P. v. Barrera CA2/6 ( 2013 )

Filed 8/7/13 P. v. Barrera CA2/6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SIX
THE PEOPLE, 2d Criminal No. B238680
(Super. Ct. No. 1361756)
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Santa Barbara County)
v.
ROBERT GALINDO BARRERA, JR., et al.
Defendants and Appellants.
Robert Galindo Barrera (Barrera) and Richard Mariano Reyes (Reyes)
challenge their first-degree murder convictions and sentences of 50 years to life. We
affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Barrera and Reyes are members of the Westside Varrio Lampara Primera
(VLP) street gang in Lompoc, California. On January 14, 2009, fellow gang member
Kevin Sullivan (Sullivan) drove them to rival gang territory, where they shot Daniel R., a
14-year-old, in the back.
At the time of the shooting, Daniel was alone, unarmed, and standing near
his scooter. Daniel had recently been "jumped in" to the Southside gang. When Daniel
saw people he did not recognize, he whistled and raised his hands in a gesture asking
Barrera, Reyes, and Sullivan why they were in his neighborhood. Barrera and Reyes
answered by shouting, "Westside," and opening fire on Daniel. One of the bullets struck
Daniel in the back, and another grazed him; he died from his wounds soon after.
Shells recovered at the scene came from two different .22-caliber rifles.
Forensic tests were unable to determine from which weapon the fatal shot was fired.
After his arrest, Reyes asked to speak with police. He admitted to
supplying Barrera and another gang member with a .22-caliber rifle right before the
shooting, but stated he did not know why they wanted it. Reyes also denied being at the
scene of the shooting, but recounted several specific details only someone present would
know—that is, the color of Daniel's shirt, where the shooters stood, who shot first, and
how many rounds they fired. Reyes claimed he learned all of these details from others.
Barrera and Reyes were charged with first-degree murder. (Pen. Code,
§§ 187, subd. (a), 189.)1 They were also charged with two enhancements: (1) a
consecutive 15-year enhancement on the ground that the shooting was "for the benefit of,
at the direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang" (§ 186.22, subd.
(b)(1)); and (2) a consecutive 25-year-to-life enhancement on the alternative grounds that
(A) each defendant "personally and intentionally discharge[d] a firearm and proximately
cause[d] great bodily injury" (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)); or (B) a "principal" "personally and
intentionally discharge[d] a firearm and proximately cause[d] great bodily injury (id. at
subds. (d), (e)(1)) and the crime was gang-related under section 186.22, subdivision (b).2
They were jointly tried, but used separate juries so that the People could
introduce, against Reyes alone, Reyes's statement implicating Barrera. Except for
evidence related to Reyes's statement, the two juries heard the same evidence. The
trial court instructed the jury on first-degree murder and the lesser-included offense of
second-degree murder. The prosecutor argued that Reyes was guilty of murder either as
a co-shooter or as the supplier of one of the rifles.
1
All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
2
Sullivan was originally charged with murder, but entered a plea and was
sentenced to 68 months in prison in exchange for his cooperation.
2
Barrera's jury found him guilty of first-degree murder and found
both enhancements true. Reyes's jury also found him guilty of first-degree murder and
found both enhancements true, but found the 25-year-to-life enhancement true solely on
the ground that a "principal" discharged a firearm. His jury hung on the alternative
ground for that enhancement (that is, whether Reyes "personally" discharged a firearm).
The trial court sentenced each defendant to prison for 25 years to life on the
underlying first-degree murder count followed by a consecutive 25 years to life on the
sentencing enhancement; it stayed the gang enhancements.3
DISCUSSION
I. Validity of Reyes's First-Degree Murder Conviction
A. Significance of Reyes's Assault with a Firearm
The court instructed Reyes's jury that he could be found guilty of
first-degree murder under one of three theories: (1) if Reyes himself murdered Daniel;
(2) if Reyes aided and abetted Barrera in murdering Daniel; or (3) if Barrera murdered
Daniel, as long as that murder was a natural and probable consequence of an earlier
assault with a firearm that Reyes committed himself or that Reyes aided and abetted
Barrera in committing. Reyes argues that his first-degree murder conviction is invalid
because the last of these three theories is "unauthorized" insofar as it could hold him
criminally responsible for Barrera's murder of Daniel as the natural and probable
consequence of Reyes's own prior assault. Reyes asserts that People v. Olguin (1994) 31
Cal.App.4th 1355 (Olguin) rejected the challenge he now raises, but contends that Olguin
was wrongly decided and that imposing criminal liability on these facts constitutes a
judicial expansion of criminal law in violation of section 6 ("[n]o act or omission . . . is
criminal . . ., except as prescribed or authorized by [the Penal] Code").
3
Barrera's abstract of judgment states that he was sentenced to life without
possibility of parole. Both Barrera and the People agree that this is incorrect and that it
must be modified to reflect the orally pronounced sentence of 50 years to life. (People v.
Mesa (1975) 14 Cal.3d 466, 471.)
3
This case is different than Olguin. The issue in Olguin was whether a
defendant is criminally liable for a cohort's act of murder as a natural and probable
consequence of a predicate offense he alone committed. (Olguin, 31 Cal.App.4th at pp.
1375-1378.) Because Reyes and Barrera jointly committed the predicate offense of
assault with a firearm, the question presented here is whether a defendant who aids and
abets a cohort in committing a predicate offense and also commits it himself is criminally
liable for the cohort's act of murder as a natural and probable consequence of the jointly
committed predicate offense. We conclude that he is. (Accord, People v. Culuko (2010)
78 Cal.App.4th 307, 323-324 [reaching same result on similar facts].)
Traditional principles of aiding and abetting liability dictate that Reyes is
criminally responsible for the natural and probable consequences of his jointly
undertaken predicate offense. If Reyes had done no more than aid and abet Barrera with
Barrera's assault with a firearm, he would be criminally liable for the natural and
probable consequences of that assault. (People v. Prettyman (1996) 14 Cal.4th 248, 254.)
The result does not change if Reyes happens to pick up a firearm and commits an assault
with a firearm alongside Barrera. That is because Reyes and Barrera, by their joint
perpetration of the assaults, are aiding and abetting one another in those assaults. (People
v. Delgado (2013) 56 Cal.4th 480, 487 ["'When two persons or more commit a crime
together, both may act in part as the actual perpetrator and in part as the aider and
abettor of the other, who also acts in part as the actual perpetrator'"], italics added,
quoting People v. McCoy (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1111, 1120 (McCoy); see also People v.
Beeman (1985) 35 Cal.3d 547, 561 (Beeman) [person "aids and abets" when he "aids,
promotes, encourages or instigates, the commission of a crime"].) Because Reyes's
additional conduct in personally committing the predicate offense of assault with a
firearm does not negate his criminal liability for simultaneously aiding and abetting
Barrera’s assault, (Civ. Code, § 3537 ["Superfluidity does not vitiate."]), Reyes is
criminally liable for Barrera's murder of Daniel as an aider and abettor.
Moreover, this conclusion does not impermissibly create a judge-made
crime because we are construing the scope of criminal liability that attaches to the "act"
4
of aiding and abetting that is proscribed by statute. (§ 31.) This does not create a new
crime. (Accord, In re Hardy (2007) 41 Cal.4th 977, 1025-1026 ["complicity" holding
coconspirators criminally "'". . . liable for the acts of any of the others . . . within the
reasonable and probable consequences of the common unlawful design" . . . '" not found
in statutory text]; People v. Cavitt (2004) 33 Cal.4th 187, 196 ["complicity" doctrine
under felony-murder rule holding a person criminally liable for all deaths having a
"logical nexus . . . between the felony and the act resulting in death" not found in
statutory text].)
B. Foreseeability of Degree of Murder
Reyes next asserts that the trial court committed legal error because it never
instructed the jury that, to convict him of first-degree murder on the theory that it was a
natural and probable consequence of his aiding and abetting Barrera in assaulting Daniel
with a firearm, the jury must find that a natural and probable consequence of the assault
was "first-degree murder" rather than just "murder."
People v. Woods (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 1570, was the first case to suggest
that the natural and probable consequences theory required proof that a reasonable person
in the defendant's position would have foreseen that the specific degree of murder was a
natural and probable consequence of the predicate offense. But Woods only required that
such specificity "where the facts would support a determination that the greater crime
[first-degree murder] was not a reasonably foreseeable consequence but the lesser offense
[second-degree murder] was such a consequence." (Id. at p. 1588.)
That prerequisite is absent here. Applying Woods's formulation, the jury in
this case would be required to make a finding regarding the foreseeability of first-degree
murder only if the evidence supported a determination that, from the point of view of a
reasonable person in Reyes's position, Barrera's assault with a firearm would not
foreseeably result in a first-degree murder but would foreseeably result in a second-
degree murder. However, the facts do not support such a determination. Barrera and
Reyes repeatedly fired their rifles at an unarmed, rival gang member after driving to rival
gang territory.
5
Citing his self-serving statement to police, Reyes suggests that the shooting
actually occurred because he and Barrera were surprised by multiple rival gang members
at the location; Reyes further speculates that Barrera's act in stepping around the car
between his first and second volleys of shots evinces Barrera's personal (and hence
unshared) desire to kill Daniel. Reyes's observations are misplaced because the issue is
not what happened, but what was reasonably foreseeable. Thus, even if we accept
Reyes's theories as to what actually happened, they do not undermine the inevitable
conclusion that a person standing in Reyes's shoes would have known that a willful,
deliberate and premeditated killing of a rival gang member was a reasonably foreseeable
consequence of his and Barrera's mutual assault of that gang member with firearms. The
facts accordingly do not support a determination that first-degree murder was
unforeseeable, so there was no error under Woods.4
II. Attempted Murder Instruction
Reyes (joined by Barrera) contends that the trial court should have
instructed the juries not only on the lesser-included offense of second-degree murder, but
also on the lesser-included offense of attempted murder. Attempted murder is a lesser-
included offense of murder (People v. Davidson (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 205, 210), and a
trial court is required to instruct a jury on all lesser-included offenses, even if the
defendant objects. (People v. Whalen (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1, 68 (Whalen); People v.
Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 143, 154-155 (Breverman).) However, this duty arises "'. .
. only where there is 'substantial evidence' from which a rational jury could conclude that
the defendant committed the lesser offense, and that he is not guilty of the greater
offense. . . .'" (Whalen, supra, quoting People v. DePriest (2007) 42 Cal.4th 1, 50.) We
review de novo the trial court's decision not to instruct on a lesser-included offense.
(People v. Souza (2012) 54 Cal.4th 90, 113.)
4
This conclusion means that Reyes's counsel was not constitutionally
ineffective for not objecting to the jury instruction or the court's response to the jury's
note. (See Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687.)
6
Reyes makes two arguments. First, he argues that the evidence supports the
finding that he shot at Daniel, but did not establish that bullets from his rifle struck
Daniel. Reyes reasons that these facts support the finding that he committed attempted
murder, but not murder. We disagree. Both crimes require that the defendant intended to
kill his victim (People v. Campos (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 1228, 1242), so what
distinguishes the two crimes is a death. The intended victim in this case died from a shot
fired by Reyes or his cohort. Accordingly, a jury could not rationally find that Reyes's
act of firing a rifle at Daniel with the intent to kill could constitute attempted murder but
not first-degree murder. Reyes further argues that he never intended to kill Daniel
(because Reyes originally wanted to kill a member of a different rival gang), but this
argument does not support an attempted murder instruction because, if accepted, it would
render Reyes not guilty of attempted murder as well.
Second, Reyes argues that the trial court's decision not to instruct on
attempted murder rises to the level of a federal constitutional error. Our Supreme Court
has held to the contrary. (Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 165-172.)
III. Alleged Directed Verdict
Barrera argues that the trial court effectively directed his jury to return a
guilty verdict on the first-degree murder count by allowing his jury to remain in the
courtroom when the court read the CALCRIM No. 403 instruction applicable only to
Reyes's jury. A court surely violates due process when it directs a verdict against a
criminal defendant (United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. (1977) 430 U.S. 564, 572-
573), but no such violation occurred here.
The instruction Barrera says tainted his jury was prefaced with the
admonition that "[t]his instruction applies to Defendant Richard Reyes." Barrera's jury is
presumed to have followed this admonition. (Richardson v. Marsh (1987) 481 U.S. 200,
211); People v. Anzalone (2013) 56 Cal.4th 545, 557.) Barrera has proffered no reason to
conclude that his jury did or could not do so. More to the point, this instruction did not
tell any jury to find Barrera guilty. To the contrary, it detailed that "the People may
7
prove" that Barrera (or Reyes) committed a murder—not that the People had already
done so.
IV. Improper Application of Sentencing Enhancements
Barrera contends that he should not be subjected to the 25-year-to-life
sentencing enhancement under section 12022.53, subdivision (d), under either theory
presented to his jury. More specifically, he argues that (1) the enhancement for his
"personal[]" discharge of a firearm proximately causing great bodily injury is not
supported by substantial evidence; and (2) the fall-back enhancement for discharge of a
firearm by a principal violates equal protection because it applies to crimes involving
criminal street gangs but not other nefarious groups.
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
A defendant will receive a consecutive 25-year-to-life prison sentence if
(1) he or she "personally and intentionally discharges a firearm" and (2) "proximately
causes great bodily injury . . . or death, to any person other than an accomplice . . . ."
(§ 12022.53, subd. (d).) Barrera contests the evidence to support each element. We must
uphold a jury's finding of this enhancement if it is supported by "'. . . substantial
evidence—that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible and of solid value—such that a
reasonable trier of fact could find the [enhancement true] beyond a reasonable doubt.'"
(People v. Watkins (2012) 55 Cal.4th 999, 1019, quoting People v. Johnson (1980) 26
Cal.3d 557, 578.)
Substantial evidence supports each element of this enhancement. Barrera
argues that one witness said he only saw one shooter, but other witnesses saw two
shooters and bullets from two different .22-caliber weapons were recovered at the scene.
Moreover, one witness testified that Barrera admitted to shooting someone. Although
contradicted, this evidence supports a reasonable jury's finding that Barrera personally
discharged a firearm.
Barrera also contends that the People were unable to prove that he
proximately caused Daniel's death because they were unable to match the bullet that
killed Daniel to the rifle Barrera was shooting. By its plain language, this enhancement
8
"applies so long as [a] defendant's personal discharge of a firearm was a proximate, i.e.,
substantial, factor contributing to the [great bodily injury or death]." (People v. Bland
(2002) 28 Cal.4th 313, 338.) Thus, as our Supreme Court has held, "[a] person can
proximately cause a gunshot injury without personally firing the weapon that discharged
the harm-inflicting bullet." (Id. at p. 337; see also People v. Palmer (2005) 133
Cal.App.4th 1141, 1150-1151 [same].)
B. Equal Protection Challenge
Barrera (along with Reyes) also argues that the 25-year-to-life
sentencing enhancement premised on a "principal's intentional and personal discharge" of
a crime cannot be applied because it violates equal protection. Barrera observes that the
25-year-to-life enhancement under section 12022.53, subdivision (d), usually requires
proof that a defendant "personally and intentionally" discharge a firearm, but makes an
exception if the shooting occurred "for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in association
with any criminal street gang"; in this subset of cases, it is enough if a "principal" in the
crime "personally and intentionally discharges a firearm," even if the defendant did not
(id. at subd. (e); § 186.22, subd. (b).) Barrera asserts that this distinction violates equal
protection because it arbitrarily singles out crimes associated with criminal street gangs
for harsher punishment while shootings involving equally nefarious groups (such as hate
groups, political extremists, or "thugs out to beat up people for the fun of it") are not. We
review this constitutional challenge de novo. (Shoemaker v. Harris (2013) 214
Cal.App.4th 1210, 1223).
This equal protection challenge has already been rejected in
People v. Hernandez (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 474 and People v. Gonzales
(2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 1. These cases held that our Legislature could rationally decide to
deal with group-related gun violence one step at a time, and could reasonably start with
criminal street gangs. (Hernandez, supra, at pp. 480-482; Gonzales, supra, at pp. 12-13.)
Barrera argues that these cases were wrongly decided because they employed rational
basis scrutiny rather than the strict scrutiny that is warranted for statutes infringing upon
the "fundamental interest" of maintaining one's "right to liberty." Our Supreme Court
9
rejected a similar argument in People v. Wilkinson (2004) 33 Cal.4th 821, 837-838; see
also People v. Turnage (2012) 55 Cal.4th 62, 74.)
DISPOSITION
As to Reyes, the judgment is affirmed. As to Barrera, we modify the
abstract of judgment for Barrera to reflect the orally pronounced sentence of 50 years to
life. The Superior Court Clerk shall prepare an amended abstract of judgment
incorporating this change and forward a certified copy to the Department of Corrections
and Rehabilitation. As so modified, the judgment as to Barrera is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
HOFFSTADT, J.*
We concur:
YEGAN, A. P. J.
PERREN, J.
*
(Judge of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, assigned by the
Chief Justice pursuant to art. 6, § 6 of the Cal. Const.)
10
Edward H. Bullard, Judge
Superior Court County of Santa Barbara
______________________________
Sharon M. Jones, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant Robert Galindo Barrera, Jr.
Dan Mrotek, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Richard Mariano Reyes.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Victoria B.
Wilson, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Noah P. Hill, Deputy Attorney General,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.