion of the potential environmental
impacts of implementing bicycle facilities in North Park, there is no
substantial evidence to support a finding that the Bikeway Project was
within the scope of the NPCP Program EIR.
b. The Program EIR for the San Diego Bicycle Master Plan
The “Bicycle Master Plan Update Final Program Environmental
Impact Report” was issued in June 2013 (the BMP Program EIR).10 Unlike
9 With respect to the need to mitigate any potential impact of the bicycle
facilities discussed in the NPCP, the NPCP Program EIR concluded that the
NPCP was “consistent with adopted policies, plans, or programs supporting
alternative transportation,” and that “implementation of the proposed
[NPCP] and associated discretionary actions would not . . . conflict with
adopted policies, plans, or programs supporting bicycle facilities.” (Italics
added.) It therefore concluded that “no mitigation [was] required” to avoid a
conflict with existing policies or plans. However, that analysis regarding the
consistency of the bicycle facilities with other policies and plans did not
address the potential environmental impacts of installing bicycle facilities.
17
the NPCP Program EIR, the BMP Program EIR contains extensive
discussion of the potential environmental impacts of installing bicycle
facilities in the City. Moreover, the BMP Program EIR repeatedly states its
expectation that, because of its scope and the detail of its analysis, no further
environmental review would be needed for the implementation of many of the
specific future bikeways in the City.
Instead of separately detailing the potential environmental impacts of
each specific proposed bikeway in the City, the BMP Program EIR conducted
much of its analysis by dividing the types of proposed bikeways into three
categories. As it explained, “Because details of individual bicycle-related
projects (including defined areas of disturbance) are not known at this time,
the level of analysis in this section is programmatic, evaluating the types of
impacts to be anticipated for three general categories of future projects: On-
street Bikeways With Widening; On-street Bikeways Without Widening; and
Off-street Bikeways.” The category of On-street Bikeways Without Widening
had special significance, as the BMP Program EIR stated that it was
“anticipated that many bikeways implemented under the BMP Update
categorized as On-street Bikeways Without Widening would be covered by
this Program EIR and would not require additional CEQA review[,] since
they would only require signage or pavement markings and would not
necessitate other roadway modifications.”
Here, the Bikeway Project falls into the category of On-street Bikeways
Without Widening as defined in the BMP Program EIR. Specifically, the
implementation of the Bikeway Project involved the modification of the
10 Because the BMP was an update to an earlier bicycle master plan
issued in 2002, the BMP Program EIR refers throughout to the BMP as the
“BMP Update.”
18
pavement markings on 30th Street and the installation of bollards to
separate the bicycle lanes from motorized traffic, but it did not involve the
widening of the 30th Street right-of-way.11
The BMP Program EIR provides a detailed and extensive discussion of
the potential environmental impacts of the implementation of On-street
Bikeways Without Widening. Specifically, it meaningfully details the
potential environmental impacts in several relevant categories of
environmental resources: Biological Resources, Historical Resources,
Transportation/Circulation, Visual Quality/Neighborhood Character,
Paleontological Resources, and Geologic Conditions.
In this litigation, Save 30th Street’s focus is on the potential
environmental impacts of the Bikeway Project due to the loss of parking
spaces on 30th Street. The BMP Program EIR directly addressed the
potential environmental impact due to the loss of parking spaces resulting
from implementation of bicycle lanes. In particular, the
“Transportation/Circulation” section of the analysis contains the following
discussion:
“The proposed bikeway network would not generate additional
motor vehicle trips or result in new land uses, and therefore
would not increase the demand for motor vehicle parking.
“For some on-street bikeway projects, however, elimination of
some on-street parking (including curb space currently dedicated
to yellow commercial vehicle freight loading zones or active
11 Save 30th Street states in its opening appellate brief that the City
admitted that a Class IV bikeway “ ‘does not fit on the existing curb-to-
curb.’ ” However, the citation it provides is a graphic showing only that a
Class IV bikeway would not fit on 30th Street if all of the parking was
maintained. Save 30th Street has cited nothing in the record to suggest that
the 30th Street right-of-way was widened as a result of the Bikeway Project.
19
passenger loading/unloading zones) could be required to
accommodate proposed bikeways. Parking removal associated
with bikeway project implementation may potentially result in
secondary effects (noise, air quality, traffic congestion, etc.)
related to cars circling and looking for a parking space in areas of
limited parking supply; this is typically a temporary condition,
however, often offset by a reduction in motor vehicle trips due to
others who are aware of constrained parking conditions in a
given area and by increased use of bicycles instead of motor
vehicles. Furthermore, the absence of a ready supply of parking
spaces, combined with available alternatives to private motorized
vehicle travel (such as bicycles, transit service, taxis, or walking),
may induce drivers to shift to other modes of travel, or change
their overall travel habits. Long-term operation of bikeway
projects implemented under the proposed BMP Update would be
expected to have a beneficial effect on parking in many cases,
since the program is designed to encourage drivers to leave their
vehicles at home and ride bicycles instead, resulting in a
reduction in parking demand. [¶] . . . [¶]
“Actions that may be considered to reduce the effects of the loss of
on-street parking may include provision of replacement parking,
for example, by creating diagonal parking on side streets where
the street width would allow.”
Based on the portions of the BMP Program EIR we have identified
above, that document qualifies as “a sufficiently comprehensive and specific
program EIR” (Center for Biological Diversity, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at
p. 239) for us to conclude, based on substantial evidence, that the Bikeway
Project’s “potential environmental impacts were adequately analyzed in a
prior program EIR” (CREED, supra, 134 Cal.App.4th at p. 611). Not only
does the BMP Program EIR extensively discuss the potential environmental
impacts of On-street Bikeways Without Widening over multiple categories of
environmental resources, it also contains a specific discussion of the potential
impact caused by the loss of parking spaces due to the installation of a bicycle
20
lane, which is precisely the impact with which Save 30th Street is
concerned.12
Accordingly, the City properly determined that it was not required to
conduct any further environmental analysis before implementing the
Bikeway Project. (CEQA Guidelines, § 15168, subd. (c)(2) [“If the agency
finds that . . . no subsequent EIR would be required, the agency can approve
the activity as being within the scope of the project covered by the program
EIR, and no new environmental document would be required.”].)13
B. The City Reasonably Concluded That the Bikeway Project Was
Consistent With the NPCP
12 At oral argument, counsel for Save 30th Street claimed that the BMP
Program EIR was a “broad programmatic EIR” that could not avoid the need
for site-specific review of the environmental impacts of adding a Class IV
bikeway on 30th Street. But as we have already explained, site-specific
review for a later project is not required unless it creates effects or requires
mitigation measures that were not previously considered. (Center for
Biological Diversity, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at pp. 238-239; see generally,
CEQA Guidelines, § 15168, subd. (c)(5).) No such showing has been made
here by Save 30th Street.
13 Because we conclude that the City was not required to conduct any
environmental review with respect to the Bikeway Project, beyond that
already contained in the BMP Program EIR, we find no merit to Save 30th
Street’s contention that the City improperly committed itself to the Bikeway
Project before it conducted any required environmental review. (See Save
Tara v. City of West Hollywood (2008) 45 Cal.4th 116, 138 [“before conducting
CEQA review, agencies must not ‘take any action’ that significantly furthers
a project ‘in a manner that forecloses alternatives or mitigation measures
that would ordinarily be part of CEQA review of that public project.’ ”].)
21
We next consider Save 30th Street’s contention that the City’s approval
of the Bikeway Project violated the Planning and Zoning Law (Gov. Code,
§ 65000 et seq.) because it was inconsistent with the NPCP.14
As applicable here, the Planning and Zoning Law provides that “[n]o
local public works project may be approved . . . within an area covered by a
specific plan unless it is consistent with the adopted specific plan.” (Gov.
Code, § 65455;15 see also Friends of “B” Street v. City of Hayward (1980)
106 Cal.App.3d 988, 998 [“a city’s public works projects . . . must be
consistent with its general plan”]; Friends of H Street v. City of Sacramento
(1993) 20 Cal.App.4th 152, 169 [“cities are required to conform proposed
public works projects to the general plan”].) The CEQA memo specifically
determined that the Bikeway Project was consistent with both the NPCP and
the BMP.
We conduct an independent review of the trial court’s findings on the
issue of consistency. (Naraghi Lakes Neighborhood Preservation Assn. v. City
of Modesto (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 9, 19 (Naraghi Lakes).) Our review “ ‘is
highly deferential to the local agency, “recognizing that ‘the body which
adopted the general plan policies in its legislative capacity has unique
competence to interpret those policies when applying them in its adjudicatory
14 In the trial court, Save 30th Street also argued that the Bikeway
Project was separately inconsistent with the BMP. However, on appeal, Save
30th Street states that because, in its view, the “BMP defers to the NPCP,” it
views the “principal question” before us to be “whether the [Bikeway] Project
is inconsistent with the NPCP.” We accordingly focus our consistency
analysis on the NPCP.
15 After adoption of a general plan, a city may adopt a specific plan for the
systematic implementation of the general plan for all or part of the city.
(Gov. Code, § 65450.) Both the NPCP and the BMP implement the City’s
general plan.
22
capacity. [Citations.] Because policies in a general plan reflect a range of
competing interests, the governmental agency must be allowed to weigh and
balance the plan’s policies when applying them, and it has broad discretion to
construe its policies in light of the plan’s purposes. [Citations.] A reviewing
court’s role “is simply to decide whether the [governing body] officials
considered the applicable policies and the extent to which the proposed
project conforms with those policies.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” ’ . . . ‘It is,
emphatically, not the role of the courts to micromanage these development
decisions.’ ” (Golden Door Properties, LLC v. County of San Diego (2020)
50 Cal.App.5th 467, 499 (Golden Door).) “Reviewing courts must defer to a
procedurally proper consistency finding unless no reasonable person could
have reached the same conclusion.” (Orange Citizens for Parks & Recreation
v. Superior Court (2016) 2 Cal.5th 141, 155.) Moreover, “general and specific
plans attempt to balance a range of competing interests. It follows that it is
nearly, if not absolutely, impossible for a project to be in perfect conformity
with each and every policy set forth in the applicable plan. An agency,
therefore, has the discretion to approve a plan even though the plan is not
consistent with all of a specific plan’s policies. It is enough that the proposed
project will be compatible with the objectives, policies, general land uses and
programs specified in the applicable plan.” (Sierra Club v. County of Napa
(2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 1490, 1510-1511.)
Save 30th Street contends that the Bikeway Project is not consistent
with the NPCP on several grounds. The arguments fall into two main
categories, which we consider in turn.
1. Bikeway Classifications and Road Designations
23
We first consider Save 30th Street’s contention that the Bikeway
Project is inconsistent with the NPCP because it conflicts with certain
bikeway classifications and road designations identified in the NPCP.
With respect to bikeway classifications, Save 30th Street contends that
because the Bikeway Project was designed as a Class IV bikeway it is
inconsistent with the NPCP. Specifically, Save 30th Street points out that a
map in the NPCP shows a Class III bikeway on 30th Street (i.e., a bikeway
marked with “sharrows”). Save 30th Street’s inconsistency argument fails for
two reasons.
First, the map in the NPCP expressly indicates that the bikeway
designations are subject to change at implementation. Accordingly, the
Bikeway Project was not in conflict with the Class III designation, as it was
merely tentative.
Second, a review for consistency with a planning document does not
focus on detail, but on general policies. “ ‘[S]tate law does not require precise
conformity of a proposed project with the land use designation for a site, or an
exact match between the project and the applicable general plan. [Citations.]
Instead, a finding of consistency requires only that the proposed project be
“compatible with the objectives, policies, general land uses, and programs
specified in” the applicable plan. [Citation.] The courts have interpreted this
provision as requiring that a project be “ ‘in agreement or harmony with’ ” the
terms of the applicable plan, not in rigid conformity with every detail
thereof.’ ” (Naraghi Lakes, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at pp. 17-18, second italics
added.) “[T]he essential question is ‘whether the project is compatible with,
and does not frustrate, the general plan’s goals and policies.’ ” (Id. at p. 18,
italics added.) Here, even though the Bikeway Project implements a different
classification of bike lane from that tentatively indicated on the map in the
24
NPCP, that variation concerns a detail, not a goal, objective or policy.
Moreover, the City could reasonably conclude that the installation of a Class
IV bikeway on 30th Street was consistent with many of the express policies in
the NPCP, including, specifically, the policy of implementing a regional
bicycle network to include 30th Street, and the policy of implementing
separated bicycle lanes where feasible.16
Regarding road designations, Save 30th Street also contends the
Bikeway Project conflicts with a map in the NPCP which identifies 30th
Street as a “2 Lane Collector (continuous left-turn lane).” According to Save
30th Street, the Bikeway Project resulted “in the elimination of the majority
of the existing center lane on 30th Street north of Upas Street.” The City
disputes this characterization, contending that the engineering plans show
“the center left-turn lane is maintained on 30th Street at major intersections
where vehicles are actually turning off of 30th Street and generally only
removed mid-block where there is no opportunity to make a left turn.”
16 Among the relevant policies in the NPCP’s Mobility Element are as
follows: “ME-1.15 Coordinate with SANDAG on the planning and
implementation of regional bicycle facilities along Meade Avenue, Howard
Avenue, Robinson Avenue, Landis Street, Georgia Street, Park Boulevard,
30th Street, and Utah Avenue. [¶] ME-1.16 Increase bicycle comfort and
accessibility for all levels of bicycle riders with improvements such as
signage, marking, and wayfinding for bicycles, directing them to points of
interest within North Park and adjacent communities, actuated signal timing
for bicycles, priority parking for bicycles, wider bike lanes and, where
feasible, separated bicycle facilities. [¶] ME-1.17 Repurpose right-of-way to
provide and support a continuous network of safe, convenient, and attractive
bicycle facilities, where feasible.” Finally, the NPCP’s Sustainability &
Conservation Element contains the following policy: “SE-2.6 Continue to
implement General Plan policies related to climate change and support
implementation of the CAP through a wide range of actions including: [¶] a.
Providing additional bicycle and pedestrian improvements in coordination
with street resurfacing as feasible.”
25
We need not resolve this factual dispute to reject Save 30th Street’s
inconsistency argument. Like the identification of a Class III bikeway on
30th Street, the identification of 30th Street as a two-lane road with a center
left-turn lane is a detail described in the NPCP, not a goal, objective, or
policy. Therefore, Save 30th Street does not establish an inconsistency with
the NPCP by pointing to this detail, rather than to a goal, objective, or policy.
(Naraghi Lakes, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 18 [a project need not be “ ‘in rigid
conformity with every detail’ ” of a general plan, and the “essential question
is ‘whether the project is compatible with, and does not frustrate, the general
plan’s goals and policies’ ”].) Moreover, to the extent that the center left-turn
lane was eliminated on 30th Street as part of the Bikeway Project, the City
could reasonably conclude that result was consistent with several of the
policies in the NPCP’s Mobility Element, which favor reconfiguring roads to
accommodate bicycles: “ME-3.1 Implement road diets (reduction in number
of traffic lanes) or lane diets (narrowing traffic lanes) where appropriate to
accommodate transit and bicycles within the existing street right-of-way. [¶]
ME-3.2 Provide a Complete Streets network that accommodates multiple
modes of transportation throughout the community to accommodate all users
of the roadway. [¶] . . . [¶] ME-3.6 Repurpose right-of-way to provide high-
quality bicycle, pedestrian, and transit facilities while maintaining vehicular
access.”
2. Policies Supporting Access to Businesses and Preserving Parking
Save 30th Street’s second group of arguments focus on the
inconsistency of the Bikeway Project with certain policies set forth in the
NPCP that favor the promotion of access to businesses and the preservation
of parking.
26
Specifically, the NPCP’s Mobility Element sets forth the following
policies relevant to Save 30th Street’s argument: “ME-5.2 Provide on-street
parking on all streets to support adjacent uses and enhance pedestrian safety
and activity where feasible. [¶] ME-5.3 Include primarily parallel on-street
parking on high-volume arterial and collector streets and angled parking on
lower-speed and lower-volume streets. [¶] . . . [¶] ME-5.15 Preserve on-street
parking in commercial areas to serve short-term shoppers.” With respect to
the policies favoring access to businesses along 30th Street in general, the
NPCP’s Land Use Element supports the promotion of “North Park’s
Community Villages as attractive destinations for living, working, shopping,
and entertainment,” with one portion of 30th Street identified as part of a
“Community Village.”
Although Save 30th Street focuses on the policies that favor parking
and commercial access to argue that the Bikeway Project is inconsistent with
the NPCP, numerous other policies in the NPCP prioritize the promotion of
bicycle transportation as part of a balanced transportation system. Among
other things, the NPCP states that it “envisions repurposing streets to
incorporate multiple modes of travel and parking. By creating an efficient
and attractive multi-modal network, people can bicycle, walk, and use
transit, which ideally can contribute to less automobile congestion and a
more healthy community.” The NPCP’s Mobility Element identifies the
policy of “[r]epurpos[ing] right[s]-of-way to provide and support a continuous
network of safe, convenient, and attractive bicycle facilities, where feasible.”
The NPCP’s Economic Prosperity Element identifies the policy of
“[i]mprov[ing] pedestrian, bicycle and transit infrastructure in North Park’s
commercial districts and areas to position North Park as one of the most
sustainable communities nationally.”
27
As we have explained, “ ‘ “ ‘[b]ecause policies in a general plan reflect a
range of competing interests, the governmental agency must be allowed to
weigh and balance the plan’s policies when applying them, and it has broad
discretion to construe its policies in light of the plan’s purposes.’ ” ’ ” (Golden
Door, supra, 50 Cal.App.5th at p. 499.) Here, the City reasonably balanced
the competing policies to conclude that the Bikeway Project was consistent
with the NPCP. In approving the Bikeway Project, the City did not
completely disregard the policy in favor of preserving on-street parking for
commercial and adjacent uses. As we have noted, “Option A+” was designed
to preserve some of the parking that would have been lost in “Option A.”
Moreover, the CEQA memo noted that despite the elimination of parking due
to the Bikeway Project, parking would still be available to service much of the
commercial district because of a preexisting parking garage and because the
City had recently undertaken to create additional angled or perpendicular
parking on adjacent streets.17 In that context, the record supports a finding
that the City reasonably used its discretion to balance the competing policies
in the NPCP, including the policies in favor of preserving parking, when it
approved the Bikeway Project. Save 30th Street’s inconsistency claim is
accordingly without merit.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
17 The creation of angled or perpendicular parking on adjacent streets
was consistent with a policy in the NPCP’s Mobility Element, which states,
“ME-5.1 Encourage and support additional diagonal parking on various side-
streets adjacent to the Core area and mixed-use corridors, and within multi-
family neighborhoods to increase parking supply where feasible.”
28
IRION, Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:
DATO, J.
BUCHANAN, J.
29