People v. Wood CA6 ( 2022 )

Filed 10/28/22 P. v. Wood CA6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE, H047308
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff and Respondent, Super. Ct. No. C1766176)
v.
LAWRENCE ALEXANDER WOOD,
Defendant and Appellant.
The charges against defendant Lawrence Alexander Wood arose from a home
invasion and robbery in which two persons were shot. A jury found Wood guilty on
three counts of first degree robbery and found true various firearm allegations, including
that he personally and intentionally discharged a firearm, causing great bodily injury.
The trial court found true allegations of prior convictions, including a strike prior. The
court imposed a total term of 25 years to life consecutive to 46 years in prison.
Wood raises numerous claims on appeal. First, he contends the prosecutor
committed misconduct during closing argument by shifting the burden of proof to the
defense. Second, he contends the trial court violated his due process rights by instructing
the jury to consider how certain a witness was when the witness made an identification.
Third, he contends the trial court erred in denying his Romero1 motion to strike the prior
strike conviction. For the reasons below, we conclude these claims are without merit.
1 People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497.
Wood further contends we must remand for resentencing based on recent
legislative amendments to Penal Code sections 667.5 and 1170, and he challenges the
imposition of fines and fees on various grounds including his inability to pay them under
People v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th 1157 (Dueñas).2 The Attorney General
concedes we must remand for resentencing based on recent changes to the sentencing
laws, and we accept the concession. Because we are remanding for a new sentencing
hearing, Wood may assert his Dueñas claim below.
Accordingly, we will reverse the judgment and remand for a new sentencing
hearing limited to the matters identified above.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Procedural Background
The prosecution charged Wood with three counts of first degree robbery of an
inhabited dwelling while acting voluntarily in concert with two or more other persons.
(§§ 211, 213, subd. (a)(1)(A).) As to count 1, the prosecution alleged Wood intentionally
discharged a firearm causing great bodily injury or death and that he personally
discharged a firearm (§ 12022.53, subds. (c) & (d)). As to all three counts the
prosecution alleged Wood personally used a firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (b)). The
prosecution further alleged Wood had suffered a prior strike conviction and a prior
serious felony conviction (§§ 667, subd. (a), subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12), and that he had
served a prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (b)).
A jury found Wood guilty as charged and found the firearm enhancements true.
The trial court found the prior conviction allegations true.
The trial court imposed an aggregate term of 25 years to life consecutive to a
determinate term of 46 years in prison. The term consisted of 18 years (the aggravated
term of nine years doubled for the strike) for count 2; four years for each of counts 1 and
2 Subsequent undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
3; 10 years for the firearm enhancement on count 2; 10 years for the prior serious felony
enhancements; and a term of 25 years to life for the firearm enhancement under section
12022.53, subdivision (d). The court stayed the one-year enhancement for the prior
prison term.
B. Facts of the Offenses
The prosecution alleged Wood was one of several men with guns who entered a
home, shot two of the inhabitants, and stole marijuana, computers, and a gaming console.
One of the victims who was shot—Marcus Sherman—identified a photograph of Wood
in a lineup, and Sherman identified him again at trial. A cell phone found outside the
home after the robbery contained videos of Wood recorded earlier that day, including a
video showing a bag with a pistol inside. The prosecution presented forensic evidence
that the bullet that struck Sherman was fired from a .32-caliber pistol. The prosecution
also showed the jury photos of a .32-caliber pistol for the jury to compare with the pistol
shown in the video found on the cell phone. The defense argued Wood was
misidentified.
The robbery occurred in San Jose on December 28, 2016. Four residents were at
home at the time: Aldrich DSilva, Marcus Sherman, Jerett Vongunten, and Devin
Powell. DSilva testified that he was watching videos on a computer in the dining room,
while Sherman and Vongunten were in the next room. Around 10:00 p.m., four men
entered the house, each armed with a pistol. One of the men pointed a gun at DSilva and
told him not to move. DSilva complied while the man held the gun on him, and the other
men went into the room where Sherman and Vongunten were. DSilva then heard two
gunshots and a lot of yelling coming from the other room. A few minutes later, he saw
the men “trying to take whatever they could” and carrying the property out of the house
in a laundry basket.
Vongunten testified that he and Sherman were in the game room when two men
entered with handguns and started yelling, “sit down,” “shut up,” and other threats. One
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man pointed a gun at Vongunten while the other man pointed a gun at Sherman.
Vongunten heard Sherman get shot, and Vongunten himself was shot in the knee shortly
thereafter. Vongunten then saw the man who shot Sherman taking Sherman into his
bedroom.
Sherman testified that he was sitting in the game room of the house when the
armed men entered. One of the men, described by Sherman as African-American with
short bunchy braids in his hair, stood directly in front of Sherman and pointed a gun at his
face three or four inches away. When Sherman moved the gun away from his face, the
man shot him in the thigh. The man who shot Sherman then lifted him up and took him
at gunpoint to his bedroom to unlock the door. Sherman unlocked the door and let the
man into the bedroom, where Sherman’s partner Powell had been sleeping. The man
threatened to kill Powell and ordered her to hand over some duffel bags with marijuana.
She complied, and the man left the room. Sherman identified Wood as the man who shot
him in the thigh.
Jose Luis Hernandez Huerta lived in the house next door to the victims’ house.
Huerta testified that he was outside walking across the street toward his house when he
heard a sound like firecrackers coming from Sherman’s house, whereupon three people
ran out of the house. One of the men fell down and the man’s cell phone fell out of his
pocket. The man got up and kept running, leaving his phone behind. Huerta picked up
the phone, and when the police arrived, he gave it to them.
The police searched the phone and found multiple videos of Wood recorded on the
day of the robbery. One of the videos showed Wood with a Gucci bag containing a
pistol. T-Mobile records identified the cell phone subscriber as “Wood ASAP.” The
police also found an email account with the name “ASAPWood25” and “ASAP” had
been used in social media and videos “affiliated” with Wood. One of the videos showed
Wood outside a Round Table Pizza with the letters “ASAP” stamped into the video
image.
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None of the guns used in the shooting were recovered, but investigators recovered
a shell casing and a bullet at the home. The bullet, found in the game room, had been
fired, and DNA taken from blood on the bullet matched Sherman’s DNA. Criminalist
Karla Hankel testified for the prosecution as an expert in firearms examination and
toolmark identification. Based on her examination of the bullet, she opined that it had
could have been fired from one of two types of guns: a Sauer & Sohn .32-caliber pistol,
or a People’s Republic of China .32-caliber pistol. The prosecution introduced into
evidence several photos of a Sauer & Sohn .32-caliber pistol.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Prosecutorial Misconduct
Wood contends the prosecutor committed misconduct in closing argument by
improperly shifting the burden of proof. The Attorney General contends the prosecutor
did not commit misconduct because his argument did not shift the burden of proof, and
furthermore that trial counsel for Wood forfeited the claim by failing to object. Wood
argues that if his trial counsel forfeited the claim by failing to object, then counsel
rendered ineffective assistance.
1. Background
In closing argument, the prosecutor argued that a forensic analysis of the bullet
that struck Sherman showed it was fired from one of two types of .32-caliber pistols—a
Sauer & Sohn pistol, or a People’s Republic of China pistol. The prosecutor showed the
jury photos of a Sauer & Sohn .32-caliber pistol (not the gun used in the offense) and
argued that it appeared to be the same type of gun as the gun shown in the video on
Wood’s phone. In closing argument for the defense, Wood’s trial counsel challenged the
adequacy of the analysis performed by the prosecution’s firearms expert, Karla Hankel.
In rebuttal, the prosecution argued as follows: “The burden, ladies and gentlemen,
is on the People. It is my burden to prove this case beyond a reasonable doubt. Defense
does not have a burden. The defense does have a power to subpoena witnesses, put on
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evidence. [¶] The defense is attacking Ms. Hankel and suggesting that there’s some
other kind of gun out there it could have been and they could have analyzed. They could
have called a gun expert in here, look at the bullet, give a different opinion, look at the
casing, if they think that the casing was something that would exonerate the defendant.
But they didn’t do that here. [¶] There is no evidence—and you cannot speculate—there
is no evidence suggesting any other gun.”
Defense counsel did not object.
2. Legal Principles
“Although counsel have ‘broad discretion in discussing the legal and factual
merits of a case [citation], it is improper to misstate the law. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Mendoza (2007) 42 Cal.4th 686, 702.) Furthermore, “ ‘it is error for the
prosecution to refer to the absence of evidence that only the defendant’s testimony could
provide.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Carter (2005) 36 Cal.4th 1215, 1266.) “A prosecutor is
permitted, however, to comment on a defendant’s failure to introduce material evidence
or call logical witnesses.” (People v. Brown (2003) 31 Cal.4th 518, 554 (Brown).) We
consider a prosecutor’s statements in closing argument in the context of the argument as a
whole. (People v. Dennis (1998) 17 Cal.4th 468, 522 (Dennis).)
“ ‘ “When a prosecutor’s intemperate behavior is sufficiently egregious that it
infects the trial with such a degree of unfairness as to render the subsequent conviction a
denial of due process, the federal Constitution is violated.” ’ [Citations.] ‘ “Prosecutorial
misconduct that falls short of rendering the trial fundamentally unfair may still constitute
misconduct under state law if it involves the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to
persuade the trial court or the jury.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] Misconduct that does not
constitute a federal constitutional violation warrants reversal only if it is reasonably
probable the trial outcome was affected. [Citation.]” (People v. Shazier (2014) 60
Cal.4th 109, 127.)
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“ ‘ “As a general rule, a defendant may not complain on appeal of prosecutorial
misconduct unless in a timely fashion—and on the same ground—the defendant made an
assignment of misconduct and requested that the jury be admonished to disregard the
impropriety.” ’ [Citations.]” (People v. Covarrubias (2016) 1 Cal.5th 838, 894
(Covarrubias).)
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant bears the burden of
showing trial counsel’s performance was deficient: that counsel’s performance “fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness” in light of the prevailing professional
norms. (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 688 (Strickland).) “ ‘Reviewing
courts defer to counsel’s reasonable tactical decisions in examining a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel [citation], and there is a “strong presumption that counsel’s conduct
falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” ’ ” (People v. Weaver
(2001) 26 Cal.4th 876, 925-926.) Second, the defendant must show the asserted
deficiency in counsel’s performance resulted in prejudice: a “ ‘ “reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 955.)
3. The Prosecutor’s Statements Did Not Constitute Misconduct
Wood’s claim centers on the prosecutor’s argument in rebuttal that Wood “could
have called a gun expert in here, look at the bullet, give a different opinion, look at the
casing, if they think that the casing was something that would exonerate the defendant.
But they didn’t do that here.” Based on the principles that a prosecutor may not misstate
the law and the prosecution has the burden of proof, Wood argues these statements
constituted misconduct because the prosecutor misstated the law by shifting the burden of
proof to Wood. As the Attorney General points out, however, the prosecutor
immediately preceded these statements with the following: “The burden, ladies and
gentlemen, is on the People. It is my burden to prove this case beyond a reasonable
doubt. Defense does not have a burden.”
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As Wood concedes, a prosecutor is generally permitted to comment on a
defendant’s failure to call witnesses, provided the comment does not implicate the
defendant’s own decision not to testify. (Brown, supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 554.) Nothing in
the prosecutor’s comments here could be construed as a comment on Wood’s silence.
Furthermore, we must consider a prosecutor’s statements in context. (Dennis, supra, 17
Cal.4th at p. 522.) Because the prosecutor immediately preceded his comments by
correctly stating that the prosecution—not the defense—bore the burden of proof, nothing
in the prosecutor’s argument could have been reasonably interpreted as improper burden-
shifting. (See People v. Bradford (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1229, 1340 [prosecutor’s comments
did not impermissibly shift the burden because prosecutor stated at the outset the
prosecution had the burden of proof].)
Even assuming the prosecutor’s comments were objectionable, defense counsel
made no such objection. Nor did counsel ask the court the admonish the jury. The claim
is thereby forfeited on appeal. (Covarrubias, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 894.) Wood argues
his counsel was ineffective, but even assuming the failure to object constituted deficient
performance, Wood has not shown a reasonable probability of a more favorable outcome
in the absence of any error. The prosecution presented strong evidence of Wood’s
identity apart from the expert’s testimony, and the comments the prosecutor made in
closing argument were unlikely to mislead jurors into thinking the defense had the burden
of proof. Absent any prejudice under Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at page 688, Wood is
not entitled to relief.
For the reasons above, we conclude this claim is without merit.
B. Jury Instruction on the Certainty of Witness Identification
Based on former CALCRIM No. 315, the trial court instructed the jury, in
evaluating identification testimony, to consider, “How certain was the witness when he or
she made an identification?” Wood contends the trial court violated his due process
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rights by so instructing the jury. The Attorney General contends the court properly
instructed the jury.
1. Factual Background
Sherman testified that he was sitting on a couch in the game room of the house
when the armed men entered. One of the men, described by Sherman as African-
American with short bunchy braids in his hair, stood directly in front of Sherman and
pointed a gun at his face three or four inches away. When Sherman moved the gun away
from his face, the man shot him in the thigh. The man who shot Sherman then lifted him
up and took him at gunpoint to his bedroom to unlock the door.
About four months after the robbery, the police showed Sherman three
photographic lineups with six photos in each, and Sherman identified a photo of Wood as
the man who shot him. In court, Sherman again identified Wood as the shooter.
On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Sherman if he had made any
tentative identifications of any of the other persons in the photographic lineups. Sherman
replied, “I believe there were other photographs in those photographs that bore, perhaps,
similarities or that, at the time, I thought had, perhaps, features that were similar to
the person that shot me. But the only definitive identification that I made, in terms of the
man who shot me, was to positively identify your client.” (Italics added.)
On further cross-examination, Sherman testified that he had told police another
one of the persons shown in the photographic lineups had eyes, nose, and lips that were
similar to those of the man who shot him. He also said another person had a build and
complexion similar to those of the shooter. Sherman then added, “I believe I made
several statements regarding the reasons I believed the defendant to be the man who shot
me.” Defense counsel asked Sherman to explain, and Sherman testified, “I believe they
also had to do with—with, like, facial structure, as I said earlier, like, the kind of the
thinness in the bridge of the nose compared to widening out at the bottom; a thinner
upper lip as compared to the bottom lip; the eyes—a kind of heavier eyelids; and, also, a
9
very strong emotional reaction to seeing the photograph of the defendant.” When defense
counsel again asked Sherman if he had identified another person with similar features,
Sherman responded, “There was, I believe, another gentleman, as you’ve referenced, in
that—in those photo spreads that did share similar features. Your client is the only person
I definitively picked out as the man who shot me.” (Italics added.)
Defense counsel then asked Sherman if he did anything else to investigate the
person who shot him, and Sherman responded that after police gave him the name of a
person in custody, he searched Facebook, adding, “I found your client’s profile, with his
photograph on it, which then showed me that the person that they had in custody was the
person that had shot me.”
2. Legal Standards
“ ‘The touchstone of due process is fundamental fairness.’ [Citations.] A jury
instruction may ‘ “so infuse[ ] the trial with unfairness as to deny due process of law.” ’
[Citation.] However, ‘ “not every ambiguity, inconsistency, or deficiency in a jury
instruction rises to the level of a due process violation. The question is ‘ “whether the
ailing instruction . . . so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due
process.” ’ ” ’ [Citation.] ‘ “It is well established that the instruction ‘may not be judged
in artificial isolation,’ but must be considered in the context of the instructions as a whole
and the trial record.” ’ [Citations.] ‘ “If the charge as a whole is ambiguous, the question
is whether there is a ‘ “reasonable likelihood that the jury has applied the challenged
instruction in a way” that violates the Constitution.’ ” ’ [Citation.]” (People v. Lemcke
(2021) 11 Cal.5th 644, 655 (Lemcke)). We apply the de novo standard of review to the
correctness of a jury instruction. (People v. Posey (2004) 32 Cal.4th 193, 218.)
3. The Jury Instruction on Witness Certainty Did Not Violate Due Process
In Lemcke, supra, 11 Cal.5th 644, issued after Wood’s trial had concluded, the
California Supreme Court acknowledged the significance of empirical research casting
doubt on the reliability of witness certainty in eyewitness identifications. Under its
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supervisory powers, the California Supreme Court directed trial courts to omit the
certainty factor from CALCRIM No. 315 to give the Judicial Council an opportunity to
review the challenged language. (Id. at p. 669.) As Wood concedes, however, the
Supreme Court in Lemcke found no due process violation. (Id. at pp. 661-662.)
Wood argues the circumstances of this case are distinguishable from Lemcke. He
points to the fact that in Lemcke the defense presented expert witness testimony
challenging the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. He argues that because he
presented no such expert testimony, the objectionable jury instruction violated his due
process rights. But the presence of defense expert testimony was not a determinative
factor in the Supreme Court’s holding in Lemcke, and Wood was not denied the
opportunity to call such an expert in his case. The Supreme Court in Lemcke also noted
the defense had the opportunity to cross-examine the identifying witness at length
concerning inconsistencies in her identification, as did Wood’s counsel. And the defense
in Lemcke cross-examined the police regarding “problematic aspects of the identification
procedures.” (Lemcke, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 659-660.) Counsel here had the same
opportunities. In short, Lemcke’s discussion of the expert’s testimony and defense cross-
examination was presented to illustrate that the defendant was not denied an opportunity
to present a defense; the Lemcke court did not hold the defendant would have suffered a
due process violation in the absence of such a record. Wood was not denied the chance
to present similar expert testimony, and defense counsel did cross-examine the
identifying witness regarding the details of his identification. In fact, the testimony from
Sherman about his “definitive” identification of Wood—the part of Sherman’s testimony
that amounts to an expression of certainty—was elicited by defense counsel in cross-
examination.
Furthermore, as in Lemcke, the trial court instructed the jury to consider, in
evaluating witness testimony, that “[p]eople sometimes honestly forget things or make
mistakes about what they remember”; that “[y]ou alone must judge the credibility or
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believability of the witnesses”; and that the prosecution had the burden to prove Wood’s
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. (Lemcke, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 658.) Considering
“ ‘ “the context of the instructions as a whole and the trial record” ’ ”, id. at page 661, we
see no basis to distinguish Lemcke, nor any grounds for a due process violation in the
record of Wood’s case.
For the reasons above, we conclude this claim is without merit. Wood also
contends the two errors asserted above require reversal because they resulted in
cumulative prejudice, but because neither claim constituted error, there is no prejudice to
cumulate.
C. Denial of Wood’s Romero Motion
Wood contends the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to strike
a prior strike conviction under Romero based on his youth and the passage of time. The
Attorney General contends the trial court did not abuse its discretion because Wood’s
prior conviction fell within the spirit of the “Three-Strikes” law (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i),
1170.12).
1. Procedural Background
Wood committed the prior strike offense in June 2007, nine years before
committing the current offense. He was 18 years old at the time. Wood’s neighbors told
police a beer bottle had been thrown at their front door, whereupon they went next door
to Wood’s house where a party was ongoing. Wood answered the door, and upon
hearing the neighbors’ complaint, he left and returned with several other males, one of
whom was holding a shotgun. The man “racked” the gun and pushed it toward one of the
neighbors while threatening to kill him. The neighbors retreated to their home and called
the police. Wood and two other men then went to the neighbors’ house and knocked on
the door. When a neighbor answered, he saw Wood standing behind the other two men.
When Wood attempted to conceal something in his waistband, the neighbor asked Wood
what he was doing, whereupon Wood showed him the shotgun. Wood was convicted of
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making criminal threats (§ 422) with a firearm enhancement (§ 12020, subd. (a)(1)), and
the trial court granted a three-year term of probation with 120 days in jail. Wood violated
the terms of his probation four months later and the court sentenced him to five years in
prison.
Wood moved in this case to strike the prior conviction under Romero. Wood
argued the conduct underlying the prior offense was dissimilar to the conduct in the
current offense; that the prior conviction was remote in time; and that the resulting
sentence would be excessive if the motion were denied. The probation report
recommended granting the Romero motion.
In denying the Romero motion, the court stated, “I certainly understand my ability
to exercise discretion to strike the serious or violent felony. I do not think it is
appropriate here. I believe Mr. Wood falls within the spirit of the three strikes law. This
case was exceptionally violent and unnecessarily violent. He has shown increasing
criminality and inability to comply with the terms of supervision on parole previously.”
The court added, “I certainly understand the issues for the family and friends of
Mr. Wood to lose him to a life of prison but our community needs to have Mr. Wood in
prison because he has shown an exceptional trend towards violence.”
2. Legal Principles
A trial court is empowered under section 1385, subdivision (a) to dismiss prior
felony conviction allegations (i.e., prior strikes) in cases brought under the Three Strikes
law. (Romero, supra, 13 Cal.4th at pp. 529-530.) The court’s discretion, however, is
limited to instances in which dismissing such strikes is in the furtherance of justice, as
determined by giving “ ‘ “consideration both of the constitutional rights of the defendant,
and the interests of society represented by the People . . . .” ’ ” (Id. at p. 530.)
The granting of a Romero motion is “subject to review for abuse of discretion.
This standard is deferential. [Citations.] But it is not empty. Although variously phrased
in various decisions [citation], it asks in substance whether the ruling in question ‘falls
13
outside the bounds of reason’ under the applicable law and the relevant facts.
[Citations.]” (People v. Williams (1998) 17 Cal.4th 148, 162; see also People v. Garcia
(1999) 20 Cal.4th 490, 503.) It is the defendant’s burden as the party attacking the
sentencing decision to show it was arbitrary or irrational, and, absent such showing, there
is a presumption that the court “ ‘ “acted to achieve [the] legitimate sentencing
objectives, and its discretionary determination to impose a particular sentence will not be
set aside on review.” ’ [Citations.]” (People v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 376-377
(Carmony).) Such a discretionary decision “ ‘ “will not be reversed merely because
reasonable people might disagree.” ’ ” (Ibid.)
3. Denial of the Romero Motion Was Not an Abuse of Discretion
Wood contends the trial court abused its discretion because the strike offense was
far in the past, and he was young at the time—five days past his eighteenth birthday. He
points to the lack of violent criminal conduct between the time of the prior offense and
the current offense. He argues that given the sentence imposed here—25 years to life
consecutive to 46 years—he would still be punished severely and adequately even if the
motion had been granted. Accordingly, Wood argues, “it made sense” to strike the prior
conviction.
While significant time had passed, and Wood was young at the time of the first
offense, we do not review the trial court’s decision based on whether a reasonable jurist
would have granted the motion; we must apply the abuse of discretion standard of
review. “[A] trial court will only abuse its discretion in failing to strike a prior felony
conviction allegation in limited circumstances.” (Carmony, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 378.)
Wood cites no case in which a court of review reversed the denial of a Romero motion
based on grounds comparable to those presented here. The trial court acknowledged the
harshness of the sentence but based its decision on the “exceptionally violent” nature of
the crime, which the court perceived to be part of a trend toward increasing violence. In
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doing so, the court did not abuse its discretion. Accordingly, we conclude this claim is
without merit.
D. Remand for Resentencing
Wood contends recently enacted legislation that changed the sentencing laws
applies to him retroactively, such that we must remand for resentencing under the new
laws. The Attorney General concedes these claims.
1. Retroactive Application of Senate Bill No. 136
The trial court imposed but stayed a one-year enhancement under section 667.5,
subdivision (b). Wood argues the prior prison term enhancement must be stricken
because the recent enactment of Senate Bill No. 136 eliminated the imposition of
enhancements under that code section for all offenses except sexually violent offenses.
The Attorney General concedes. We conclude the concession is well-taken.
Effective January 1, 2020, section 667.5, subdivision (b) only applies if the prior
prison term was served for a sexually violent offense as defined in subdivision (b) of
section 6600 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. (Stats. 2019, ch. 590, § 1.) In this
case, Wood served a prior prison term for violating section 422 (criminal threats). The
prior prison term enhancement does not apply to Wood under the amended statute.
Wood was sentenced in April 2019, before the effective date of the new law. This
change in law, however, applies retroactively to non-final judgments. (In re Estrada
(1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 745-748; People v. Matthews (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 857, 865,
abrogated on other grounds by People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685.) The judgment,
now on appeal, is not yet final. Wood is therefore entitled to the benefit of the change in
law. Accordingly, we will order the trial court to strike the enhancement on remand.
2. Retroactive Application of Senate Bill No. 567 and Assembly Bill No. 124
The trial court imposed the aggravated term for the robbery conviction on count 2.
Wood contends recently enacted Senate Bill No. 567 (Stats. 2021, ch. 731, § 653) (Senate
Bill 567) and Assembly Bill No. 124 (Stats. 2021, ch. 695, § 6) (Assembly Bill 124)
15
apply retroactively to him and require remand for resentencing with respect to the upper
term imposed for robbery. The Attorney General concedes. We conclude the concession
is well-taken.
Effective January 1, 2022, Senate Bill 567 and Assembly Bill 124 amended
section 1170 in several ways. The amended version of subdivision (b) of section 1170
makes the middle term presumptive in the absence of certain circumstances. (People v.
Flores (2022) 73 Cal.App.5th 1032, 1038 (Flores).) Under subdivision (b)(2) as
amended, “The court may impose a sentence exceeding the middle term only when there
are circumstances in aggravation of the crime that justify the imposition of a term of
imprisonment exceeding the middle term, and the facts underlying those circumstances
have been stipulated to by the defendant, or have been found true beyond a reasonable
doubt at trial by the jury or by the judge in a court trial.” (§ 1170, subd. (b)(2).) Under
subdivision (b)(6) as amended, “unless the court finds that the aggravating circumstances
outweigh the mitigating circumstances that imposition of the lower term would be
contrary to the interests of justice,” the court must impose the lower term if one of three
specified factors contributed to the commission of the offense. As relevant here, one of
these factors is whether “[t]he person has experienced psychological, physical, or
childhood trauma, including, but not limited to, abuse, neglect, exploitation, or sexual
violence.” (§ 1170, subd. (b)(6)(C).)
The amendments to section 1170, subdivision (b) apply retroactively to this case
as an ameliorative change in the law that applies to all nonfinal convictions on appeal.
(Flores, supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at p. 1039, citing People v. Superior Court (Lara) (2018)
4 Cal.5th 299, 308.) Furthermore, the Attorney General concedes that because Wood
was sentenced prior to the amendment of section 1170, this matter should be remanded
for resentencing to give Wood an opportunity to present any evidence that he has
experienced psychological, physical, or childhood trauma under section 1170,
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subdivision (b)(6)(C). We accept the concession and we will remand for resentencing
accordingly.
3. Retroactive Application of Assembly Bill No. 1869
The trial court imposed a $129.50 criminal justice administration fee under
Government Code sections 29550, 29550.1, and 29550.2. Wood contends we must order
the trial court to modify the abstract of judgment to strike the fee based on the newly
enacted Assembly Bill No. 1869 (Assembly Bill 1869). The Attorney General concedes
this claim. We accept the concession insofar as the fee must be modified, but the new
law does not empower us to strike it in its entirety.
Effective July 1, 2021, Assembly Bill 1869 revised Government Code section 611,
which now provides, “On and after July 1, 2021, the unpaid balance of any court-
imposed costs pursuant to . . . [Government Code] [s]ections 29550.1, 29550.2, and
29550.3, as those sections read on June 30, 2021, is unenforceable and uncollectible and
any portion of a judgment imposing those costs shall be vacated.” (Gov. Code, § 6111,
subd. (a).) “[B]y its plain terms the ameliorative changes of Assembly Bill 1869 apply
retroactively to make any unpaid portion of the identified assessments, as they existed on
June 30, 2021, ‘unenforceable and uncollectible’ as of July 1, 2021. (Stats. 2020, ch. 92,
§§ 11, 62.).” (People v. Greeley (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 609, 626.) “[A]lthough the
unpaid balance of the identified fees is no longer enforceable and collectible, the statute
also mandates that any portion of a judgment imposing those fees be vacated.
Accordingly, based on the plain language of the statute, the unpaid balance of the
probation supervision and criminal justice administration fees must be vacated.” (Id. at
pp. 626-627, fns. omitted.)
The record does not show what portion of the criminal justice administration fee,
if any, remained unpaid as of July 1, 2021. Accordingly, we will order the trial court on
remand to vacate the portion of the judgment requiring payment of any balance on the
criminal justice administration fee that remained unpaid as of July 1, 2021.
17
4. Ability to Pay Fines and Fees
In addition to the $129.50 criminal justice administration fee, the trial court
imposed various additional fines and fees, including $7000 in victim restitution with a 15
percent administration fee; $10,000 in restitution under section 1202.4; a $120 court
security fee; a $90 conviction assessment; and $10 with penalty assessment under section
1202.5. The court found Wood had the ability to pay these fines and fees but did not hold
a hearing on the matter.
Wood contends the trial court erroneously imposed these fines and fees without
determining his ability to pay them as required under Dueñas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th
1157.3 The Attorney General contends Wood forfeited this claim by failing to object;
that victim restitution does not require a showing of ability to pay; and that the trial court
did not abuse its discretion by finding Wood had the ability to pay. Because we must
remand for resentencing in any event, we need not resolve the merits of this claim. Wood
will have the opportunity to assert his claim under Dueñas at the new sentencing hearing.
5. Presentence Credits
At sentencing, the trial court awarded 749 total days of presentence credits to
Wood, calculated as 652 actual days plus 97 days under section 2933.1. Wood contends
this calculation is incorrect and requests we remand for the trial court to determine the
correct number of presentence credits. The Attorney General concedes this claim. We
reject the Attorney General’s concession.
Wood’s claim relies on the initial probation report, which was subsequently
corrected in a supplemental probation report. The supplemental report of April 26, 2019
corrected various errors in the initial report and set forth the basis for the trial court’s
presentence credits calculation as follows: Wood was arrested on June 28, 2017, and the
trial court sentenced him on April 26, 2019, after 668 calendar days had passed. But after
3
This issue is currently under review in the California Supreme Court in People v.
Kopp (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 47, review granted Nov. 13, 2019, S257844.
18
Wood was arrested in this case, he was sentenced for a violation of probation in another
case docketed No. C1653057 and granted 32 total days of credit. Accordingly, the
supplemental probation report calculated Wood’s actual days in custody in this case after
deducting 16 days for the actual time he spent in custody on the other case. The 16-day
deduction resulted in 652 days of actual custody at the time of sentencing. Under section
2933.1, Wood was entitled to additional 15 percent reduction in time, equal to 97 days of
additional credit.
Accordingly, the trial court properly awarded 749 days of total presentence
credits. We conclude this claim is without merit.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded for resentencing in
accordance with Penal Code section 1170, subdivision (b), as amended by Senate Bill
567 and Assembly Bill 124. The trial court shall also strike the one-year prior prison
term enhancement imposed under former section 667.5, subdivision (b), and vacate any
portion of the $129.75 criminal justice administration fee that remained unpaid as of July
1, 2021.
19
_______________________________
Greenwood, P. J.
WE CONCUR:
______________________________________
Grover, J.
______________________________________
Lie, J.
People v. Wood
H047308