In re W.B. CA2/4 ( 2021 )

Filed 1/19/21 In re W.B. CA2/4
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
In re W.B., B305013
(Los Angeles County
a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Super. Ct. No. 19CCJP08197A)
Court Law.
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN
AND FAMILY SERVICES,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
K.C.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Craig S. Barnes, Judge. Affirmed.
Nancy R. Brucker, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
Mary C. Wickham, County Counsel, Kim Nemoy, Assistant County
Counsel, and Sarah Vesecky, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
1
Appellant K.C. (mother) is the mother of W.B. (born Jan. 2016).
She contends there is insufficient evidence to support the juvenile
court’s jurisdictional findings and dispositional orders as they pertain to
her. We disagree and conclude that: (1) substantial evidence supports
the jurisdictional findings; (2) substantial evidence supports the
dispositional orders requiring mother to participate in group counseling
for victims of domestic violence and joint counseling with father in the
event the parents plan to reconcile; and (3) mother has forfeited the
right to object on appeal to the order requiring her to undergo
individual counseling. Accordingly, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
Background and Detention
August 2016 Incident
W.B. was the subject of a child welfare referral dated August 23,
2016, alleging the child was the victim of emotional abuse and general
neglect due to domestic violence between the parents. Respondent Los
Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS)
investigated the referral.
DCFS reports and call logs reflected the police responded to calls
of domestic violence involving parents in August 2016 and August 2019.
Officers who responded to the incident in 2016 interviewed W.B.’s
maternal grandmother (MGM) who said that she, mother and W.B. had
1 W.B.’s father (father) is not a party to this appeal.
2
gone to the home to collect mother’s belongings, and mother (who was
separated from father at the time) found father and a woman (Jessi)
together. Mother confronted Jessi, took photos of her with father and
followed Jessi out of the home. MGM stayed inside with W.B. but heard
a dispute outside. When the parents came inside, father demanded
mother’s phone, but she refused to give it to him. Father threw mother
to the floor and grabbed her to get the phone. MGM put W.B. down and
tried to help mother, but father shook her off and made her fall. When
father released mother, MGM saw blood coming from mother’s hand.
Mother corroborated MGM’s account. She acknowledged striking Jessi
and said the glass screen on her phone broke and cut her hand during
the struggle with father. Mother called 911 to report the incident, and
told the responding officers there had been three previous (unreported)
incidents of domestic violence between the parents. After the August 16
incident, mother obtained a TRO against father.
When interviewed, father agreed with the initial portion of MGM’s
and mother’s account. However, he claimed that mother and MGM
assaulted him when he came back from escorting Jessi outside. He said
mother hit him on the face several times and he tried to take her phone
away to defend himself. They struggled and the screen shattered and
cut mother’s hand.
Police officers observed that mother had a two-inch laceration on
one hand. Father had multiple scratches on his neck and chest and a
laceration on one finger, and he complained of pain on the side of his
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face. Mother was treated by paramedics and father was arrested for
spousal abuse and treated at the jail dispensary.
DCFS’s investigation substantiated an allegation of general
neglect with respect to father and deemed it inconclusive with respect to
mother. DCFS deemed the allegation of emotional abuse by father
inconclusive. The August 2016 referral was closed as “situation
stabilized” after mother terminated her relationship with father,
relocated to MGM’s home and obtained a TRO and custody orders. The
parents reconciled and began living together again after the one-year
TRO expired.
August 2019 Incident
In mid-September 2019, DCFS received another referral after
police responded to a call on August 15, 2019 regarding domestic
violence between parents. DCFS’s report says mother claimed father
returned from work while she was on the phone in bed, with W.B.
asleep on her arm. Father went into the living room, but later returned
to the bedroom and told mother to move over. She refused and father
punched her three times on her buttocks, climbed atop her and tried to
strangle her with both hands. The report states, “[mother] then
grabbed her son to wake him up, hoping that [father] would not hurt
her if their son was a witness or called for help.” Father took mother’s
phone to keep her from calling the police, and mother went to Helen’s
room for help. Helen (who owned the home) interceded, and father
returned mother’s phone and left. The police report reflects that mother
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sustained abrasions on her neck and complained of sore buttocks.
Paramedics treated mother’s injuries.
In early October 2019, a DCFS social worker met with mother who
reiterated her account that father had come home intoxicated and
wanted her to make room for him in the bed. When she twice refused
father became angry and pushed her and tried to strangle her. Three-
year-old W.B. was asleep in the room (or in the bed with mother) at the
time. Mother woke the child and took him to Helen’s room. Mother
called the police after Helen de-escalated the situation and father left.
Mother said father had moved out and would not be permitted to
return. Mother claimed she and father had been involved in just one
prior incident of domestic violence when W.B. was eight months old.
The CSW spoke again with mother on November 23 and on
December 5, 2019. Mother said that Father did not live with mother
but came over regularly to take W.B. to the park, and that he
sometimes picked the child him up at school and took him on weekends.
Mother did not have a TRO or family law order against father and did
not fear him. The parents had no plans to live together in the near
future, and mother agreed to cooperate with DCFS.
The CSW interviewed father on November 23, 2019. He denied
that mother had been holding W.B. during the incident in August 2019,
and urged DCFS to close the investigation. At father’s request, father
was re-interviewed in December with his counsel. Father explained
that mother was angry when he came home late on the night of the
incident and suspected he was being unfaithful to her. He claimed
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mother was the aggressor during the incident and he merely held her
down as she tried to hit him. He denied hitting or trying to strangle
her. Father acknowledged that W.B. was in the room during the
incident but said the child was unharmed. Father denied that he drank
excessively or used drugs. He said that, although the parties’ prior
custody order had expired, he and mother had arranged for him to pick
up W.B. several times a week and he and W.B. spoke daily. Father had
no concerns about mother’s caretaking of W.B. and said she was a great
partner.
A DCFS risk assessment concluded W.B. was at “high” risk of
future neglect. This conclusion was premised on (1) the parents’
conflicting accounts of the most recent incident of domestic violence, (2)
the fact that mother had filed two police reports complaining she
sustained injuries as a result of father’s violence, (3) father’s arrest for
domestic violence, and (4) the fact that W.B. was present during both
incidents of domestic violence. DCFS also referred to mother’s claim
that father appeared to be intoxicated during the most recent incident,
and that mother obtained a TRO after the 2016 incident.
On December 24, 2019, DCFS filed a non-detained petition
2
pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 300. The petition
alleged that three-year-old W.B. was at risk due to the parents’ violent
altercations in his presence, mother’s violent altercation with Jessi in
the child’s presence and her failure to protect W.B.
2 Statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
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At the detention hearing on December 26, 2019, the court found
DCFS had established a prima facie case that W.B. was a person
described under section 300. W.B. was permitted to remain in parents’
custody, and DCFS was ordered to provide maintenance services.
Jurisdiction/Disposition Report
A DCFS Dependency Investigator (DI) interviewed four-year-old
W.B. at mother’s home on January 30, 2020. The child was playful
during the interview but paid little attention to the DI. He said his
parents did not fight.
An investigation of father’s criminal history revealed a 2011
conviction for battery and a 2016 arrest for inflicting corporal injury on
a spouse/cohabitant. DCFS opined that the parents had minimized the
level of violence between them and failed to acknowledge their history
of discord. Although the parents currently were separated, DCFS
believed they were likely to reconcile and that they needed to address
their relationship issues. With regard to W.B.’s safety, DCFS reported
that mother had shown she was protective of the child and had not
allowed father to reside in their home. W.B. was receiving play therapy
to address trauma he experienced as a result of parents’ violence.
Mother submitted two progress reports to the juvenile court. One
report indicated mother had attended seven sessions of individual
counseling, during which she had discussed anger management and
relationship issues with her therapist and was making considerable
progress. The second report showed W.B. had attended four play
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therapy sessions in which he had been consistently engaged and
attentive and was making considerable progress.
A combined jurisdiction/disposition hearing took place February
18, 2020. The juvenile court found that parents’ violent conduct placed
W.B. at risk. The court was troubled by the parents’ unresolved history
of violence toward one another, and the fact that mother had used W.B.
as leverage during the most recent episode of violence with father. The
court observed that, although the family had some “moments of calm[,]”
W.B. was very young and had “clearly [been] in a zone of danger” during
the violent incidents in 2016 and 2019. The petition was sustained.
Proceeding to disposition, DCFS noted that, although the proposed
case plan did not include a requirement that parents participate in joint
counseling if they chose to reconcile, such a requirement was in order.
Both parents opposed such an order. In addition, mother requested
that she be permitted to address issues of domestic violence and its
effect on children in her ongoing individual counseling sessions, and not
be required to participate in a domestic violence support group. In
response, the court observed that DCFS had tailored the case plan
specifically for mother and stated that the juvenile court itself “might
have viewed [the case] differently in terms of who had the scratches and
who was the victim.” DCFS noted that mother appeared to have been a
co-combatant in 2016, but that father had been the primary aggressor
in the August 2019 incident. Counsel for both DCFS and W.B. agreed
mother could best address issues regarding being a victim of domestic
violence in a support group. The juvenile court agreed such a
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requirement was “appropriate . . . because mom kind of opened the
door.”
Mother’s counsel initially informed the court that she did not
know if mother would agree to a case plan that required joint
counseling for parents. After father informed the court that he had no
plans to reconcile with mother, the court observed that the matter was
“solved” because the requirement for joint counseling was contingent on
parents’ intent to reconcile. The court further observed that, in light of
parents’ history of violent interactions, the order requiring joint
counseling if they were to reconcile would obviate the need for a new
order. The court stated it was adding the requirement for contingent
joint therapy for the parents and asked if both parents had signed the
case plan. Mother’s counsel responded affirmatively and confirmed that
the matter was “submitted.” W.B. was declared a juvenile court
dependent and placed in home-of-parents. Mother appeals.
DISCUSSION
Mother maintains there is insufficient evidence to support the
juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings or the dispositional order as they
pertain to her.
I. The Standard of Review
We review a juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings and disposition
orders for substantial evidence. (In re Kadence P. (2015) 241
Cal.App.4th 1376, 1384 (Kadence P.).) Evidentiary conflicts are
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resolved in favor of the respondent and, where possible, legitimate
inferences are indulged to uphold the court’s decision. We do not
reweigh or express an independent judgment on the evidence. (In re
I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 766, 773 (I.J.).) The appellant bears the burden
to show the evidence was insufficient to support the findings and
orders. (Ibid.)
II. Applicable Statutes
a. Section 300, subdivision (a)
Under section 300, subdivision (a), a juvenile court may exert
dependency jurisdiction if a “child has suffered, or there is a substantial
risk that the child will suffer, serious physical harm inflicted
nonaccidentally upon the child by the child’s parent . . . . For purposes
of this subdivision, a court may find there is a substantial risk of
serious future injury . . . [if circumstances] indicate the child is at risk
of serious physical harm.” (§ 300, subd. (a).) Exposing a child to
violence or placing the child in harm’s way may trigger jurisdiction
under this provision if there is evidence the violence will likely
continue. (In re Giovanni F. (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 594, 598–599
(Giovanni F.).) Subdivision (a) does not require that a parent’s violence
be directed at the child (In re M.M. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 703, 719–
720), because “[d]omestic violence [itself] is nonaccidental.” (Giovanni
F., at p. 600.)
Because this provision governs circumstances where there is a
“substantial risk” of harm, there is no need to show that the child
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previously suffered harm by virtue of the violence. (Kadence P., supra,
241 Cal.App.4th at p. 1383 [“the court need not wait until a child is
seriously abused or injured to assume jurisdiction and take steps
necessary to protect the child”]; In re Yolanda L. (2017) 7 Cal.App.5th
987, 993 [same].) Even if the child does not suffer physical harm,
exposure to domestic violence may cause significant suffering. (Ibid.)
The underlying rationale for this rule is that ““‘domestic violence in the
same household where [a child is] living . . . is a failure to protect [the
child] from the substantial risk of encountering the violence and
suffering serious physical harm . . . .”’ [Citation.]” (In re R.C. (2012)
210 Cal.App.4th 930, 941 (R.C.); Giovanni F., supra, 184 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 600–601 [domestic violence may be a basis for jurisdiction under
§ 300, subd. (a)].)
b. Section 300, subdivision (b)
Under section 300, subdivision (b), a juvenile court may assume
jurisdiction over a child if “[t]he child has suffered, or there is a
substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical harm or
illness, as a result of the failure or inability of his or her parent . . . to
adequately supervise or protect the child.” (§ 300, subd. (b)(1).) Again,
a juvenile court is not required to “‘wait until a child is seriously . . .
injured to assume jurisdiction and take the steps necessary to protect
the child.’” (I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773.) “‘The purpose of
dependency proceedings is to prevent risk, not ignore it.’” (Jonathan L.
v. Superior Court (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1074, 1104.) Section 300
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requires only a “‘substantial risk’ that the child will be abused or
neglected.” (I.J., at p. 773.) Exposure to domestic violence may serve as
the basis for a jurisdictional finding under section 300, subdivision
(b)(1), because a child may be put at substantial risk of harm. (See, e.g.,
In re T.V. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 126, 134 (T.V.); R.C., supra, 210
Cal.App.4th at p. 941.)
III. Substantial Evidence Supports the Juvenile Court's Assertion of
Jurisdiction
The sustained petition alleges, under both section 300,
subdivisions (a) and (b), that W.B.’s parents have a history of engaging
in violent altercations in their young child’s presence (based on the
incidents of domestic violence in 2016 and 2019), and that mother failed
to protect W.B. by allowing father to live in the home with unlimited
access to the child. The parents’ violence against one another, coupled
with mother’s failure to protect W.B., endangers the child’s physical
health and safety and puts him at risk of serious physical harm.
Mother challenges the jurisdictional findings only as they pertain
to her conduct, not father’s. “‘When a dependency petition alleges
multiple grounds for its assertion that a minor comes within the
dependency court’s jurisdiction, a reviewing court can affirm the
juvenile court’s finding of jurisdiction over the minor if any one of the
statutory bases for jurisdiction that are enumerated in the petition is
supported by substantial evidence. In such a case, the reviewing court
need not consider whether any or all of the other alleged statutory
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grounds for jurisdiction are supported by the evidence.’ [Citation.]”
(I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773.)
Mother acknowledges that we need not consider her challenge to
the assertion of jurisdiction over W.B. Nevertheless, she asks that we
consider her challenge to the court’s findings because they may have
significant consequences for her later during the pendency of this case
or may affect her interests in possible future family court proceedings
with respect to W.B. Although W.B. will remain under juvenile court
jurisdiction whether or not the findings as to mother are reversed, we
will exercise our discretion to reach the merits of her challenge to the
jurisdictional findings. Those findings form the predicate for the
challenged dispositional orders, and the findings may have future
implications for mother in this or future proceedings beyond
jurisdiction. (See In re Drake M. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 754, 762–763.)
Mother maintains there is insufficient evidence to support the
jurisdictional findings as to her, based on the parents’ physical
altercations in 2016 and 2019. We disagree.
First, there was evidence that both mother and father were
aggressors during the incident in 2016 as each suffered injuries. Also,
at that time, mother told police there had been three previous
unreported incidents of domestic violence between the parents.
Second, whoever was the initial aggressor, the record reflects the
domestic violence in 2016 occurred after mother photographed father
and Jessi against their wishes, continued when mother followed Jessi
13
outside the house and assaulted her, and began anew when father
returned after escorting Jessi out.
Third, regarding the incident in 2019, although the evidence
points strongly to father initiating the attack, the juvenile court
believed mother contributed to the violence. The court also was
troubled that mother had used W.B. as “leverage” to protect herself (by
waking the child and holding him in the hope it would cause father to
stop hitting her), conduct the court viewed as unprotective of the child.
Although W.B. was not physically harmed by the parents’
nonaccidental violence toward one another, those altercations occurred
in his presence or so close that the child could easily have been
physically harmed by his parents, particularly in 2019 when he was in
the bed while mother and father fought. That W.B. was not physically
injured is fortunate but does not defeat juvenile court jurisdiction. (See
In re M.M., supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at p. 706 [court found that child was
endangered when parents engaged in physical violence while one parent
held the child].)
Fourth, that the parents were not living together at the time of
the jurisdictional hearing did not negate the risk to W.B. The parents
had reconciled after the 2016 incident of domestic violence and were
living together again when the 2019 incident occurred. Also, mother
made statements to DCFS suggesting the parents might reconcile
again.
Finally, that DCFS, and ultimately the juvenile court, permitted
W.B. to remain in his parents’ care does not negate the bases for
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assertion of jurisdiction. Rather, it reflects only that DCFS and court
believed the issues that brought W.B. to the court’s attention could be
addressed while he remained in his parents’ care, so long as they
participated in services designed to ameliorate the problems under
DCFS’ supervision.
IV. Substantial Evidence Supports Those Disposition Orders as to
Which Mother Has Not Forfeited Her Objections
Mother contends there is insufficient evidence to support the
juvenile court’s disposition orders requiring her to participate in
individual counseling, a domestic violence support group for victims,
and joint counseling with father, in the event they choose to reconcile.
Mother did not object during the juvenile court proceeding to the
court’s requirement that she participate in individual counseling. She
has forfeited the right to challenge that order on appeal. (In re Richard
K. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 580, 589 [parent’s submittal on DCFS’s
recommended case plan “dispels any challenge to and, in essence,
endorses the court’s issuance of the recommended findings and orders”];
T.V., supra, 217 Cal.App.4th at p. 136 [“[W]hen a parent submits on a
[DCFS’s] recommendation . . . she forfeit[s] the right to contest the
juvenile court’s decision if it coincides with that recommendation”].)
Regarding the order that she participate in group counseling, we
reject mother’s contention that, because she took appropriate action
after the incidents of domestic violence by father and did not act like a
“victim,” she does not need to participate in group domestic violence
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counseling for victims. As discussed above, the parents’ domestic
violence was reoccurring, took place in W.B.’s presence and, on at least
one occasion, mother was the primary victim.
As to the requirement that the parents engage in joint counseling
if they intend to reconcile, the court did not abuse its discretion in
considering this contingency given the parents’ history of reconciliation
and domestic violence. Further, if, as mother now contends, the parents
do not reconcile, the requirement of joint counseling will not be
triggered.
DISPOSITION
The juvenile court’s jurisdictional findings and dispositional
orders are affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
WILLHITE, J.
We concur:
MANELLA, P. J.
CURREY, J.
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