People v. Andahl ( 2021 )

Filed 3/19/21
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Calaveras)
----
THE PEOPLE, C090707
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. Nos. 17F7159,
18F7255)
v.
JASON WESLEY ANDAHL,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Calaveras County, Timothy S.
Healy, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Jared G. Coleman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Julie A. Hokans, Jeffrey A.
White, Deputy Attorney Generals, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Defendant Jason Wesley Andahl appeals from a July 2019 judgment revoking his
probation and executing a prison sentence of seven years eight months imposed in 2018
when he was first placed on probation. The sentence includes two prior prison term
enhancements of one year under Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision (b).1 Effective
1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
1
January 1, 2020, Senate Bill No. 136 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 136) amended
section 667.5, subdivision (b) to limit qualifying prior prison terms to those served for
sexually violent offenses, which defendant’s prior offenses were not. The parties do not
contest that Senate Bill 136 is retroactive under In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740(Estrada).
On appeal, defendant claims that he is entitled to the benefit of Senate Bill 136
under the Supreme Court’s decision in People v. McKenzie (2020) 9 Cal.5th 40(McKenzie). McKenzie held that in accordance with Estrada, “a convicted defendant
who is placed on probation after imposition of sentence is suspended, and who does not
timely appeal from the order granting probation, may take advantage of ameliorative
statutory amendments that take effect during a later appeal from a judgment revoking
probation and imposing sentence.” (Id. at p. 43.) The Attorney General responds that
McKenzie does not govern because the 2018 order at issue here suspended the sentence’s
execution, as opposed to its imposition, and was therefore a final judgment for
retroactivity purposes. We conclude that defendant has the better argument. We agree
that, by virtue of the retroactive change in the law, defendant’s one-year enhancements
are unauthorized and must be stricken.
I. BACKGROUND
In October 2017, defendant was charged in case No. 17F7159 with willfully and
unlawfully inflicting corporal injury upon S.M., with whom he was in a dating
relationship (§ 273.5, subd. (a)—count I), criminal threats (§ 422—count II), and false
imprisonment (§ 236—count III). The complaint further alleged that defendant had two
prison priors (§ 667.5, subd. (b)).
In February 2018, the district attorney filed a second criminal complaint, in case
No. 18F7255, charging defendant with criminal threats (§ 422—count I), taking or
driving a vehicle without consent (Veh. Code, § 10851, subd. (a)—count II), buying or
receiving a stolen vehicle (§ 496d, subd. (a)—count III), domestic battery (§ 243, subd.
2
(e)(1)—count IV), willfully and knowingly violating a protective order (§ 166, subd.
(c)(1)—counts V and VI), and possessing drug paraphernalia (Health & Saf. Code,
§ 11364, subd. (a)—count VII). The complaint further alleged, as to counts I through III,
that defendant was on bail at the time of the new offenses (§ 12022.1) and that he had
two prison priors (§ 667.5, subd. (b)).
On August 3, 2018, pursuant to a negotiated agreement, defendant entered a plea
of guilty to the infliction of corporal injury as charged in count I of case No. 17F7159. In
exchange for his plea, the remaining counts and the special allegations in that case were
dismissed on the People’s motion. As part of the plea agreement, defendant also entered
a plea of no contest to the criminal threats charge in count I of case No. 18F7255 and
admitted the two prison priors and the on-bail enhancement. In exchange for his plea, the
remaining six counts were dismissed on the People’s motion. That same day, pursuant to
the parties’ agreement, the trial court imposed a sentence of three years in prison for case
No. 17F7159 and a sentence of four years eight months in state prison for case
No. 18F7255. Execution of both sentences were suspended, however, and defendant was
placed on formal probation. Defendant does not appear to have filed a notice of appeal
challenging these sentences.
On March 4, 2019, petitions for revocation of probation were filed in both cases,
alleging that defendant had committed numerous violations of the terms and conditions of
his probation. Both petitions recommended that the court terminate probation and
execute the previously suspended sentences. Defendant admitted the violations of
probation in both cases. On August 5, 2019, the trial court executed the sentences that
had been previously suspended, and defendant was sentenced to state prison for a term of
seven years eight months.
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
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II. DISCUSSION
A. Application of Senate Bill 136
Defendant claims that the section 667.5, subdivision (b) enhancements must be
stricken because the judgment was not yet final when Senate Bill 136 became operative.
We agree that he is entitled to the legislation’s ameliorative effect.
In general, statutes are presumed to operate prospectively. (People v. Brown
(2012) 54 Cal.4th 314, 323.) Estrada established an exception to this presumption:
“When the Legislature has amended a statute to reduce the punishment for a particular
criminal offense, we will assume, absent evidence to the contrary, that the Legislature
intended the amended statute to apply to all defendants whose judgments are not yet final
on the statute’s operative date”—i.e., all defendants “ ‘to which [the statute]
constitutionally could apply.’ ” (Id. at p. 323, fn. omitted, quoting Estrada, supra,
63 Cal.2d at p. 745.) “[F]or purposes of Estrada retroactivity, the focus is not on when a
conviction becomes final but rather when the sentence imposed on that conviction
becomes final,” a question of law that we review de novo. (People v. Martinez (2020)
54 Cal.App.5th 885, 891, review granted Nov. 10, 2020, S264848 (Martinez).)
It is undisputed that Senate Bill 136’s amendments to section 667.5, subdivision
(b) are retroactive under Estrada, as several Court of Appeal decisions have held. (See
e.g., People v. Matthews (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 857, 865; People v. Jennings (2019)
42 Cal.App.5th 664, 682.) It is also undisputed that defendant’s prior prison terms no
longer qualify for an enhancement under section 667.5, subdivision (b) because his
convictions for assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)) and false personation
of another (§ 529, subd. (a)(3)) are not “sexually violent offense[s] as defined in
subdivision (b) of Section 6600 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.” (§ 667.5, subd.
(b).) Instead, the parties disagree about whether there is a final judgment such that
defendant cannot benefit from Senate Bill 136’s amendments to section 667.5,
subdivision (b).
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The resolution of this question turns on McKenzie, which involved Senate Bill
No. 180 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 180), legislation that amended Health and
Safety Code section 11370.2 to restrict the applicability of a prior-conviction
enhancement. (McKenzie, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 43.) McKenzie considered whether a
defendant who did not appeal from a 2014 order suspending imposition of sentence and
placing him on probation, but whose appeal from a 2016 order revoking probation and
sentencing him to prison was pending when Senate Bill 180 took effect, was entitled to
have the relevant enhancements stricken. (McKenzie, supra, at p. 43.) The Supreme
Court concluded that he was because “the prosecution had not been ‘reduced to final
judgment at the time’ the [statutory] revisions took effect.” (Id. at p. 45.) In so holding,
McKenzie rejected the People’s argument that the enhancements could not be challenged
because they became final under Estrada after the defendant failed to appeal from the
order granting probation. (Id. at p. 46.)
The Attorney General argues that McKenzie is distinguishable because the original
order granting probation in that case suspended imposition of the sentence, whereas the
November 2018 order granting probation in this case imposed sentence and suspended its
execution. Relying primarily on People v. Howard (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1081 (Howard),
the Attorney General claims that “if the trial court imposes a sentence but suspends its
execution and grants probation, a judgment has been made that will become final if no
appeal is taken within 60 days.” Howard held that if a trial court “actually imposes
sentence but suspends its execution on granting probation, and the sentence becomes
final and nonappealable,” the court cannot, upon later revoking probation, “impose a new
sentence different from the one previously imposed.” (Id. at p. 1084.)
We agree with the Attorney General that the August 2018 order was final in the
sense both that it was appealable and that the trial court would normally lack authority to
change the imposed sentence before ordering its execution. (See McKenzie, supra,
9 Cal.5th at p. 46; Howard, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 1084; People v. Mora (2013)
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214 Cal.App.4th 1477, 1482.) But Howard and the other decisions the Attorney General
cites did not involve Estrada retroactivity, and just because an order is “final” for one
purpose does not mean it is for another. (McKenzie, supra, at p. 47.) For example, in
People v. Chavez (2018) 4 Cal.5th 771 (Chavez), which McKenzie discussed at length,
the Supreme Court explained that “neither form[] of probation—suspension of the
imposition of sentence or suspension of the execution of sentence—results in a final
judgment” in the context of whether a trial court has authority to dismiss an action under
section 1385, meaning that “in the case of a successful probationer, final judgment is
never pronounced.” (Chavez, supra, at pp. 781, 777; see McKenzie, supra, at pp. 46-47.)
As McKenzie makes clear, the appropriate question in the context of Estrada
retroactivity is whether the “ ‘ “criminal proceeding . . . ha[s] . . . reached final
disposition in the highest court authorized to review it.” ’ ” (McKenzie, supra, 9 Cal.5th
at p. 45.) Here, defendant’s criminal proceeding is clearly ongoing, as the trial court’s
order revoking his probation and executing the previously imposed prison sentence has
not yet reached final disposition in the highest court in which review is available. Thus,
“[t]hat McKenzie considered a case where imposition of sentence was suspended, while
[the order here] involve[ed] suspension of the execution of sentence, does not change our
conclusion.” (Martinez, supra, 54 Cal.App.5th at p. 893, rev. granted [holding that under
McKenzie, a split sentence is not final for Estrada purposes].)
Recently, our colleagues in the Sixth Appellate District addressed the People’s
argument in a case involving the retroactive applicability of Senate Bill No. 620 (Reg.
Sess. 2017-2018) (Senate Bill 620), and held that the logic of McKenzie applied in a case
where the trial court had imposed sentence but suspended execution. (People v.
Contreraz (2020) 53 Cal.App.5th 965, 970-971 (Contreraz).) The Sixth District
observed the McKenzie court relied heavily on its opinion in Chavez and looked to
Chavez for guidance on the issue: “In reaching its decision, the California Supreme
Court considered when a final judgment is pronounced in cases where a trial court grants
6
probation. (Chavez, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 777.) The court explained that, ‘[g]oing as far
back as Stephens v. Toomey (1959) 51 Cal.2d 864, we have explained that neither form[]
of probation—suspension of the imposition of sentence or suspension of the execution of
sentence—results in a final judgment.’ [Citation.] ‘In a case where a court suspends
imposition of sentence, it pronounces no judgment at all, and a defendant is placed on
probation with “no judgment pending against [him or her].” [Citation.] In the case
where the court suspends execution of sentence, the sentence constitutes “a judgment
provisional or conditional in nature.” [Citation.] The finality of the sentence “depends
on the outcome of the probationary proceeding” and “is not a final judgment” at the
imposition of sentence and order to probation.’ [Citation.] There is no final judgment in
either of these situations because ‘[d]uring the probation period, the court retains the
power to revoke probation and sentence the defendant to imprisonment’ under sections
1203.2 and 1203.3. (Chavez, supra, at p. 782.) ‘[T]he court’s power to punish the
defendant, including by imposing imprisonment, continues during the period of
probation.’ ” (Contreraz, supra, at p. 971.)
The Sixth District concluded that Contreraz was eligible for relief under Senate
Bill 620. It reasoned that “Contreraz was ordered to probation in September 2017, and
Sen. Bill 160 took effect on January 1, 2018, ‘after the court ordered probation and the
time for direct appeal lapsed.’ (McKenzie, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 50.) Contreraz could not
have argued on direct appeal that the trial court would, in the future, have the discretion
to strike or dismiss the firearm enhancement imposed under section 12022.5.”
(Contreraz, supra, 53 Cal.App.5th at p. 971.)
Similarly, in Martinez, supra, 54 Cal.App.5th 885, review granted, our colleagues
in Division Six of the Second Appellate District recently held that the ameliorative
benefits of Senate Bill 136 applied retroactively to an order revoking a sentence of
mandatory supervision imposed as part of a split sentence under the Criminal Justice
Realignment Act. (Martinez, supra, at p. 889.) Likening mandatory supervision to a
7
period of probation, the Martinez court stated “a split sentence consisting of a county jail
term followed by a period of mandatory supervision does not automatically become a
final judgment of conviction for purposes of Estrada retroactivity when the time to
appeal from the imposition of that sentence expires. Where, as here, the trial court
subsequently revokes supervision and the Legislature enacts an ameliorative statute prior
to or during the pendency of an appeal from the revocation order, the defendant is entitled
to seek relief under the new law.” (Ibid.) Relying on Chavez, the Martinez court rejected
the People’s effort to distinguish McKenzie as they do here: “That McKenzie considered
a case where imposition of sentence was suspended, while mandatory supervision
involves suspension of the execution of sentence, does not change our conclusion.” (Id.
at p. 893.)
We agree with the reasoning of Contreraz and Martinez. It is notable that,
although the Court of Appeal in People v. McKenzie (2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 1207 focused
heavily on the differences between imposition of sentence and suspension of sentence,
going so far as to comment that it would not hold that ameliorative amendments apply
when the sentence is imposed (see id. at pp. 1213-1215), in affirming the Court of
Appeal, the Supreme Court did not rely on this reasoning, but instead based its decision
on the principles outlined in Estrada and Chavez. Chavez explained that “the pendency
of a criminal action continues into and throughout the period of probation—when the
court may still punish the defendant—but expires when that period ends.” (Chavez,
supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 784.) Defendant’s period of probation ended with the trial court’s
revocation order, which he timely appealed. During the time his appeal was pending,
Senate Bill 136 came into effect. Under the reasoning of Chavez, defendant’s case was
not yet final when Senate Bill 136 became effective. He is therefore entitled to relief.
B. Remedy
While we agree with defendant that Senate Bill 136 should be applied
retroactively to his case, there is a question of the appropriate remedy under the
8
California Supreme Court’s recent decision in People v. Stamps (2020) 9 Cal.5th 685,
705-709 (Stamps). The Attorney General addressed this issue in supplemental briefing,
arguing that under Stamps, the case should be remanded and the district attorney may
either accept the reduced sentence or withdraw from the plea agreement. Defendant did
not address Stamps in his supplemental briefing. For the reasons stated in People v.
France (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th 714, review granted Feb. 24, 2021, S266771 (France), as
we will discuss, we disagree with the Attorney General that the remedy in Stamps is
applicable.
In Doe v. Harris (2013) 57 Cal.4th 64 (Doe), “[o]ur Supreme Court held that plea
agreements will generally be deemed to incorporate and contemplate the state’s reserve
power to change the law. ([Id.] at pp. 66, 73.) As a result, the mere fact that parties have
entered into a plea agreement ‘does not have the effect of insulating them from changes
in the law that the Legislature has intended to apply to them,’ and ‘requiring the parties’
compliance with changes in the law made retroactive to them does not violate the terms
of the plea agreement.’ ” (France, supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at p. 724, rev. granted.)
In Harris v. Superior Court (2016) 1 Cal.5th 984 (Harris), our Supreme Court
applied this principle to the case of a defendant seeking to have a nonviolent felony
conviction reduced to a misdemeanor pursuant to Proposition 47. (Id. at p. 987.) The
defendant in Harris had pled guilty to grand theft from the person, admitted a strike prior,
and agreed to a six-year sentence in exchange for the People dismissing a robbery count
and other charges. (Id. at p. 988.) “Harris considered whether the People were entitled
to set aside [this] plea agreement when the defendant sought to have his sentence based
on the agreement recalled under Proposition 47,” and concluded the People were not.
(France, supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at pp. 724-725, rev. granted.) Harris observed that by its
plain language, Proposition 47’s resentencing provision applies to convictions “by trial or
plea” (§ 1170.18, subd. (a)), and the expressed intent of the proposition would be
frustrated “if the prosecution could respond to a successful resentencing petition by
9
withdrawing from an underlying plea agreement and reinstating the original charges filed
against the petitioner.” (Harris, supra, at pp. 991-992.) Harris also supported its
conclusion with a principle derived from Doe: that the Legislature or the electorate may
change the law so as to “ ‘modify or invalidate the terms of an agreement.’ ([Doe, supra,
57 Cal.4th] at p. 70.) . . . The electorate may bind the People to a unilateral change in a
sentence without affording them the option to rescind the plea agreement. The electorate
did so when it enacted Proposition 47.” (Id. at p. 992.)
We conclude that Senate Bill 136 binds the People to a unilateral change in
defendant’s sentence. Our Supreme Court’s decision in Stamps confirms that a statute
can apply retroactively to plea agreements through the operation of Estrada even when
the legislation is silent regarding plea agreements. (Stamps, supra, 9 Cal.5th at pp. 704-
705.) Under Estrada, “[w]hen the Legislature amends a statute so as to lessen the
punishment it has obviously expressly determined that its former penalty was too severe
and that a lighter punishment is proper as punishment for the commission of the
prohibited act. It is an inevitable inference that the Legislature must have intended that
the new statute imposing the new lighter penalty now deemed to be sufficient should
apply to every case to which it constitutionally could apply. The amendatory act
imposing the lighter punishment can be applied constitutionally to acts committed before
its passage provided the judgment convicting the defendant of the act is not final.”
(Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 745.) Here, it is undisputed that Senate Bill 136 applies
retroactively under Estrada and requires the elimination of one-year sentence
enhancements that were imposed for prior prison terms that no longer support the
enhancement. If we authorize the People to withdraw from the plea agreement and the
trial court to withdraw its prior approval, this remedy may result in the defendant,
paradoxically, facing a harsher sentence than he did before he asserted his rights under
Estrada. (Id. at p. 745.) Such a result cannot be squared with the Estrada directive that a
“lighter penalty” should be imposed whenever “it constitutionally could apply.” (Ibid.)
10
For these reasons, we conclude the retroactive application of Senate Bill 136 under
Estrada binds the People to a unilateral change in defendant’s sentence.
The Attorney General urges a contrary result based on an overly broad reading of
our Supreme Court’s recent decision in Stamps, supra, 9 Cal.5th 685. Stamps addresses a
different kind of ameliorative statute, Senate Bill No. 1393 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.)
(Senate Bill 1393), which amended subdivision (a) of section 667. Formerly, section
667, subdivision (a) mandated a five-year sentence enhancement for a defendant
previously convicted of a serious felony and then convicted of a new serious felony.
(Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, §§ 1, 2; see Stamps, supra, at pp. 692-693.) Senate Bill 1393 gave
courts discretion to strike such an enhancement in the interest of justice pursuant to
section 1385. (Stamps, supra, at pp. 693, 700.)
Stamps addressed the question of how to apply the amended statute retroactively
under Estrada. (Stamps, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 700.) Critically, the court noted that
“[e]ven when applicable, section 1385 ordinarily does not authorize a trial court to
exercise its discretion to strike in contravention of a plea bargain for a specified term.”
(Ibid.) Thus, “[i]n order to justify a remand for the court to consider striking his serious
felony enhancement while maintaining the remainder of his bargain, defendant must
establish not only that Senate Bill 1393 applies retroactively, but that, in enacting that
provision, the Legislature intended to overturn long-standing law that a court cannot
unilaterally modify an agreed-upon term by striking portions of it under section 1385.”
(Id. at p. 701.) The Supreme Court did not believe the Legislature intended this result,
but held defendant was entitled to an opportunity to seek the court’s exercise of its new
discretion. (Id. at pp. 701, 707.) However, the high court explained, should the trial
court choose to exercise its new discretion and strike the enhancement, the People must
be afforded the opportunity to rescind the plea agreement entirely. (Id. at p. 707.) In
contrast, with Senate Bill 136, retroactive application of the Legislature’s decision to
invalidate a one-year sentence enhancement does not involve any unilateral action by the
11
trial court. This distinction was recently emphasized in France: “Under Senate Bill
1393, it is ultimately a trial court that chooses whether an enhancement is eliminated—
meaning that Senate Bill 1393 directly implicates the prohibition on a trial court’s ability
to unilaterally modify an agreed-upon sentence. But under Senate Bill 136, the
Legislature itself has mandated the striking of affected prison priors by making the
enhancement portion of France’s sentence illegal. [Citation.] Thus, Senate Bill 136 does
not involve Stamps’s repeated and carefully phrased concern with the ‘long-standing law
that a court cannot unilaterally modify an agreed-upon term by striking portions of it
under section 1385.’ ” (France, supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at pp. 728-729, rev. granted.)
We agree with the reasoning in France and conclude Stamps is distinguishable
because Senate Bill 136 does not give a trial court discretion to unilaterally strike any
enhancement and does not operate through section 1385. Instead, the Legislature itself
has decided that a one-year enhancement not based upon a prior conviction for a sexually
violent offense must be stricken. The identity of the decisionmaker is dispositive since,
as Stamps recognizes, the Legislature “ ‘may bind the People to a unilateral change in a
sentence without affording them the option to rescind the plea agreement,’ ” even as the
trial court may not bind the People unilaterally. (Compare Stamps, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p.
703 [quoting Harris, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 992 and reasoning that the Legislature may
unilaterally modify a plea agreement] with Stamps, supra, at p. 707 [a court may not
unilaterally modify a plea agreement]; see France, supra, 58 Cal.App.5th at pp. 728-729,
rev. granted.) When a case is remanded under Senate Bill 1393, the trial court can
choose not to strike the enhancement and preserve the plea agreement, but a trial court
applying Senate Bill 136 has no such option because an enhancement “cannot stand . . .
when it rests upon conduct that is no longer sanctioned.” (People v. Collins (1978) 21
Cal.3d 208, 214.)
We recognize that our colleagues in the Fifth District Court of Appeal and in
Division Five of the First District Court of Appeal have reached a different conclusion
12
when addressing the same issue we decide today. (See People v. Hernandez (2020) 55
Cal.App.5th 942, 944-945, 946-948, review granted Jan. 27, 2021, S265739 [allowing the
People to withdraw from a plea agreement when a one-year enhancement is stricken
pursuant to Senate Bill 136]; People v. Griffin (2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 1088, 1095-1096,
review granted Feb. 17, 2021, S266521 [same]; People v. Joaquin (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th
173, 177-178, review granted Feb. 24, 2021, S266594 [same].) We find France the
better-reasoned opinion and agree that the remedy discussed in Stamps has no application
to the legislative action invalidating the one-year sentence enhancements at issue in this
case. Accordingly, we will strike the one-year enhancements and remand with an order
to the trial court to prepare a corrected abstract of judgment.
III. DISPOSITION
The one-year enhancements imposed pursuant to section 667.5, subdivision (b) are
stricken. The trial court is ordered to correct the abstract of judgment in accordance with
this opinion and to forward a certified copy to the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation. As modified, the judgment is affirmed.
/S?
RENNER, J.
I concur:
/S/
BLEASE, Acting P. J.
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Hull, J., Concurring and dissenting.
I concur in Parts I, and IIA. of the majority opinion; I dissent as to Part II B.
I agree with the reasoning of the court in People v. Joaquin (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th
173, review granted February 24, 2021, S266594, People v. Griffin (2020)
57 Cal.App.5th 1088, review granted February 17, 2021, S266521 and People v.
Hernandez (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 942, review granted January 27, 2021, S265739. I
also agree with Justice Pollak’s dissent in People v. France (2020) 58 Cal.App.5th 714,
731, review granted February 24, 2021, S266771. For those reasons, I would remand the
matter to the trial court “to permit the district attorney to either accept a reduction of the
sentence or to withdraw from the plea agreement.”
/S/
HULL, J.
1