T.M. v. County of San Diego CA4/1 ( 2020 )

Filed 12/28/20 T.M. v. County of San Diego CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for
purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
T.M., D076636
Petitioner and Appellant,
v. (Super. Ct. No. 37-2018-
00016624-CU-PT-CTL)
COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO,
Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Katherine Bacal, Judge. Affirmed.
Gilleon Law Firm and James C. Mitchell, for Petitioner and Appellant.
Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, Melissa M. Holmes and
Alexa Katz, Deputy County Counsel, for Respondent.
T.M. appeals from a judgment denying her petition under Government
Code section 946.6,1 in which she sought relief from the requirement in the
Government Claims Act (§ 810 et seq.) that she timely file a claim with the
1 Unless otherwise indicated, all further statutory references are to the
Government Code.
County of San Diego (the County) prior to bringing a suit for damages.
T.M.’s proposed claim against the County arises from an alleged sexual
assault by San Diego County Deputy Sheriff Richard Fischer. T.M.’s petition
for relief alleged that due to the emotional trauma and psychological
difficulties faced by victims of sexual assaults committed by law enforcement
officers, which can cause those victims to delay in coming forward, her failure
to file a timely claim should be excused due to mistake or excusable neglect.
We conclude that the trial court was within its discretion to conclude
that T.M. did not establish mistake or excusable neglect to support her
petition for relief from the claim filing requirement. Accordingly, we affirm
the judgment.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Fischer’s Assault and T.M.’s Application to File a Late Claim With the
County
On December 6, 2017, T.M. submitted a proposed claim for damages to
the County, alleging that Fischer sexually assaulted her on May 3, 2017. As
T.M. acknowledges, the claim was submitted 33 days after the six-month
period for filing a claim had expired. Accordingly, T.M. also filed an
application for leave to file a late claim. On December 14, 2017, the County
denied leave to file a late claim.
According to the claim that T.M. submitted to the County, Fischer
pulled over T.M.’s car for a broken taillight on May 3, 2017. After the traffic
stop, T.M. continued on her way home, and Fischer pulled her over again,
with his sirens activated. Fischer asked T.M. if he could follow her home to
make sure she arrived safely. As T.M. described, “When they arrived at
[T.M.’s] home, [Fischer] asked [T.M.] for a hug and hugged her, his arms
embracing her near the low back and top of the buttocks. [Fischer] told
2
[T.M.] that she was very attractive and began to question her on whether she
was married, lived alone, had roommates, or a boyfriend. [Fischer] then
followed [T.M.] to the gate of her house, and as she was unlocking the gate,
her male landlord appeared, and [Fischer] retreated to his vehicle. [T.M.]
entered the building and then returned outside to gather some belongings
and [Fischer] was still present. After some further conversation, [Fischer]
eventually left [T.M.’s] house.”
B. T.M.’s Petition For Relief From the Trial Court
On March 28, 2018, T.M. filed a petition with the trial court pursuant
to section 946.6 for relief from the requirement that she file a timely claim
with the County prior to pursuing a suit for damages. T.M. alleged that her
failure to file a timely claim was the result of excusable neglect or mistake.
T.M. filed a declaration in support of her petition. The declaration set
forth the same facts about Fischer’s conduct described in T.M.’s submission to
the County, along with an explanation of why she delayed in filing a claim. “I
did not report the May 3, 2017 incident with Deputy Fischer for several
reasons. He had my telephone number, he knew where I lived and I was
afraid he would contact me again. I also thought it was my word against his
and no one at the Sheriff’s Department would believe me. In addition, I was
also confused and conflicted about whether Deputy Fischer had done
anything inappropriate, even though I believed the hug he gave me was too
hard and too long, took me by surprise and he put his hands near the top of
my buttocks. I thought I may have encouraged him and what happened was
my fault.”
T.M. explained why she ultimately contacted a lawyer and attempted to
file a claim with the County. “It was not until late November 2017 when I
saw and heard news reports about Deputy Fischer hugging and groping other
3
women and he was being investigated for this conduct by the Sherriff’s
Department that I realized he had done the same thing to me, I was a victim
like the other women, the department was taking the matters seriously and
would truly investigate my situation with an open mind. Until then, I was
under the misconception no one would believe me, what Deputy Fischer had
done to me was my fault and I had no rights against him or his employer, the
County.” T.M. also stated that she “was unaware of the claims filing
requirement.”
T.M’s petition was also supported by a declaration from Carlton
Hershman, a retired police detective with substantial experience in sex crime
investigations, who now owns a business called Sexual Assault Training and
Consulting. Hershman stated:
“One of the common issues I dealt with constantly in
investigating sex crimes and interviewing and dealing with
women and men who were victims of alleged sexual assaults and
rapes was delayed or late reporting by the victims, especially
women. Some of the many reasons I learned about during these
numerous investigations for victims delaying the report of an
alleged sexual assault were:
“a. Victims who stated they did not think they would be
believed;
“b. Situations where the alleged perpetrator possessed social
status, like a relative, a supervisor at work, a teacher, physicians,
therapists or law enforcement personnel;
“c. Victims who stated they were ashamed and embarrassed
about what happened to them;
“d. Self-blame, that is, victims thinking they may have
encouraged the assault, felt guilty at not resisting or not resisting
strongly enough and guilt at possibly placing themselves in a
vulnerable situation through self-intoxication;
4
“e. Victims who feared entering the judicial system, for
example, having their credibility attacked and having to recount
a traumatic or highly unpleasant event;
“f. What is commonly referred to as the ‘give-up’ factor, or the
perceived need by the victim to move on and try to put the
incident behind them; and
“g. Competing priorities in life, as well as confusion about
what happened to them and what to do.”
Hershman also explained, “Another thing I have learned in my
experience that has encouraged reluctant sexual assault victims to come
forward is where they learn about other victims of a same or different
perpetrator who have come forward. . . . Many times, victims also feared
retaliation or being re-contacted by the perpetrator.”
Hershman stated that, based on his reading of T.M’s declaration, he
believed that “the reasons T.M. has given for not reporting the May 3, 2017
sexual assault by Fischer until late November 2017, after she saw media
reports about other victims, were reasonable under the circumstances” and
that she acted “in a way that a reasonably prudent sexual assault victim
would have acted under the same circumstances.” Specifically, Hershman
focused on (1) T.M.’s fear that Fischer would re-contact her; (2) T.M.’s belief
that no one would believe her over a law enforcement officer; and (3) T.M.’s
belief that she was at fault for the incident and thus had no rights against
Fischer.2
2 In support of her petition, T.M. also lodged as an exhibit a complaint
she filed against the County and Fischer in the superior court on February
28, 2018. Specifically, the complaint alleged federal civil rights claims (42
U.S.C. § 1983), and six state law causes of action: assault and battery, sexual
assault and battery (Civ. Code, § 1708.5), intentional and negligent infliction
of emotional distress, gender violence (Civ. Code, § 52.4), and interference
with civil rights (Civ. Code, § 52.1).
5
After holding a hearing and considering the parties’ briefing, the trial
court issued a ruling denying the petition and entered judgment in favor of
the County.
In its ruling, the trial court first set forth the applicable legal precedent
and summarized T.M.’s arguments: “In support of her request, petitioner
cites a number of factors, which she argues are sufficient to demonstrate
mistake or excusable neglect. These include the facts of the incident itself in
which Deputy Fischer followed her home after a traffic stop and hugged her,
and T.M. thought she may have encouraged him. T.M. also says she did not
report Fischer because she was afraid he would contact her again, and she
thought nobody would believe her. Hershman opined that the reasons given
by T.M. for her delay are common and reasonable for victims of sex crimes.”
The trial court then explained its decision to deny the petition:
“T.M. knew all the facts on which her claim was based at the time
of the incident. That T.M. thought she may have encouraged
Fischer and, as a result, what happened was somehow her fault
is not a new or additional fact. . . . Similarly, . . . T.M. has not
presented any evidence that she was seriously traumatized by
the incident, let alone suffered a physical and/or mental disability
which limited her ability to function or seek out counsel. A
reasonably prudent person would have, at the very least, made
some effort to obtain counsel. Because T.M. did not, her petition
cannot be granted.” 3
T.M. filed a timely notice of appeal from the trial court’s judgment.
3 As part of its ruling, the trial court overruled the County’s objection to
Hershman’s declaration.
6
II.
DISCUSSION
A. The Claim Filing Requirements of the Government Claims Act
The Government Claims Act (§ 810 et seq.) provides, as a general rule,
that no suit for money or damages may be maintained against a public entity
unless a timely written claim has first been presented to it.4 (§ 945.4;
DiCampli-Mintz v. County of Santa Clara (2012) 55 Cal. 4th 983, 990
[“ ‘ “failure to timely present a claim for money or damages to a public entity
bars a plaintiff from filing a lawsuit against that entity” ’ ”].) A claim for an
“injury to person” must be presented “not later than six months after the
accrual of the cause of action.” (§ 911.2, subd. (a).) “When a claim . . . is not
presented within [the required] time, a written application may be made to
the public entity for leave to present that claim.” (§ 911.4, subd. (a).) “The
application shall be presented to the public entity . . . within a reasonable
time not to exceed one year after the accrual of the cause of action and shall
state the reason for the delay in presenting the claim.” (§ 911.4, subd. (b).)
If the public entity denies the application to file a late claim, section
946.6 authorizes the injured party to petition the trial court for relief from
the claim filing requirements. In ruling on the petition, the trial court “shall
relieve the petitioner from the requirements of Section 945.4” to timely file a
claim if two requirements are met. (§ 946.6, subd. (c).) First, the application
to the public entity to file a late claim must have been made within a
reasonable time not exceeding one year after the accrual of the cause of
action. (§ 946.6, subd. (c).) Second, one of the four circumstances set forth in
section 946.6, subdivision (c) must be shown by a preponderance of the
4 Section 905 sets forth several exceptions to the requirement that local
public entities must be presented with claims for money or damages prior to
the filing of a lawsuit, but none of those exceptions are applicable here.
7
evidence. (§ 946.6, subd. (c); Ebersol v. Cowan (1983) 35 Cal. 3d 427, 431
(Ebersol).) One of these circumstances is at issue in this case: (1) “[t]he
failure to present the claim was through mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or
excusable neglect unless the public entity establishes that it would be
prejudiced in the defense of the claim if the court relieves the petitioner from
the requirements of Section 945.4.” (§ 946.6, subd. (c)(1).)5 In deciding a
petition for relief from the claim filing requirements, a trial court considers
“the petition, any affidavits in support of or in opposition to the petition, and
any additional evidence received at the hearing on the petition.” (§ 946.6,
subd. (e).)
Our Supreme Court has recently summarized the policy behind the
requirement that a person seeking money or damages from a public entity
file a timely claim before bringing a lawsuit. The requirement (1) “ ‘affords
the entity an opportunity to promptly remedy the condition giving rise to the
injury’ ”; (2) “ ‘permits the public entity to investigate while tangible evidence
is still available, memories are fresh, and witnesses can be located’ ”; and
(3) “ ‘gives [the public entity] time to engage in appropriate budgetary
planning.’ ” (Rubenstein v. Doe No. 1 (2017) 3 Cal. 5th 903, 907-908
(Rubenstein).)
B. Standard of Review
5 Only “[u]pon finding an adequate showing that warrants relief, [must]
the trial court . . . then decide if granting the petition would be prejudicial to
the public entity.” (DeVore v. Dept. of California Highway Patrol (2013) 221
Cal. App. 4th 454, 459.) Here, because the trial court concluded that T.M. did
not make a showing warranting relief, it did not reach the issue of prejudice
to the County. Because we will affirm the trial court’s judgment, we also
need not consider the issue of prejudice to the County.
8
“The decision to grant or deny a petition seeking relief under section
946.6 is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be
disturbed on appeal except for an abuse of discretion.” (Bettencourt v. Los
Rios Community College Dist. (1986) 42 Cal. 3d 270, 275 (Bettencourt).)
“Section 946.6 is a remedial statute intended ‘to provide relief from technical
rules that otherwise provide a trap for the unwary claimant.’ . . . As such, it
is construed in favor of relief whenever possible. . . . In order to implement
this policy, any doubts should be resolved in favor of granting relief. . . . In
light of the policy considerations underlying section 946.6, a trial court
decision denying relief will be scrutinized more carefully than an order
granting relief.” (Bettencourt, at pp. 275-276, citations omitted.)
C. Case Law Considering Relief Based on Mistake or Excusable Neglect
As a basis for her petition, T.M. relies on the provision that affords
relief if the petitioner can establish that “[t]he failure to present the claim
was through mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.” (§ 946.6,
subd. (c)(1).) Specifically, T.M. contends that she established that her failure
to file a timely claim was based on mistake or excusable neglect.
To obtain relief under section 946.6, subdivision (c)(1), “[t]he mere
recital of mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect is not sufficient
to warrant relief. Relief on grounds of mistake, inadvertence, surprise or
excusable neglect is available only on a showing that the claimant’s failure to
timely present a claim was reasonable when tested by the objective
‘reasonably prudent person’ standard.” (Dept. of Water & Power v. Superior
Court (2000) 82 Cal. App. 4th 1288, 1293 (Dept. of Water & Power).)6 Under
6 “[T]he showing required for relief under section 946.6 because of
mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect is the same as required
under Code of Civil Procedure section 473 for relieving a party from a default
judgment.” (Ebersol, supra, 35 Cal.3d at p. 435.)
9
the reasonably prudent person standard, “[e]xcusable neglect is that neglect
which might have been the act of a reasonably prudent person under the
circumstances.” (Id. at p. 1296.) When relief is sought based on mistake,
because of the reasonably prudent person standard “it is not every mistake
that will excuse a default, the determining factor being the reasonableness of
the misconception.” (Shank v. County of Los Angeles (1983) 139 Cal. App. 3d
152, 157, italics added.)7
A showing of reasonable diligence is required to establish that the
petitioner acted as a reasonably prudent person. When excusable neglect is
claimed based on ignorance of a fact or failure to act on it, “a person seeking
relief must show more than just failure to discover a fact until too late; or a
simple failure to act. He [or she] must show by a preponderance of the
evidence that in the use of reasonable diligence, he [or she] could not discover
the fact or could not act upon it.” (Dept. of Water & Power, supra, 82
Cal.App.4th at p. 1296.) Similarly, when mistake is claimed, “[t]he party
seeking relief based on a claim of mistake must establish he [or she] was
diligent in investigating and pursuing the claim.” (Id. at p. 1293.)
Under this standard, “ ‘[f]ailure to discover the alleged basis of the cause of
action in time is . . . not a compelling showing in the absence of reasonable
diligence exercised for the purpose of discovering the facts.’ ” (Harrison v.
County of Del Norte (1985) 168 Cal. App. 3d 1, 7.) Further, “the mere
7 In the context of section 946.6, subdivision (c)(1), courts have
considered relief based on either mistake of fact or mistake of law.
(Bettencourt, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 276 [excusable mistake of fact when
“plaintiffs’ attorney made the erroneous assumption that employees of
Sacramento City College were state employees”]; Viles v. State (1967) 66
Cal. 2d 24, 29 [mistake in law regarding time period to file a claim based on
incorrect information given by insurance adjusters].)
10
ignorance of the time limitation for filing against a public entity is not a
sufficient ground for allowing a late claim.” (Ibid.)
In most cases, “ ‘a petitioner may not successfully argue excusable
neglect when he or she fails to take any action in pursuit of the claim within
the six-month period,’ ” including making an attempt to retain counsel.
(People ex rel. Dept. of Transportation v. Superior Court (2003) 105
Cal. App. 4th 39, 44 (Dept. of Transportation), italics added.) However, in
certain exceptional cases, excusable neglect may be found based on extreme
instances of physical or mental disability, or on debilitating emotional
trauma, even if the petitioner failed to take any action whatsoever in the
initial six-month period. (Barragan v. County of Los Angeles (2010) 184
Cal. App. 4th 1373, 1385–1386 (Barragan) [trial court did not abuse its
discretion in excusing late claim by petitioner who became quadriplegic from
a car accident, and who for six months had to relearn life skills, could not sit
up without assistance, and did not leave her bedroom]; County of Santa Clara
v. Superior Court (1971) 4 Cal. 3d 545, 552 [affirming trial court ruling
excusing late claim by parents who were emotionally traumatized by their
son’s death in the middle of his own trial seeking damages for severe injuries
suffered in a car accident].)
Under this line of cases, “[i]f a claimant can establish that physical
and/or mental disability so limited the claimant’s ability to function and seek
out counsel such that the failure to seek counsel could itself be considered the
act of a reasonably prudent person under the same or similar circumstances,
excusable neglect is established.” (Barragan, supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at p.
1385.) However, because “every claimant is likely to be suffering from some
degree of emotional upset, . . . it takes an exceptional showing for a claimant
to establish that his or her disability reasonably prevented the taking of
11
necessary steps.” (Ibid., italics added.) A petitioner makes an exceptional
showing by establishing that emotional trauma has “substantially interfered
with his [or her] ability to function in daily life, take care of his [or her]
personal and business affairs, or seek out legal counsel.” (Dept. of
Transportation, supra, 105 Cal.App.4th at p. 46.) As one court has observed,
“[s]ignificant emotional anguish and depression on the part of those
immediately affected may be expected in virtually every major personal
injury and wrongful death case. [Citation.] The Legislature obviously did
not believe these conditions could provide an escape hatch from the claim-
filing requirement, as evidenced by the fact that ‘incapacitation’ is listed as a
separate ground for relief, and is available only where the condition exists
throughout the entire course of the claim-filing period. (§ 946.6, subd. (c)(3).)”
(Ibid.)
D. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Concluding that T.M.
Failed to Establish Mistake or Excusable Neglect
T.M. argues that the trial court abused its discretion because
“uncontradicted evidence” showed that her “delay resulted from excusable
neglect, an act or omission that might be expected of a reasonably prudent
person under similar circumstances, a victim of sexual assault by a law
enforcement officer, or resulted from an honest, reasonable mistake any
sexual assault victim could have made.”
As an initial matter, we note that in identifying the mistake and the
excusable neglect that warrant relief, T.M. does not strictly separate the two
concepts in her discussion. As support for both mistake and excusable
neglect, she argues that because of emotional and psychological factors, a
victim of sexual assault can reasonably be expected to delay in making a
claim until other victims come forward. In explaining these intertwined
theories of relief, T.M. states, “The most reasonable inference from the
12
uncontradicted evidence T.M. presented, if examined through the lens of a
person who was sexually assaulted by [a] law enforcement officer . . . is: until
she learned through media reports about other Fischer victims . . . , T.M. had
made an honest mistake by thinking she had no rights against him and the
County any reasonably prudent sexual assault victim under similar
circumstances could have made. [¶] The other reasonable inference is that
her delay in reporting him, or seeking legal advice and not submitting a claim
for damages until December 6, 2017 . . . were acts or omissions that might be
expected of a reasonably prudent sexual assault victim facing similar
circumstances. . . . This qualifies as excusable neglect or a mistake that
merits relief under section 946.6 and the applicable case law.”
As T.M.’s arguments for both mistake and excusable neglect focus on
the emotional and psychological factors that cause a victim of sexual assault
to delay in coming forward, we do not separately analyze the issues of
mistake and excusable neglect in our analysis. We focus instead, as T.M.
does, on whether her status as a victim of sexual assault supports a claim for
relief.8
T.M. presents several arguments in an attempt to establish that the
trial court abused its discretion. We consider each in turn.
1. The Trial Court Was Not Required to Rely on Hershman’s
Conclusion That T.M. Acted Like a Reasonably Prudent Person
8 T.M. argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to
separately address, in its ruling, whether she established mistake, focusing
instead on whether T.M. had shown excusable neglect. In light of the
intertwined nature of T.M.’s argument for the two grounds for relief, we find
no fault with the trial court for its focus on excusable neglect.
13
In arguing that the trial court abused its discretion, T.M. places heavy
reliance on Hershman’s declaration, in which Hershman explained that a
woman who experiences trauma from sexual assault may understandably
delay in reporting the incident. In T.M.’s case, she reacted to Fischer’s
assault by assuming that she would not be believed, by developing a fear of
Fischer contacting her again, and by believing that she was at fault for the
incident and thus had no rights against Fischer. Pointing specifically to
Hershman’s opinion that T.M. acted “in a way that a reasonably prudent
sexual assault victim would have acted under the same circumstances,” T.M.
argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not ruling in her favor
because “Hershman’s opinions were not refuted with any contrary evidence,
or by an expert opinion provided by the County.”
We reject this argument because the trial court was not required to rely
on Hershman’s opinion on the ultimate issue presented. “Although otherwise
admissible opinion evidence ‘is not objectionable because it embraces the
ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact’ [citation], an expert is not
allowed ‘to testify to legal conclusions in the guise of expert opinion. Such
legal conclusions do not constitute substantial evidence. [Citation.] “The
manner in which the law should apply to particular facts is a legal question
and is not subject to expert opinion.” ’ ” (King v. State of California (2015)
242 Cal. App. 4th 265, 292.) As our Supreme Court has observed in a different
context, “it is the [finder of fact], not the expert, that determines whether
defendant’s belief and, ultimately, her actions, were objectively reasonable.”
(People v. Humphrey (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 1073, 1087 (Humphrey) [the opinion
by an expert on battered woman’s syndrome (now referred to as “intimate
partner battering and its effects” in Evid. Code § 1107) was not controlling on
the issue of whether the defendant’s actions were objectively reasonable].)
14
2. T.M. Does Not Establish That the Trial Court Failed to Consider
the Relevant Circumstances in Determining Whether T.M. Acted
Like a Reasonably Prudent Person
T.M. next contends that the trial court abused its discretion because it
failed to take into account that she was a victim of sexual assault by a law
enforcement officer, rather than a generic tort victim.
In arguing for relief, T.M. states, “This Court should recognize the
distinct and well-recognized psychological circumstances T.M. proved that
sexual assault victims face which tend to prevent them from reporting the
assault, or seeking legal advice about their rights. The guilt and shame
many of these victims experience, like T.M. did, creates a mental barrier to
revealing what happened to them to anyone. The fear of not being believed
adds to this. T.M. also showed this mental barrier is even harder to overcome
when the assault was by a man with real or apparent power over them, or
with a high societal status, like a law enforcement officer. These
circumstances are not what the usual tort victim experiences.”
We have no quarrel with the principle that when a petitioner seeks
relief under section 946.6 based on mistake or excusable neglect, the court
must focus on the circumstances confronting the petitioner, including the fact
that, as a general matter, victims of sexual assault may be subject to
psychological pressures that cause them to delay in reporting the assault.
Specifically, a court considering whether to grant relief must test the
reasonableness of petitioner’s mistake or neglect based on “the objective
‘reasonably prudent person’ standard.” (Dept. of Water & Power, supra, 82
Cal.App.4th at p. 1293, italics added.) Case law arising in a range of legal
contexts establishes that a finder of fact assessing objective reasonableness
“must consider all of the relevant circumstances in which defendant found
herself.” (Humphrey, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 1083 [a claim for self-defense by
15
a battered woman must be analyzed based on the circumstances specific to
such victims, including the existence of battered woman’s syndrome]; People
v. Ochoa (1993) 6 Cal. 4th 1199, 1205 [in the context of gross negligence, the
objective test of whether a reasonable person in the defendant’s position
would have been aware of the risk involved must be analyzed based on a
reasonable person “in defendant’s position” and should “ ‘consider all relevant
circumstances’ ”].) Indeed, case law is clear that in considering whether relief
is warranted under section 946.6, subdivision (c)(1), the trial court must
inquire whether the petitioner engaged in “ ‘neglect that might have been the
act or omission of a reasonably prudent person under the same or similar
circumstances.’ ” (Barragan, supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1382-1383, italics
added.)
Further, assuming that qualified expert evidence is offered and
admitted regarding the psychological issues common to victims of sexual
assault, we agree with T.M. that the existence of those common psychological
issues may be considered in determining, as an objective matter, whether a
victim of sexual assault has acted like a reasonably prudent person under the
circumstances. (Humphrey, supra, 13 Cal.4th at pp. 1083-1084, 1086
[evidence of battered woman’s syndrome, which “ ‘has been defined as “a
series of common characteristics that appear in women who are abused
physically and psychologically over an extended period of time by the
dominant male figure in their lives[,]” ’ ” is relevant to determine whether the
defendant had an objectively reasonable belief in the need to act in self-
defense].) Thus, although, as we have explained, the trial court was not
required to accept Hershman’s opinion on the ultimate issue of whether T.M.
acted like a reasonably prudent person under the circumstances, Hershman’s
declaration was relevant insofar as it discussed the psychological factors that
16
may cause a sexual assault victim to delay in reporting the assault.
With these legal standards in mind, T.M. contends that “[t]he trial
court abused its discretion by examining T.M.’s actions through the lens of a
‘reasonably prudent person.’ What the court did not do, as it was required to
in determining excusable neglect or mistake, was examine T.M.’s actions
through the lens of a ‘reasonably prudent person’ under similar
circumstances.”
We disagree. The trial court’s ruling shows that it was aware of and
considered the particular circumstances of T.M.’s case. Those circumstances,
as described by the trial court, included the fact that (1) T.M. alleged she was
a victim of sexual assault by Fischer; and (2) as described by Hershman,
victims of sexual assault are subject to psychological issues that can cause
them to delay in making a report. As the trial court described in its ruling,
“Hershman opined that the reasons given by T.M. for her delay are common
and reasonable for victims of sex crimes.” The trial court then applied the
legal standards relevant to a claim of relief under section 946.6, subdivision
(c), and it decided that T.M. had not established that she met those
standards.
Had the trial court failed to consider the evidence in Hershman’s
declaration about the psychological issues unique to sexual assault victims,
or had it failed to consider T.M.’s status as the victim of a sexual assault, we
would agree that the trial court failed to apply the proper standard and
therefore abused its discretion. However, we find no indication that the trial
court applied an erroneous standard.
3. The Trial Court Was Within Its Discretion to Conclude That
Although T.M.’s Delay May Have Been Due to Psychological
Factors Arising From Sexual Assault, She Did Not Establish
17
Psychological Disability for Relief Based on Mistake or
Excusable Neglect
T.M.’s final argument is that, taking into account the psychological
factors that may cause a victim of sexual assault to delay in reporting an
assault, the trial court should have concluded that she acted like a
reasonably prudent person under the circumstances. Specifically, T.M.
argues that “the unique and daunting circumstances sexual assault victims
like T.M. face, may create the functional equivalent of a psychological
disability that effectively prevents them from reporting the assault, or to
delay reporting it.” (Italics added.)
As we have explained, case law establishes that psychological disability
or severe emotional trauma justifies relief under section 946.6, subdivision
(c)(3) only if it “substantially interfere[s] with [the petitioner’s] ability to
function in daily life, take care of [her] personal and business affairs, or seek
out legal counsel.” (Dept. of Transportation, supra, 105 Cal.App.4th at p. 46.)
A petitioner seeking relief based on psychological disability or emotional
trauma must make an “exceptional showing.” (Barragan, supra, 184
Cal.App.4th at p. 1385.) We evaluate the trial court’s ruling that no
exceptional showing was made by using an abuse of discretion standard.
(Bettencourt, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 275.) Applying that deferential standard,
appellate courts have affirmed trial court orders denying relief even when the
petitioner showed that the delay in attempting to file a claim arose because of
circumstances that involved significant emotional trauma. (Bennett v. City of
Los Angeles (1970) 12 Cal. App. 3d 116, 121 [the emotional state of grieving
parents whose son who died after being buried under a cement wall
maintained by the city did not warrant relief for excusable neglect in failing
to file a claim]; Dept. of Transportation, at p. 46 [“depression” experienced by
18
a husband who survived a car accident in which his wife died did not warrant
relief from the claim filing requirement].)
We are sympathetic to the emotional trauma and psychological issues
that a woman experiences when she is sexually assaulted by a man in a
position of authority. As Hershman explained, a woman who experiences
such trauma may understandably delay in reporting the incident. However,
despite the fact that T.M. alleges she was the victim of sexual assault by a
law enforcement officer, we are constrained by the applicable standard of
review to conclude that the trial court was within its discretion to decide that
T.M.’s psychological response to Fischer’s assault did not amount to the type
of extreme psychological disability needed to excuse her from complying with
the claim filing requirement. Although we in no way make light of the
significant emotional hurdles faced by victims of sexual assault, we also
cannot fault the trial court for exercising its discretion in this case to
conclude that the psychological state in which T.M. found herself after
Fischer’s sexual assault did not “substantially interfere[ ] with [her] ability to
function in daily life, take care of [her] personal and business affairs, or seek
out legal counsel” (Dept. of Transportation, supra, 105 Cal.App.4th at p. 46),
and did not rise to the “exceptional showing” required for relief based on
psychological disability or emotional trauma. (Barragan, supra, 184
Cal.App.4th at p. 1385.) The facts presented to the trial court support its
finding that T.M.’s psychological state was not so debilitating that T.M. was
excused from making a timely claim.
As a final point, we note that the County cautions against the relief
sought by T.M., arguing that “T.M.’s expansive interpretation of ‘excusable
neglect’ would permit any claimant to sidestep their statutory deadline,” and
“it would provide an open-ended exception that could be exploited in virtually
19
every case.” (Emphasis and capitalization omitted.) T.M. disagrees. She
explains that she is not advocating an across-the-board carve-out to the claim
filing requirement that would apply whenever the petitioner is a victim of
sexual assault by a law enforcement officer. However, at the heart of T.M.’s
position is the argument that the trial court abused its discretion by not
granting relief based on “the distinct and well-recognized psychological
circumstances . . . that sexual assault victims face which tend to prevent
them from reporting the assault, or seeking legal advice about their rights.”
If we were to accept that argument, it is difficult to conceive of any case that
would not, as a matter of law, require a victim of sexual assault by a law
enforcement officer to be granted relief under section 946.6, subdivision (c)(3),
as long as the petition is supported by an expert declaration similar to
Hershman’s. Such a result would effectively override the broad discretion
that the trial court is given to decide whether a particular petitioner has
established that he or she acted like a reasonably prudent person under the
circumstances.
Moreover, it is not our role to create a broad carve-out to the claim
filing requirement. As our Supreme Court has explained, the claim filing
requirement in the Government Claims Act advances several important
policy goals. (Rubenstein, supra, 3 Cal.5th at pp. 907-908.) These policies
would be undermined if we were to hold that a trial court necessarily abuses
its discretion if it does not grant relief from the claim filing requirement for
victims of sexual assault by law enforcement officers in light of the
psychological issues commonly experienced by such victims. As especially
relevant here, requiring prompt reporting of sexual assault by a law
enforcement officer serves the important goal of promptly identifying abusive
officers so that the public entity can take prompt action to prevent similar
20
assaults on other members of the public. (Rubenstein, at p. 907 [the
requirement to file a timely claim “affords the entity an opportunity to
promptly remedy the condition giving rise to the injury”].)
In sum, the sole issue before us is whether the trial court abused its
discretion in denying relief. We do not decide whether a different decision
would also have been reasonable. However, when we apply the deferential
standard of review that is required here, we conclude that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion by concluding that T.M. failed to act as a reasonably
prudent person by waiting to come forward until Fischer’s other victims had
done so. We therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of T.M.’s petition.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
IRION, J.
WE CONCUR:
BENKE, Acting P. J.
GUERRERO, J.
21