People v. Lawson CA2/4 ( 2023 )

Filed 1/4/23 P. v. Lawson CA2/4
Opinion following transfer from Supreme Court
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
THE PEOPLE, B296634
(Los Angeles County
Plaintiff and Respondent, Super. Ct. No. BA281894)
v.
OPINION FOLLOWING
WILBUR LAWSON, TRANSFER FROM
SUPREME COURT
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Lisa B. Lench, Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.
Boyce & Schaefer and Robert E. Boyce, under appointment by the
Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Assistant Attorney General, and
Kenneth C. Byrne, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
This matter is before us following the Supreme Court’s transfer with
directions to vacate our prior decision (People v. Lawson (Oct. 23, 2020,
B296634) [nonpub. opn.] (Lawson II)), and reconsider the cause in light of
People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952 (Lewis). We vacate our opinion in
Lawson II. After reconsidering the cause, we again conclude that the court
erred by summarily denying defendant’s petition for resentencing (former
Pen. Code, § 1170.95, now § 1172.6)1 without appointing him counsel. We
also agree with the parties that the error was prejudicial under the Supreme
Court’s recent decision in People v. Strong (2022) 13 Cal.5th 698 (Strong). We
reverse the trial court’s order, and remand the matter to the trial court with
directions to appoint counsel, receive briefing, and determine if defendant has
made a prima facie case for relief.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Our summary of the factual background is based on our prior opinion
in defendant’s direct appeal (People v. Williams et al. (May 20, 2008,
B198076) [nonpub. opn.] (Lawson I).2 Defendant and one of his codefendants
(Sean Thomas) were tried alongside one another. Their trial was severed
from that of another codefendant (Dontae Ray Williams) who was tried first.
We summarize only the evidence presented at defendant and Thomas’s trial.
1 While the Attorney General’s petition for review was pending, Penal
Code section 1170.95 was renumbered section 1172.6 without substantive
change. (Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 10.) All further undesignated statutory
references are to the Penal Code.
2 In Lawson II, we granted defendant’s request to take judicial notice of
the prior appellate record in Lawson I. (See Lawson II, supra, at p. 4, fn. 3.)
Having vacated that decision, we again grant defendant’s request for judicial
notice.
2
At approximately 6:45 p.m. on February 24, 2005, Brandin Brinkley
encountered defendant outside a 99¢ Store near Vermont and 61st Street.
Defendant asked Brinkley where he could purchase gloves. After Brinkley
directed defendant to the 99¢ Store, Brinkley saw him select a pair of black
gloves and a pair of red and black gloves inside the store. Brinkley left the
store and went home. (Lawson II, supra, at p. 4.)
Heng Bou testified that he was working in a doughnut store at 60th
Street and Vermont on February 24, 2005. Approximately 20 to 30 minutes
before he heard sirens and saw an ambulance, Bou saw two young, Black
males purchase doughnuts and sit inside the store; the males left before Bou
heard sirens. (Lawson II, supra, at p. 5.)
Guadalupe Rivera testified that around 7:15 p.m. the night of the
shooting, she drove to pick up her brother, Osman Alvarado, near a Dollar
Warehouse located at Vermont and 60th Street. As she passed by, she saw
two men standing outside the store, together with a third man wearing a
mask. All three men were wearing hooded sweatshirts. Rivera parked her
car and watched the masked man—the shortest of the three men outside the
store—follow Alvarado into the Dollar Warehouse.3 Rivera saw the masked
man point a gun inside the store while the other men stood outside, watching
him through a glass window. When the two men entered the store, the
masked man abruptly left, and Rivera heard gunshots. After the three men
ran away, another man emerged from the store holding his back and said he
had been shot. (Lawson II, supra, at p. 5.)
3 Investigating officers later established that defendant was several
inches shorter than Williams and Thomas.
3
Alvarado testified that when he approached the Dollar Warehouse, he
saw three men standing outside. One of the men wore a mask, and the
others had hoods over their heads. While inside the store, Alvarado heard
the masked man, accompanied by one of the other men, demand money, and
a cashier responded, “Okay.” When a struggle broke out involving the
cashier, one of the men fired a gun, and Alvarado sought cover. After the
three men left, Alvarado saw money on the floor near the store entrance.
Alvarado never saw the robbers’ faces, and he was unsure whether the
masked man or the other accomplices held the gun. (Lawson II, supra, at
pp. 5–6.)
Los Angeles Police Department officers responded and discovered the
victim (Avila Rodriguez) wounded and lying on the ground. Rodriguez later
died of a gunshot wound to his back. Officers found a gun in front of the
store, a pair of gloves 200 feet away from the store, and sales tags for gloves
in the doughnut shop’s trash bin. The gun, which belonged to Rodriguez’s
friend, was kept in the store for Rodriguez’s protection. Thomas’s
fingerprints were identified on the sales tags, and his DNA matched DNA on
one of the recovered gloves. (Lawson II, supra, at p. 6.)
Investigating officers obtained video surveillance footage from inside of
the 99¢ Store and the Dollar Warehouse, which was played for the jury.
Video footage of the 99¢ Store showed defendant purchasing two pairs of
black gloves and one pair of red gloves. Footage of the Dollar Warehouse
showed the shooter wearing red gloves, a hooded sweater, and something
covering his face. When Williams was arrested on March 6, 2005, he
attempted to discard a firearm. A criminalist could not determine whether
the discarded gun had fired the bullet recovered from Rodriguez’s body.
(Lawson II, supra, at p. 6.)
4
When defendant and Thomas were interviewed in April 2005, both
initially denied being around the area during the robbery and shooting. After
Thomas learned that police had recovered his DNA from a recovered glove, he
stated that he intended to participate in the robbery, but later changed his
mind and stood across the street from the Dollar Warehouse while the
robbery occurred. When he heard a gunshot, he ran away. When defendant
was shown photographs from video surveillance of the 99¢ Store, he admitted
that he had purchased the gloves, but stated that he returned to his
grandmother’s house a half-mile away from the Dollar Warehouse.
Defendant stated that he decided not to participate in the robbery because he
did not want to get shot. He denied giving anyone the red gloves, though he
could not recall what he had done with them. (Lawson II, supra, at pp. 6–7.)
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
By amended information on May 30, 2006, defendant was charged
alongside Williams and Thomas with murder (§ 187, subd. (a), count 1) and
robbery (§ 211, count 2). As to count 1, the information alleged that the
murder was committed while defendant was engaged in the commission of
robbery (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)). As to counts 1 and 2, the information alleged
that defendant personally discharged or used a firearm causing death
(§ 12022.53, subds. (b)–(d)), and that a principal in the crime was armed with
a firearm (former § 12022, subd. (a)(1)).
The matter proceeded to trial. As to count 1, the jury was instructed on
first degree felony murder (§ 189, subd. (a)) and the robbery-murder special
circumstance (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)). During deliberations, the jury asked:
“If we cannot unanimously find on any ‘special circumstances’ question, is it
ok to leave the question unanswered?” The court responded that if the jury
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reached a unanimous decision on a guilty verdict, but could not reach a
unanimous decision on the special allegations, the foreperson “should
complete the guilty verdict form, answer true or not true as to any special
allegation for which you have unanimously agreed, and leave blank any
special allegation for which you are unable to agree.”
By verdict on January 30, 2007, the jury found defendant guilty of first
degree felony murder, and found true the allegation that the murder was
committed while defendant was engaged in the commission of robbery
(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)). It also found true the allegation that a principal in
the crime was armed with a firearm (former § 12022, subd. (a)(1)). The jury
left blank portions of the verdict form pertaining to the allegations under
section 12022.53, subdivisions (b) through (d), and the court declared a
mistrial as to those allegations. The verdict form did not specify whether the
jury found beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was the actual killer,
intended to kill as an aider and abettor, or acted as a major participant with
reckless indifference to human life.
The court sentenced defendant to life imprisonment without the
possibility of parole, plus one year for the murder count, and four years for
the robbery count, which the court stayed under section 654.
This court affirmed defendant’s judgment of conviction in 2008.
(Lawson I, supra, at p. 1.) We concluded that substantial evidence supported
defendant’s conviction for murder and robbery. (Id. at p. 7.) In doing so, we
noted that the evidence supported “the reasonable conclusion that Lawson
was the masked robber.” (Id. at p. 17.)
On January 25, 2019, defendant filed a petition for resentencing
pursuant to former section 1170.95, now section 1172.6, claiming entitlement
to relief because he was convicted of first degree murder under a felony-
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murder theory or the natural and probable consequences doctrine. Defendant
requested that counsel be appointed on his behalf. (Lawson II, supra, at
p. 9.)
In a written memorandum of decision, the trial court summarily denied
defendant’s petition. The court explained that based on the statement of
facts in our prior decision (Lawson I), “the identity of the actual shooter was
not clearly established at trial.” Thus, the court found defendant “may” be
entitled to relief of his first degree felony murder conviction. Nevertheless,
the court found defendant was ineligible for relief as a matter of law because
the jury had found the robbery-murder special circumstance true, which
required the jury to find that if defendant was not the actual killer, he had
intended to kill the victim or was a major participant who acted with reckless
indifference to human life. (Lawson II, supra, at p. 10.)
In his prior appeal from the court’s summary denial of his petition for
resentencing, defendant argued that the court erred by relying solely on the
robbery-murder special circumstance finding in violation of People v. Torres
(2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 1168 (Torres), review dism. Oct. 12, 2022, S262011.
Consistent with the holding in Torres, we concluded that the trial court erred
by summarily denying defendant’s section 1172.6 petition based on the
robbery-murder special circumstance finding that predated People v. Banks
(2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 (Banks) and People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522(Clark). We reversed the trial court’s order, and remanded the matter for the
court to determine whether defendant made a prima facie showing that he
falls within the provisions of section 1172.6. If the trial court were to find
defendant potentially eligible for resentencing, we directed the court to
appoint him counsel and order briefing. (Lawson II, supra, at pp. 3, 12–16,
18.)
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The Attorney General petitioned for review, and on January 13, 2021,
the Supreme Court granted the petition and deferred the matter pending
disposition of Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th 952. On February 9, 2022, the Court
issued an order expanding its review in this matter to include the issue then-
pending in Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th 698. Following its decisions in Lewis
and Strong, on November 16, 2022, the Court transferred the matter back to
this court with directions to vacate the decision and reconsider the cause in
light of Lewis (the Court did not cite or otherwise reference Strong in its
transfer order to this court).
DISCUSSION
1. Amendment of the Felony Murder Rule
On January 1, 2019, California’s felony murder rule and the natural
and probable consequences doctrine were altered by Senate Bill No. 1437
(S.B. 1437). S.B. 1437 was enacted to “amend the felony murder rule and the
natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to
ensure that murder liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual
killer, did not act with the intent to kill, or was not a major participant in the
underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (Stats.
2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).) It accomplished this purpose by amending
section 188, defining malice, and section 189, defining the degrees of murder.
In amending section 188, S.B. 1437 added the following provision:
“Except as stated in subdivision (e) of Section 189, in order to be convicted of
murder, a principal in a crime shall act with malice aforethought. Malice
shall not be imputed to a person based solely on his or her participation in a
crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3); Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 2.) S.B. 1437 also added
the following as subdivision (e) of section 189: “A participant in the
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perpetration or attempted perpetration of a felony listed in subdivision (a)[4]
in which a death occurs is liable for murder only if one of the following is
proven: [¶] (1) The person was the actual killer. [¶] (2) The person was not
the actual killer, but, with the intent to kill, aided, abetted, counseled,
commanded, induced, solicited, requested, or assisted the actual killer in the
commission of murder in the first degree. [¶] (3) The person was a major
participant in the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to
human life, as described in subdivision (d) of Section 190.2.” (§ 189, subd. (e);
Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 3.)
2. Petitions Under Section 1172.6
In addition to amending the felony murder rule and the natural and
probable consequences doctrine, S.B. 1437 also added former section 1170.95,
now section 1172.6. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4.)5 Section 1172.6 allows a
person convicted of felony murder, or murder under the natural and probable
consequences doctrine, to “file a petition with the court that sentenced the
petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder . . . conviction vacated and to be
resentenced on any remaining counts when all of the following conditions
apply: [¶] (1) A complaint, information, or indictment was filed against the
petitioner that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony
murder [or] murder under the natural and probable consequences
doctrine . . . . [¶] (2) The petitioner was convicted of murder, . . . following a
4 Robbery is one of the felonies listed in section 189, subdivision (a).
5 Prior to being renumbered section 1172.6, former section 1170.95 was
amended to expand the petitioning procedure to individuals convicted of
theories not relevant here, and to codify the holding of Lewis, supra, 11
Cal.5th 952 regarding a petitioner’s right to counsel and the standard for
determining the existence of a prima facie case. (Stats. 2021, ch. 551, §§ 1, 2.)
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trial . . . . [¶] [and] (3) The petitioner could not presently be convicted of
murder . . . because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective January
1, 2019.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (a).)
Subdivision (b)(1) of that statute requires that the petition be filed with
the court that sentenced the petitioner, and must include (a) a declaration by
the petitioner that he or she is eligible for relief under the section; (b) the
superior court case number and year of conviction; and (c) whether the
petitioner requests appointment of counsel. Subdivision (b)(2) provides that
the trial court may deny the petition without prejudice if any of the
information required by subdivision (b)(1) is missing and cannot be readily
ascertained by the court.
Following the Court’s decision in Lewis, the Legislature amended
section 1172.6 to codify a portion of that decision in subdivision (b)(3), which
now provides: “Upon receiving a petition in which the information required
by this subdivision is set forth or a petition where any missing information
can readily be ascertained by the court, if the petitioner has requested
counsel, the court shall appoint counsel to represent the petitioner.” After
providing the prosecution and petitioner additional time to submit briefings,
“the court shall hold a hearing to determine whether the petitioner has made
a prima facie case for relief. If the petitioner makes a prima facie showing
that the petitioner is entitled to relief, the court shall issue an order to show
cause. If the court declines to make an order to show cause, it shall provide a
statement fully setting forth its reasons for doing so.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (c).)
The remainder of the statute sets forth the procedure for responding to,
and the hearing on, the order to show cause, as well as post-hearing matters.
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3. Analysis
Following the Supreme Court’s transfer in this case, defendant filed a
supplemental brief. In it, he argues that under Lewis, we must again reverse
the order summarily denying his petition for resentencing, and remand the
matter with directions to appoint counsel and receive briefing. In his
supplemental brief, the Attorney General agrees with defendant’s contention,
and further concedes that the error is not harmless, “because [the] sole basis
for denying the petition thus far were the arguments presented to and
rejected by the high court in Strong.” We agree with the parties.
The trial court committed error by summarily denying defendant’s
petition for resentencing without appointing him counsel and receiving
briefing. In Lewis, the Supreme Court held that once a petitioner files a
facially sufficient petition under section 1172.6 and requests appointment of
counsel, the superior court must appoint counsel before conducting any prima
facie review. (See Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 963 [“petitioners who file a
complying petition requesting counsel are to receive counsel upon the filing of
a compliant petition”]; accord, § 1172.6, subd. (b)(3).)
The trial court’s error was prejudicial. The Court in Lewis further held
that a superior court’s failure to appoint counsel to represent a petitioner
when assessing whether he or she has made a prima facie showing of
entitlement to relief is state law error only, reviewable for prejudice under
People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818. (Lewis, supra, at pp. 957, 973–974.)
“More specifically, a petitioner ‘whose petition is denied before an order to
show cause issues has the burden of showing “it is reasonably probable that if
[he or she] had been afforded assistance of counsel his [or her] petition would
not have been summarily denied without an evidentiary hearing.”’” (Id. at
p. 974, quoting People v. Daniel (2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 666, 676.)
11
As the Attorney General concedes, defendant has made the requisite
showing of prejudice under Lewis, because his record of conviction does not
contain facts refuting the allegations made in his petition as a matter of law.
(See Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971; People v. Harden (2022) 81
Cal.App.5th 45, 52 [“the court may appropriately deny a petition at the prima
facie stage if the petitioner is ineligible for relief as a matter of law”].)
As amended by S.B. 1437, subdivision (e) of section 189 provides that
participation in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of an enumerated
felony (here, robbery) in which a death occurs renders a person liable for
murder “only if one of the following is proven: . . . [¶] . . . [¶] (2) The
person was not the actual killer, but, with the intent to kill, aided,
abetted . . . or assisted the actual killer in the commission of murder in the
first degree [or] [¶] (3) The person was a major participant in the
underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life, as
described in subdivision (d) of Section 190.2.”
Section 190.2, subdivision (d), in turn, provides that “every person, not
the actual killer, who, with reckless indifference to human life and as a major
participant, aids, abets . . . or assists in the commission of a felony
enumerated in paragraph (17) of subdivision (a) which results in the death of
some person or persons, and who is found guilty of murder in the first degree
therefor, shall be [subject to capital punishment] if a special circumstance
enumerated in paragraph (17) of subdivision (a) has been found to be true.”
Robbery is a felony listed in section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17).
The special circumstance finding in this case indicates that the jury
found that defendant was the actual killer, or “with the intent to kill[,] aided,
abetted, or assisted any actor in the commission of the murder in the first
degree, or with reckless indifference to human life and as a major participant,
12
aided, abetted, or assisted in the commission of the crime of robbery, which
resulted in the death of a human being.” (Italics added.)
As we discussed in Lawson II, because these findings were made in
2007 long before the decisions in Banks and Clark, they do not preclude
defendant from showing that he could not be convicted of first degree murder
under current law. (Lawson II, supra, at pp. 13–14, citing Torres, supra, 46
Cal.App.5th at p. 1179.) This reasoning was recently affirmed in Strong. In
that case, the Court held that “[f]indings issued by a jury before Banks and
Clark [(which significantly changed the prevailing understanding of major
participation and reckless indifference)] do not preclude a defendant from
making out a prima facie case for relief under [§ 1172.6]. This is true even if
the trial evidence would have been sufficient to support the findings under
Banks and Clark.” (Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 710; accord, id. at p. 721
[major participation-reckless indifference findings “will not defeat an
otherwise valid prima facie case” unless those findings were made after
Banks and Clark were decided].)
Thus, because the record of defendant’s conviction does not
demonstrate that he is not eligible for resentencing as a matter of law, we
cannot conclude that it is not reasonably probable that appointment of
counsel could change the trial court’s decision at the prima facie stage of
review.
//
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DISPOSITION
The order summarily denying defendant’s petition for resentencing
under section 1172.6 is reversed, and the matter is remanded for the trial
court to appoint counsel, order briefing, and proceed consistent with section
1172.6, subdivisions (b)(3) and (c).
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
WILLHITE, Acting P. J.
We concur:
COLLINS, J.
CURREY, J.
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