Clifford v. Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity CA3 ( 2022 )

Filed 4/20/22 Clifford v. Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
RYAN CLIFFORD, C087528
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. CV091282)
v. ORDER MODIFYING
OPINION, DENYING
ALPHA EPSILON PI FRATERNITY, INC. et al., REHEARING, AND
DENYING PUBLICATION
Defendants and Respondents.
[NO CHANGE IN
JUDGMENT]
THE COURT:
It is ordered that the nonpublished opinion filed herein on March 21, 2022, be modified
as follows:
On page 39, second sentence of the second full paragraph, the word “defense” should be
replaced with “Clifford’s” so the sentence reads:
These numbers were suggested in closing argument by Clifford’s counsel, who
acknowledged that “[p]ain and suffering is probably the most difficult aspect of
any case because that’s kind of—what’s it worth to be disabled.”
1
There is no change in the judgment.
Appellant’s petition for rehearing and respondent’s request to publish the opinion are
denied.
BY THE COURT:
/s/
RAYE, P. J.
/s/
BLEASE, J.
/s/
HOCH, J.
2
Filed 3/21/22 Clifford v. Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity CA3 (unmodified opinion)
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
RYAN CLIFFORD, C087528
Plaintiff and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. CV091282)
v.
ALPHA EPSILON PI FRATERNITY, INC. et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
Ryan Clifford sued a national fraternity, Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity, Inc. (Alpha),
and its local chapter at the University of California, Davis (UC Davis), Chi Delta (Delta),
for hazing and negligence based on two incidents that occurred when he was a pledge in
2008.1 A jury awarded Clifford $202,716 in total damages, which the trial court reduced
1 This case was the subject of a prior appeal in which we held that the trial court
improperly dismissed this case when Clifford refused to pay $2,500 in travel expenses
incurred by the fraternities, as ordered by the court in exchange for a continuance granted
to Clifford on the eve of trial. (Clifford v. Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity, Inc. (Oct. 28,
2015, No. C070846) [nonpub. opn.] (Clifford).)
1
in response to posttrial motions to a judgment of $38,735.95 in favor of Clifford against
Delta and $33,259.03 in favor of Alpha against Clifford. We will affirm the judgment.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Pretrial Proceedings
In May 2009, Clifford filed a complaint against Alpha, Delta and Daniel Sacher (a
fraternity member) alleging claims for violation of Penal Code section 245.62 and
negligence on various theories. Clifford alleged that in October 2008, as a pledge, he was
forced to drink “inordinate amounts of alcohol” at a retreat at Lake Tahoe to the point
that he blacked out. Clifford further alleged that in November 2008 at the fraternity
house he was pressured to drink and play drinking games. At the conclusion of a game,
Sacher allegedly tackled Clifford, severely injuring his foot and ankle, which required
multiples surgeries and left him with lost range of motion, a permanent limp, severe pain
and increased susceptibility to arthritis. Clifford alleged on information and belief that
Alpha and Delta had a history of hazing and the UC Davis Police and Alpha were on
notice that excessive drinking had occurred at Delta pledge events.
After we remanded the case in 2015, the matter was set for trial in Yolo County
Superior Court. At a trial readiness conference in late January 2018, counsel for Clifford
informed the court of his intention to subpoena judges of the Yolo County Superior
Court, based on a contention that the case had been dismissed as result of a conversation
among judges of the court (rather than failure to pay the fraternity’s travel expenses, as
set forth in our prior opinion). A retired judge ultimately quashed the subpoena.
However, the full bench of Yolo County Superior Court signed recusal memoranda and
2 Penal Code section 245.6, which makes “hazing” unlawful, defines hazing as “any
method of initiation or preinitiation into a student organization . . . which is likely to
cause serious bodily injury to any former, current, or prospective student,” and permits a
“person against whom the hazing is directed [to] commence a civil action for injury or
damages.” (Pen. Code, § 245.6, subds. (a), (b) & (e).)
2
the case was transferred to a Sacramento County Superior Court judge, assigned to sit as
a judge of the Yolo County Superior Court.
B. The Trial3
1. Plaintiff’s case
a. Ryan Clifford
Clifford was the first witness for the plaintiff.
Clifford transferred to UC Davis in the fall of 2007. As part of orientation, a Delta
fraternity member led a tour around campus.4
Clifford sought admission to Delta in October 2008. He testified that he was
dating a Jewish woman and chose Delta for its religious aspect because he intended to
convert to Judaism. There were 25 individuals in his pledge class and he was the only
one who was not Jewish.
The pledge process included pressure to drink alcohol. A pledge could be dropped
from the fraternity if he did not follow the dictates of the pledge masters.
There were pledge events every Tuesday night. The first event was a scavenger
hunt. The second event involved fraternity members pressuring pledges to drink,
blindfolding them, and driving out to the Yolo causeway late at night to place large rocks
spelling out the fraternity letters, a tradition for fraternities and sororities at UC Davis.
Pledges were informed by the pledge master that there would be a retreat at Lake
Tahoe starting on October 17, 2008. Pledges were blindfolded on the drive until they
stopped for food. When they arrived, 23 pledges were told they would be sleeping in one
small bedroom. They were told not talk to anyone about what went on at the event.
3 Sacher settled on the first day of trial.
4 In his testimony, Clifford referred to Alpha. To avoid confusion, we refer to Delta
regarding events involving the local chapter and Alpha for events involving the national
organization.
3
Clifford testified that fraternity members guided him through a ritual where he was
told to drink something that tasted very salty. A fraternity member said that the pledges
were divided into families named after alcoholic drinks and Clifford was in the vodka
family. The member told Clifford to drink alcohol mixed with cranberry juice. Clifford
drank it over a period of time. Sacher introduced himself as the father of the vodka
family and told the history of the family. Sacher was one of the lieutenant pledge
masters. Clifford blacked out.
Clifford woke to find fraternity members “flicking” his penis and laughing.
Clifford identified a photograph of fraternity members standing over him on a bed, which
he said was taken while the flicking was occurring. Clifford testified that fraternity
alumni explained to him that fraternity members called this “rat fucking,” a prank where
members kidnapped a pledge and forced them to drink alcohol or soy sauce and could
beat them up as long as they didn’t kill them.
Clifford woke up the next morning in his sleeping bag with his clothes folded in a
pile next to him and his boxers around his ankles.
That night, the president of the fraternity, the pledge master and lieutenant pledge
masters wanted to know who had spoken to their parents about what was going on.
Clifford had called his mother earlier that day. Clifford did not inform the fraternity
members.
The pledges were told the national fraternity would be coming and they needed to
prepare by drinking alcohol while blindfolded. When the blindfolds were taken off, there
were two strippers and a “pimp.” Clifford left the next morning. He had no money and
no way of getting home on his own.
Despite this incident, Clifford wanted to stay in the fraternity, the only Jewish
fraternity on campus, because he wanted friends and was going to convert to Judaism and
be circumcised. A therapist he was seeing, Betsy Ramsey, warned him to stop pledging
because the fraternity sounded bad.
4
On November 5, 2008, Clifford was at a weekly pledge event at the fraternity
house to practice a musical routine to serenade the sororities. Clifford had received
notice that this was to be a family night, scheduled by Sacher, the father of Clifford’s
alcohol family. Sacher took Clifford and his pledge brothers to an alumnus fraternity
member’s house where members were drinking and watching UFC fighting. Sacher,
Clifford, and another member and pledge went back to the fraternity house. Sacher and
another pledge played a game of beer pong against Clifford and another member. Beer
pong involved throwing ping pong balls into the other side’s cups, which they have to
drink. Clifford’s side won. The game involved “trash talking.” After the game, Clifford
told Sacher’s side that “you guys suck.” Sacher and his teammate started to come around
the table and Clifford’s teammate advised Clifford to leave. Clifford tried to run out of
the room over a couch. Sacher fell over trying to grab Clifford, who told Sacher he was
drunk. Clifford tried to get over the couch but Sacher put Clifford in a chokehold and
stomped on his foot. Clifford screamed and told Sacher to get off. Sacher realized
something bad had happened and went to get a bag of ice.
When Clifford’s shoe and sock were off, his foot was black and blue. He hopped
out to his car and drove with his left foot to his parent’s house, who took him to the
emergency room. X-rays showed that his right foot was fractured.
The next day Clifford saw Dr. Hunter Greene, who suggested surgery.
Approximately a week later, Clifford had his first surgery. Dr. Greene put two screws in
Clifford’s foot to fix the bones together. Clifford was in a cast for some weeks, and, after
the cast was off, had six weeks of physical therapy. Dr. Greene told Clifford he could
resume normal activities, but he was unable to walk normally without pain. In January
2010, Dr. Greene performed another surgery to take the screws out. The surgery did not
alleviate his pain, and Dr. Greene suggested fusion, a surgery he could not do. In
November 2011, Clifford had third surgery performed by Dr. Chris Coetzee in
5
Minnesota. There was improvement in the pain underneath his foot but other pain had
increased. In 2012, Clifford started using a cane.
Clifford testified he cannot run, walk, or exercise, and drives with his left foot,
with no improvement in sight. He received pain medication after each surgery and
continued to be on pain medication.
Since 2008, Clifford’s main therapist was Dr. Linda Barnard. He was prescribed
Effexor for emotional and psychological issues resulting from the Lake Tahoe incident.
The medication made him depressed and suicidal. Clifford testified that he engaged in
destructive behavior, including going to San Francisco and filming pornographic videos
“to have myself used.”
Clifford was not aware of any supervision by Alpha or Delta during the October
and November 2008 incidents or any attempt to regulate behavior at the fraternity house.
His understanding was that Alpha controlled Delta. After the Lake Tahoe retreat,
Clifford begged his mother to call Alpha and she did.
Clifford did not consent to a wrestling match with Sacher, who is six feet two
inches tall and 210 pounds while Clifford is five feet 10 inches tall and 135 pounds.
Notes from Dr. Greene and Dr. Blohm, who treated Clifford at the hospital, indicated his
injury resulted from rough housing or wrestling, but Clifford never told them that.
Clifford told Dr. Blohm that Clifford’s lieutenant pledge master tackled him from behind.
Clifford did not graduate from UC Davis in 2009 as originally planned, but
skipped the spring quarter and graduated in June 2010. He was not able to enter the
workforce after graduation because of physical and emotional pain. Since October 2014,
Clifford has worked for the state public health department. Clifford testified he can only
provide limited help to his parents around the house, sleeps only four to five hours a
night, drives only with his left foot, uses the elevator at work, and has a handicap placard
for his car. He takes pain medications, which affect his ability to concentrate.
6
Clifford’s parents fronted the costs of his medical expenses. Clifford has been
paying back his parents $1,000 to $2,000 a month.
b. Paul Cody
Paul Cody was the UC Davis liaison to fraternities and sororities from 1997 to
2009.
UC Davis Police referred a complaint to student judicial affairs, which was then
referred to Cody, about pledges being forced to drink alcohol at the Lake Tahoe retreat.
Cody e-mailed Delta to set up a meeting to discuss the allegations. After the meeting, on
November 3, 2008, Cody sent a letter to Delta placing the fraternity on conditional
registration. By June 2009, Delta had not met all the conditions requested in the
November 2008 letter.
On cross-examination, Cody testified that he was not aware of any claim that there
was a sexual assault at the Lake Tahoe retreat until June 2009.
c. George Jouganatos
George Jouganatos testified as an economics expert.
Jouganatos opined, based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics database and an
interview with Clifford, that Clifford’s ability to perform household services was
diminished by 50 percent. Household services include cleaning, shopping, personal
hygiene and yard work. Jouganatos determined that Clifford lost $7,000 per year in
household services for a total of $54,358.
Jouganatos further determined that Clifford lost compensation of $45,000 a year,
including benefits, which, adjusted for wage growth, from 2009 to 2014, totaled
$180,000 in past lost wages and benefits.
Jouganatos was not able to opine on future wage loss but determined that future
lost household services for Clifford’s approximately 45-year life expectancy totaled
$300,545.
His opinion on the total amount of all Clifford’s economic losses was $534,358.
7
On cross-examination, Jouganatos admitted that Clifford gave him the 50 percent
number for diminished ability to perform household services and Jouganatos applied that
to the database. Jouganatos also admitted that his opinion that Clifford could not work
for four years because of his injury was based on information Clifford provided.
d. Linda Clifford
Linda Clifford is Clifford’s mother.
On October 18, 2008, Ms. Clifford got a telephone call from Clifford, who was in
Northern California, possibly Lake Tahoe. He said he had woken up with his clothes
gone, except for his shorts, which were below his knees. Ms. Clifford suggested that his
father pick him up but Clifford said he wanted to stay there, hoping things would change.
When he came home the next day, Clifford said he was hurting all over.
Ms. Clifford decided to call Alpha, the national organization of the fraternity. Ms.
Clifford spoke to Libby Anderson. Ms. Clifford said, as a parent, she was concerned
about an off-site event where Clifford had told her there were strippers, marijuana and
alcohol. Ms. Clifford was hoping Alpha would investigate. Anderson said she would
pass it on and have somebody look into it. Ms. Clifford did not give her name.
On November 5, 2008, when Clifford got home, he was in great pain. His foot
was “stomped on.” His parents took him to the emergency room. Clifford said they were
having family night at the fraternity house, and, when they were finishing up, a fraternity
member told Clifford he better get out of there. Clifford could see someone charging him
and he tried to get out of the door but chairs were piled in front of it. Before Clifford
could make it out, a fraternity member came up behind, put his hands on Clifford’s neck,
and stomped hard on his foot. Clifford felt something pop and he was in terrific pain.
Clifford laid on the floor in pain, eventually hobbled out, and drove home with left foot.
Ms. Clifford did not recall Clifford saying anything to a doctor indicating he had
been in a wrestling match or rough housing at the fraternity house.
8
Clifford had two surgeries with Dr. Greene and a third surgery with Dr. Coetzee.
Clifford went to physical therapy and has continued to go when needed. Clifford started
using a cane periodically, but since 2014 he has used it constantly.
Ms. Clifford testified that, since the incident in November 2008, Clifford has
changed drastically; he feels rejected in life, needs to be reassured, and is unhappy a lot
of the time. Clifford is in constant pain. He used to help his father cutting the lawn and
with his father’s construction business working on the computer, but he could no longer
do that. He used to exercise with his former girlfriend but now even swimming was
difficult.
2. Defendants’ case
a. Elizabeth Ramsey
Elizabeth Ramsey, a marriage and family therapist, first saw Clifford in September
2008. In an October 2008 visit, Clifford reported that he went on a fraternity retreat,
drank a bottle of vodka, vomited on himself, and passed out. Ramsey talked to Clifford
about consumption of alcohol at a fraternity and he said he would not drink like that
anymore. Ramsey did not recall Clifford saying he had been sexually assaulted or
fondled at the October 2008 retreat.
In a November 2008 visit, Clifford told her about a foot injury that occurred when
he was at a fraternity party and a fraternity member who was really drunk stomped on
Clifford’s foot.
On cross-examination, Ramsey testified that a person who had been sexually
assaulted would have trouble relating the events, dealing with the assault, and trusting
people. Clifford talked about going to student judicial affairs in June 2009 to report
hazing. Clifford talked about being coerced into drinking at the fraternity. The events at
the fraternity caused Clifford increased anxiety and depression. In June 2009, when
Ramsey last saw Clifford, he was limping and using a cane. He was concerned about
permanent damage to his foot and being crippled.
9
b. Adam Sumner
Adam Sumner was a lieutenant pledge master at Delta when Clifford was a
pledge. Clifford was pledge president, elected by the other pledges. At the time, there
were fraternity members who were not Jewish.
Sumner did not participate in any bullying directed towards Clifford or observe
fraternity members engaged in bullying. When Clifford was pledging, alcohol was
involved in pledging activities, but the fraternity did not force pledges to drink alcohol,
and Sumner observed pledges declining to drink with no adverse impact.
Sumner was involved in the Lake Tahoe retreat. Sumner was never told during
the retreat that Clifford had been sexually assaulted. Sumner first heard about it in mid-
2010.
Sumner was present when Clifford’s foot was injured at the fraternity house.
Sumner recalled Sacher and Clifford wrestling. Sacher asked who wanted to wrestle,
Clifford entered a sort of ring that had formed, and the two touched hands to
acknowledge they were about to begin. Sacher was attempting a wrestling move, which
he did not execute properly, and stepped on Clifford’s foot. Sacher had been playing
beer pong and drinking. Clifford ended up on the floor, could not walk, and was in great
pain. Sumner and the fraternity president said that the fraternity had insurance for his
injuries and offered to drive Clifford to the hospital, but he declined and said it was not a
big deal. Someone got Clifford some ice. Sumner next saw Clifford a few weeks later
when he was initiated as a member of the fraternity.
Sumner testified that “rat fucking” is when pledges haze a member and involves
pledges kidnapping a member and making him drink.
On cross-examination, Sumner testified that an e-mail from the fraternity’s pledge
master encouraging members to gain the trust of pledges “to haze the shit out of them”
was a joke.
10
c. Daniel Sacher
Daniel Sacher was a lieutenant pledge master in fall 2008. He went on the Lake
Tahoe retreat. He saw Clifford drink vodka the first night at the Lake Tahoe retreat.
Sacher did not see where Clifford slept that night. Sacher saw Clifford the next day when
the attendees played football. Clifford was hung over and not feeling great.
Sacher later learned from the Delta president that there had been a report of
drinking at Lake Tahoe. They had to revise the pledge program because Delta was
placed on probation. The revision was that alcohol could not be used at pledge events.
The night Clifford’s foot was injured Sacher first saw Clifford at an impromptu
activity at the house of a fraternity alumnus. Afterwards, the group went to the fraternity
house to play some games. Sacher played a game of beer pong with Clifford. There
were four of them in two teams, a pledge and a member on each team. After the game
ended, the four of them moved to another room and started wrestling. There was “trash
talk” between the players during the game, including Clifford. The game was tied and
part of the trash talking was that if Clifford’s side won, they would go into the next room
and wrestle. Clifford’s side made their last cup and they went into a larger adjacent room
to wrestle. Sacher was paired with Clifford; both pairs wrestled at the same time. They
squared off and slapped hands to show they were ready to start the match. Clifford
slapped hands with Sacher. They tied up in clinch. Sacher got his left hand under
Clifford’s right armpit and right arm around the back of his head to do a hip throw. He
didn’t realize he was standing on Clifford’s foot. When they went to the ground,
Clifford’s foot was pinned under Sacher’s foot. That’s how Clifford’s injury occurred.
When Clifford said he was hurt, Sacher immediately got off him and Sumner brought
some ice.
Sacher did not stomp on Clifford’s foot. He did not grab Clifford by the neck.
Sacher was facing Clifford, not behind him. Sacher did not run across the room to take
11
Clifford out. Sacher thought that Clifford had a sprain or twisted ankle. He did not
realize the severity of the injury.
After Clifford’s foot was injured, on one occasion he came to Sacher’s apartment
to talk about the accident and they reconciled. Clifford was concerned about continuing
in the pledge program. The fraternity members reassured Clifford that the fraternity
would make accommodations.
Clifford was initiated as member of the fraternity. This was a formal event. He
was dressed in a jacket and tie and on crutches. Sacher and Clifford continued to see
each other and Sacher would ask how he was feeling and what was the latest information
on his surgeries and medical care. Clifford only came to a few more fraternity events and
stopped in winter of 2009.
On cross-examination, Sacher testified that he was elected treasurer of Delta in
2007 and served for two years. His responsibilities included collecting dues, which were
paid to the national fraternity and Delta. A “good chunk” of a member’s dues,
particularly a pledge’s dues, went to the national fraternity for initiation and insurance.
The balance went to the local chapter for its events.
Sacher admitted that pledge events involved alcohol, in violation of the national
fraternity’s rules. He admitted that alcohol was provided to members and pledges under
the age of 21.
Sacher also admitted that the pledge master sent an e-mail about members getting
close to pledges to haze them. Sacher admitted that, after Clifford was injured, the
members joked that if a member did not pay his dues Sacher would break his foot.
Sacher testified that “rat fucking” is where pledges playfully kidnap a member,
quiz the member on fraternity lore, and give him beer to drink.
d. Elizabeth Anderson
Elizabeth Anderson was director of operations at Alpha from 2007 to 2010.
12
Alpha has 120 chapters across the United States. Chapters are self-governed, but
subject to expectations and protocols to stay in recognition by Alpha.
In November 2008, Anderson received an anonymous call from a mother about
concerns with the UC Davis chapter. The caller talked about a retreat in Lake Tahoe
where there were strippers and drinking every day. Anderson was concerned because the
pledging program is not to have alcohol involved. The caller described an activity where
pledges spelled out the fraternity letters with rocks.
Anderson said that Alpha would investigate the situation and follow up with UC
Davis. Alpha followed up with UC Davis, which had also received similar allegations,
deferred to UC Davis to investigate the matter, and stayed in touch with Cody. Anderson
called the Delta president, who did not deny that these activities took place. Cody wrote
a letter copied to Alpha imposing conditions on Delta. Delta had to complete a workshop
on hazing and pledge education with 75 percent of the members attending. This
condition was satisfied by members’ attendance at the Alpha western regional conclave
where Anderson and legal counsel presented a risk management program. An Alpha staff
person worked with Delta leadership to address other sanctions imposed by UC Davis.
On cross-examination, Anderson stated that Alpha requires local chapters to notify
the national organization of any injury. Anderson admitted that Alpha had no record of
an injury at Delta in November 2008.
e. Seema Khan
Seema Khan, a psychiatrist, saw Clifford from July 2009 to September 2010.
Clifford never told Khan that he had been sexually assaulted.
On cross-examination, Khan testified that Clifford was prescribed Effexor, an
antidepressant, which, if the patient had a family history of bipolar disorder, could
precipitate manic symptoms including inability to concentrate, distractibility, increased
and rapid talking, increased sexual desire, and inability to finish projects.
13
f. Hunter Greene
In November 2008, Dr. Greene, an orthopedic surgeon, saw Clifford for an injury
to his foot.
According to medical records, in an interview with Dr. Greene, Clifford said that
he was at a fraternity party and was rough housing, a friend stepped on his foot and
pushed him backwards, at which point he had an immediate onset of sharp pain in his
right foot. The words “rough housing” were in quotation marks in the medical records to
indicate that Clifford spoke these words. Dr. Greene diagnosed the injury as a “Lisfranc
fracture,” which he treated by reducing the fracture and stabilizing it with screws. Dr.
Greene performed another surgery to remove the screws.
In June 2010, Clifford called Dr. Greene’s office asking Dr. Greene to change the
wording from the initial visit about how Clifford was injured. Dr. Greene responded that
the record reflected the information given at the time. Dr. Greene did not change the
medical record.
On cross-examination, Dr. Greene testified that Clifford continued to complain
about pain after both surgeries and Dr. Greene gave Clifford hydrocodone.5
5 Excerpts of the depositions of Andrew Borans, Louis Sachs, Gary Clifford and Tyler
Gregory were reenacted for the jury but were not reported in the trial transcript. A video
recording of the deposition of Dr. Michael Klein was played to the jury and not reported
in the trial transcript. On appeal, Clifford has included in his appendix the entire
deposition transcripts of Borans, Gregory and Sachs. Respondents’ appendix includes
the full transcripts of the depositions of Gary Clifford and Dr. Klein. The complete
transcripts of the Borans, Sachs, Gary Clifford and Gregory depositions were marked as
exhibits for identification at trial, but the transcripts included in the appendices do not
have the superior court’s stamp or exhibit label. A video flash drive of Dr. Klein’s
deposition was admitted in evidence, as well as a transcript of the deposition, also
without the superior court’s stamp or exhibit label. The trial court’s discussion with the
parties’ counsel indicates that only excerpts of the Borans, Sachs, Gary Clifford and
Gregory transcripts were reenacted. The record does not indicate which portions of the
transcripts were reenacted. The record also does not disclose whether a video of all or a
portion of the Dr. Klein deposition was played to the jury. Thus, the full deposition
14
g. Ethan Sorscher
Ethan Sorscher was in Clifford’s pledge class. The class picked Clifford as pledge
class president. Sorscher attended the Lake Tahoe retreat. Sorscher is in the photo taken
on the retreat that Clifford testified shows members of the fraternity flicking his penis.
Sorscher was never present in a situation where somebody was touching the penis of
someone on the bed. Sorscher never saw fraternity members at the Lake Tahoe retreat
assault or abuse a pledge or touch the penis of a pledge.
On cross-examination, Sorscher testified that members gave alcohol to pledges
under the age of 21. Sorscher testified that “rat fucking” is where pledges collect
members from other families in the fraternity and force them to drink.
h. Mark Strassberg
Dr. Mark Strassberg, a psychiatrist and neurologist, performed a psychiatric
evaluation of Clifford. Dr. Strassberg reviewed Clifford’s medical records, his
deposition, and Ramsey’s deposition, and interviewed Clifford in June 2010. Clifford
stated he had no emotional problems before joining the fraternity, but, since at least age
13 or 14, Clifford had been in treatment and prescribed multiple different antidepressants
and antianxiety drugs. Clifford stated that he was doing fine with his family, but Ramsey
noted his difficulty living with his family and conflicts with his parents. Clifford stated
in the interview that three quarters of Ramsey’s notes were incorrect. Clifford said he
had few friends, was socially isolated, and joined the fraternity to have a group of people
that would become his friends.
transcripts—running to hundreds of pages—are not records of the evidence presented to
the jury. Accordingly, the court will disregard citations to these deposition transcripts
and deposition exhibits. (See Sahadi v. Scheaffer (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 704, 722-723
[deposition excerpts not filed or lodged with the trial court were not proper matters for
inclusion in the appendix].)
15
Dr. Strassberg diagnosed Clifford with anxiety disorder, depressive disorder and
personality disorder, which were clinical disorders that existed before he joined the
fraternity. Clifford had been in and out of treatment since he was 13 or 14 years old.
On cross-examination, Dr. Strassberg testified that Clifford told him about waking
up with his underwear around his ankles but nothing about people flicking his penis.
i. Brian Goldberg
Brian Goldberg was Clifford’s big brother in the fraternity. He attended the Lake
Tahoe retreat. He poured Clifford a shot of vodka. He did not place any drug or other
substance in the glass with vodka.
Goldberg was at the fraternity house in November 2008 when Clifford was
injured. Goldberg was in a dining room talking to someone and he saw in the next room
that Sacher and Clifford had their hands on each other’s shoulders. Sacher put his leg
behind Clifford’s leg in a move where you lower someone to the ground. Clifford said
that he did not want to wrestle. Sacher lowered Clifford to the ground. Clifford suddenly
said his foot hurt. Clifford limped out the front door saying that he was fine. Goldberg
never saw Sacher with his arm around Clifford’s neck.
On cross-examination, Goldberg testified that “rat effing” is where pledges get
back at members who have been nasty to them, tie them up, and make them drink and
answer questions.
j. Gregg Stutchman
Gregg Stutchman testified that he is a forensic analyst whose work involves
scientific examination, evaluation, comparison and clarification of audio and video
recordings. Stutchman downloaded a video from Web site named Beyond Kink. The
video contained nudity and graphic sexual activity. The video also contained interviews
with Clifford.
The explicit scenes and interviews with another person were edited out. An edited
video of the interviews with Clifford was played to the jury. Prior to playing the video,
16
the trial judge instructed the jury, “Ladies and gentlemen, you are about to view a video
which has been admitted as evidence for a limited purpose. You may consider this video
only for the purposes of evaluating Mr. Clifford’s credibility and for ascertaining the
nature and the extent of the damages that he is claiming in this trial. You may not
consider the video for any other purpose.”
In a transcript of the interview, Clifford discussed searching for “TSs” on Craig’s
List, which Stutchman interpreted to mean “transsexual.” Clifford said, “This is a fun
fetish on the side a lot of people like to enjoy.” Regarding making the film, Clifford said,
“it was a lot of fun” and “pretty amazing,” Asked “What happened to you today?”
Clifford answered, “Hmmmm. A dream come true.”
k. Maura Chavez
Maura Chavez testified that she is surveillance investigator. Chavez was assigned
to video Clifford’s activities. The video was played to the jury. On January 27, 2018,
Chavez filmed Clifford going into and coming out of a hotel. Going into the hotel,
Clifford did not have a cane. Coming out of the hotel, Clifford had a cane but was not
limping.6
C. Verdict and Judgment
On March 14, 2018, the jury rendered a verdict on special verdict forms finding
that: (1) Alpha was not liable on any of Clifford’s claims; (2) Delta was not liable for
hazing; (3) Delta and Sacher were liable for negligence regarding the events of
November 5, 2008; and (4) Delta was liable for premises liability regarding the events of
November 5, 2008. As to negligence, the jury allocated responsibility for the harm to
Clifford as follows: 40 percent to Delta, 30 percent to Clifford, and 30 percent to Sacher.
6 Video surveillance recordings made by Chavez and another surveillance investigator,
Kyle Turner, were played to the jury. The video recordings were admitted in evidence
but not included in the record on appeal.
17
As to premises liability, the jury allocated responsibility for Clifford’s foot injury
50 percent to Delta and 50 percent to Clifford. The jury made specific findings rejecting
Clifford’s claims that, on October 17, 2008, he was pressured to engage in excessive
drinking or the victim of sexual battery.
The jury determined Clifford’s damages as follows: (1) $49,216 for past medical
expenses (per the parties’ stipulation); (2) $3,500 in lost household services for the events
of November 5, 2008; (3) $100,000 for pain and suffering for the events of November 5,
2008; and (4) $50,000 for future pain and suffering. The jury awarded $202,716 in total
compensatory damages. The jury awarded no punitive damages.
The trial court entered judgment in favor of Alpha and against Delta in the amount
of $141,901.20.
D. Posttrial Motions and Judgment
Delta filed a motion to vacate the judgment on the grounds that the judgment did
not correctly calculate Delta’s proportionate share of damages, did not reflect an offset
for Sacher’s settlement, and failed to reduce past medical expenses under Howell v.
Hamilton Meats & Provisions, Inc. (2011) 52 Cal.4th 541.
Clifford filed a motion for a new trial and judgment notwithstanding the verdict,
contesting the verdicts on liability and damages as contrary to the evidence and arguing
that the court’s failure to admit certain evidence was an abuse of discretion.
Delta and Alpha moved for an award of costs under Code of Civil Procedure
section 998 and a deduction of costs from the damages award.
The trial court denied the motion for a new trial or judgment notwithstanding the
verdict and granted in part and denied in part the motion to vacate the judgment. The
court ordered the judgment corrected: (1) to reflect Delta’s 40 percent proportionate
share of noneconomic damages, $60,000; (2) rejecting reduction of past medical
expenses under Howell based on the parties’ stipulation; and (3) to offset Delta’s share of
18
economic damages under Code of Civil Procedure section 877 for the settlement with
Sacher by $49,407.60, reducing the award against Delta to $3,308.40.
The trial court awarded costs to Alpha and Delta under Code of Civil Procedure
section 998, determining that Clifford failed to recover a verdict greater than defendants’
settlement offers. The cost award to Alpha was $33,259.03 and $24,572.45 to Delta.
The court deducted the cost award to Delta from the adjusted damages award to Clifford.
The court entered judgment in favor of Alpha in the amount of $33,259.03 and against
Delta in the amount of $38,735.95.
DISCUSSION
I
Clifford’s Opening Brief
In our prior decision, we noted defects in Clifford’s opening brief and cautioned
him that a point unsupported by reasoned argument and citations to authority would be
treated as waived. Further, we noted that “on appeal, a judgment is presumed correct.
We presume the trial court followed the applicable law; the burden is on the appellant to
demonstrate otherwise. [Citation.]” (Clifford, supra, C070846 [at p. 10].) At the time,
Clifford was representing himself and we advised him that this circumstance did not
entitle him to lenient treatment. (Ibid.) In the present appeal, Clifford is represented by
two attorneys. Nonetheless, the defects in his briefing are numerous.
Clifford has failed to provide a statement of facts in his opening brief in
conformance with California Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(2)(C), which requires “a
summary of the significant facts limited to matters in the record.” (See Silva v. See’s
Candy Shops, Inc. (2016) 7 Cal.App.5th 235, 260.) He has made no effort to fairly
summarize the evidence presented. (Ibid.) Clifford’s version of the facts is entirely one-
sided. He simply ignores evidence that does not support his position, citing only selected
“undisputed” testimony and documents favorable to him. (In re Marriage of Davenport
19
(2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1507, 1530-1531 (Davenport) [appellant “proceeds to recite the
evidence in a fashion favorable to her,” which “conduct is not to be condoned”].)
Clifford argues the facts, for example, asserting that he was forced to drink and
sexually assaulted on October 17, 2008, and assaulted by Sacher on November 5, 2008,
without any mention of contrary testimony by other witnesses to these events. An
appellant’s attempt to “merely reargue the ‘facts’ as [he or] she would have them . . . .
[Citations.] . . . manifests a treatment of the record that disregards the most fundamental
rules of appellate review. [Citation.]” (Davenport, supra, 194 Cal.App.4th at p. 1531.)
“[S]uch ‘factual presentation is but an attempt to reargue on appeal those factual issues
decided adversely to [appellant] at the trial level, contrary to established precepts of
appellate review. As such it is doomed to fail.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
We reiterate that “[a]n appealed judgment is presumed correct, and the appellant
must affirmatively demonstrate error. [Citation.] An appellant challenging the
sufficiency of the evidence to support the judgment must cite the evidence in the record
supporting the judgment and explain why such evidence is insufficient as a matter of law.
[Citations.] An appellant who fails to cite and discuss the evidence supporting the
judgment cannot demonstrate that such evidence is insufficient. The fact that there was
substantial evidence in the record to support a contrary finding does not compel the
conclusion that there was no substantial evidence to support the judgment. An appellant
. . . who cites and discusses only evidence in [his or her] favor fails to demonstrate any
error and waives the contention that the evidence is insufficient to support the judgment.
[Citations.]” (Rayii v. Gatica (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 1402, 1408 (Rayii); Sanchez v.
Martinez (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 535, 548 (Sanchez).)
With these principles in mind we turn to Clifford’s contentions on appeal.
20
II
Recusal Voided All Decisions of the Yolo County Superior Court
Clifford argues the full bench recusal of the Yolo County Superior Court voided
all orders of the court. Clifford contends “each Yolo County Trial Judge’s decision
affecting the trial in Sacramento County Court or any judgment, in particular affecting
the presentation of evidence at trial or payment of sanctions or fees to continue the trial
was void,” and a new trial was required because he was prejudiced by recognition of such
orders.
However, Clifford did not object or move to disqualify the assigned judge who
presided over all aspects of the trial. Thus, Clifford has waived this issue. (Stebbins v.
White (1987) 190 Cal.App.3d 769, 783 [“failing a simple, timely objection a litigant
waives . . . disqualification,” and “cannot expressly or impliedly consent to a proceeding
before a particular judge and still preserve an objection for appeal”].)
III
Verdict on Hazing
Clifford contends that the jury ignored jury instructions and uncontested evidence
that Alpha and Delta were liable for hazing. We understand this contention to be that the
jury verdict on hazing was not supported by substantial evidence.
To reverse a jury verdict on appeal as unsupported by substantial evidence,
Clifford “must show that the evidence was such as would justify a directed verdict in
their favor. [Citation.] When applying the substantial evidence test, ‘we resolve “all
conflicts in the evidence and all legitimate and reasonable inferences that may arise
therefrom in favor of the jury’s findings and the verdict.” ’ [Citation.] We do not
reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses. [Citation.] The ‘power of the
appellate court is limited to a determination of whether there is any substantial evidence,
contradicted or uncontradicted, that will support the verdict.’ [Citation.]” (Mathews v.
Happy Valley Conference Center, Inc. (2019) 43 Cal.App.5th 236, 251.)
21
“ ‘All of the evidence most favorable to the respondent must be accepted as true,
and that unfavorable discarded as not having sufficient verity, to be accepted by the trier
of fact.’ ” (Buehler v. Sbardellati (1995) 34 Cal.App.4th 1527, 1542.) When the record
contains substantial evidence in favor of the respondent, “no matter how slight it may
appear in comparison with the contradictory evidence, the judgment must be upheld.”
(Howard v. Owens Corning (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 621, 631.)
Clifford has waived this claim by failing to discuss any evidence but the evidence
favorable to him. (Rayii, supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 1408; Sanchez, supra,
54 Cal.App.5th at p. 548.)
Specifically, Clifford has failed to mention testimony of multiple witnesses that
Clifford was not sexually assaulted at the Lake Tahoe retreat, including Sorscher who
was in the photograph that Clifford said showed fraternity members “flicking” his penis.
Most of the evidence Clifford cites in support of this contention is his own testimony.
Further, Clifford cites the letter from Cody placing Delta on conditional registration as
proof of hazing, while ignoring Cody’s testimony that, at the time, there were no hazing
allegations against Delta. Cody also testified that he was not aware of any sexual assault
claim in November 2008. Clifford claims he was hazed by “forced/coerced drinking of
alcohol,” while failing to acknowledge that the letter from Cody is to the contrary,
expressing concern about that “the fraternity may not have been encouraging or requiring
pledges to drink alcohol” but “[p]eer pressure and influence may compel them to drink
even though they are not forced to consume alcohol.” Clifford claims he was hazed by
the tradition of spelling out the fraternity’s name in rocks by the Yolo causeway, but his
own testimony when asked if this was dangerous was, “I don’t think there was a problem
with that.” Finally, Clifford contends he was hazed by “use/abuse of alcohol” at the
fraternity house on November 5, 2008, while failing to mention the evidence that he told
Dr. Green the injury was due to “rough housing.”
22
IV
Verdict for Alpha on Negligence and Premises Liability
Clifford contends that the jury’s verdict that Alpha was not liable for negligence
and premises liability is not supported by substantial evidence. We disagree.
In asserting that the jury’s verdicts were not supported by substantial evidence,
Clifford again makes the elementary error of discussing only evidence favorable to him,
thereby forfeiting the claim. (Rayii, supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 1408; Sanchez, supra,
54 Cal.App.5th at p. 548.)
In any event, the jury’s finding that Alpha was not negligent is supported by
substantial evidence, not the least because, based on the evidence presented at trial, Alpha
owed no duty of care to Clifford for the events of October 17 and November 5, 2008.
Clifford relies solely on Morrison v. Kappa Alpha PSI Fraternity (La.Ct.App.
1999) 738 So.2d 1105 (Morrison) and another out-of-state case, Brown v. Delta Tau
Delta (Me. 2015) 118 A.3d 789 (Brown). In Morrison, the court said that a principal is
liable for the acts of an agent only when the principal has a right “to control physical
details . . . as to the manner of . . . performance” of the agent. (Morrison, at p. 1120.)
The court conclude that the national organization was not vicariously liable for the
tortious conduct of the local chapter’s president, because “[t]here is no evidence that the
national fraternity exercised any control over the physical details of [the president’s] acts
of hazing, assaulting and battering [Morrison] during a secret, unscheduled, unsanctioned
meeting in [the president’s] dorm room.” (Ibid.)
Citing Alpha’s constitution, organizational chart, risk manager manual, the
November 3, 2008 letter from Cody, and the presence of Sacher and Delta’s president at
the fraternity house on November 5, 2008, Clifford contends “all the factors of control
exist as shown herein.”
However, in Barenborg v. Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th
70 (Barenborg), the California appellate court held that a national fraternity had no duty
23
of care to a 19-year-old woman who consumed five to seven drinks and cocaine at a party
held by a local chapter of the fraternity and sustained serious injuries in a fall. (Id. at
pp. 75, 76-84.) The court also found that the national organization was not vicariously
liable for the local chapter’s conduct. (Id. at pp. 85-86.)
In considering whether the national organization had a special relationship with
the local chapter that would impose a duty of care, the court noted that “two themes”
emerged from its review of out-of-state cases: (1) “the existence of general policies
governing the operation of local chapters and the authority to discipline them for
violations does not justify imposition of a duty on national fraternities”; and (2) “courts
have recognized that national fraternities cannot monitor the day-to-day activities of local
chapters contemporaneously, and have concluded that absent an ability to do so, there can
be no duty to control.” (Barenborg, supra, 33 Cal.App.5th at pp. 79-80.)
Here, Anderson testified that “[a]ll the chapters are franchises of the national
organization” in that they “are self-governed with . . . expectations and protocols to stay
in recognition with the national organization.” Alpha plays no role in the chapters’ day-
to-day operations. Local chapters select their own officers and the national organization
has no role in the process. The national organization has no employees who reside at the
local chapters. Thus, Alpha did not have the ability to monitor the day-to-day activities
of Delta and therefore owed no duty of care. (Barenborg, supra, 33 Cal.App.5th at
p. 80.)
Turning to premises liability, Clifford cites the jury’s “Yes” answer to the
interrogatory in the premises liability special verdict form: “Did Alpha Epsilon Pi
occupy and control the chapter house in Davis?” Having answered affirmatively to this
interrogatory, the jury answered “No” to the following interrogatory: “Was Alpha
Epsilon Pi negligent in the use or maintenance of the chapter house in Davis?”
Premises liability is “a form of negligence . . . .” (Brooks v. Eugene Burger
Management Corp. (1989) 215 Cal.App.3d 1611, 1619; see also Kesner v. Superior
24
Court (2016) 1 Cal.5th. 1132, 1158.) To prevail on a claim for premises liability, the
plaintiff must prove that the defendant owned, leased, occupied, or controlled the
property, the defendant was negligent in the use or maintenance of the property, the
plaintiff was harmed, and the defendant’s negligence was a substantial factor in causing
the plaintiff’s harm. (CACI No. 1000.)
Notwithstanding the jury’s affirmative answer to the special verdict interrogatory
regarding whether Alpha controlled and occupied the Delta chapter house, the existence
and scope of the duty is a question of law for the court to decide. (Delgado v. Trax Bar
& Grill (2005) 36 Cal.4th 224, 237.) Further, in determining whether Alpha was
negligent, the jury was instructed to consider “the extent” of Alpha’s “control over the
condition that created the risk of harm.”
We conclude that the scope of Alpha’s duty of control did not extend to preventing
an accidental injury from an impromptu wrestling match. Alpha did not own the chapter
house. (See Barenborg, supra, 33 Cal.App.5th at pp. 74, 83.) A housing corporation
leased the house, which was owned by another fraternity. The housing corporation
subleased the property to Delta. A fraternity member who lived in the house was
assigned the position of house leader to manage the house and house rules. No Alpha
employees were employed at the local chapters. Thus, Alpha’s control did not extend to
control of the day-to-day activities of fraternity members and pledges at the chapter
house. And the jury correctly concluded that, given the extent of Alpha’s control, Alpha
was not negligent in the maintenance and use of the property.
Clifford contends that Brown held that a national organization had “a duty for
premises liability under similar circumstances.” The court in Brown said the “[t]his case
involves the responsibility of a national organization . . . which provided its name, its
credibility, its corporate structure, and its code of conduct to a local branch on a college
campus,” “effectively handed over a residential building to a group of college students,”
“should have anticipated that alcohol-related parties on the premises would follow,” and
25
“therefore had a duty to exercise reasonable care in providing a reasonably safe
environment for any social invitee to an event at the fraternity house.” (Brown, supra,
118 A.3d at pp. 795-796.) The court further stated that the national organization “had the
authority to control its individual members, and actually did so through its
implementation and enforcement of its rules and regulations.” (Id. at p. 796.) Suffice it
to say, that Brown does not state the rule in California or most states. (See Barenborg,
supra, 33 Cal.App.5th at pp. 79-80.)
V
Evidence of Prior Hazing Incidents Involving Alpha and Delta
Clifford contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying admission of
evidence of prior hazing and alcohol-use complaints involving Alpha chapters at various
universities, including Delta at UC Davis.
“ ‘While the concept “abuse of discretion” is not easily susceptible to precise
definition, the appropriate test has been enunciated in terms of whether or not the trial
court exceeded “ ‘the bounds of reason, all of the circumstances before it being
considered . . . .’ ” [Citations.]’ [Citation.] ‘A decision will not be reversed merely
because reasonable people might disagree. “An appellate tribunal is neither authorized
nor warranted in substituting its judgment for the judgment of the trial judge.”
[Citations.] In the absence of a clear showing that its decision was arbitrary or irrational,
a trial court should be presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate objectives and,
accordingly, its discretionary determinations ought not be set aside on review.’
[Citation.]” (Gouskos v. Aptos Village Garage, Inc. (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 754, 762
(Gouskos); see also San Lorenzo Valley Community Advocates for Responsible Education
v. San Lorenzo Valley Unified School Dist. (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 1356, 1419 [“ ‘A trial
court’s exercise of discretion in admitting or excluding evidence . . . will not be disturbed
except on a showing the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or
patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice . . .’ ”].)
26
Clifford does not frame an abuse of discretion argument. (Gouskos, supra,
94 Cal.App.4th at p. 762.) Clifford lists exhibits regarding specific incidents that he
contends should have been admitted, but does not reference the court’s rulings on the
exhibits in the record, much less explain how the trial court abused its discretion.
Instead, Clifford relies entirely on Morrison, supra, 738 So.2d 1105. However,
the court in Morrison did not order that evidence of specific instances of hazing would be
presented at trial but rather that plaintiffs would be limited to nonspecific testimony about
the occurrence of hazing. (Id. at p. 1112.) In fact, the court considered the fraternity’s
contention that “plaintiffs inflamed the jury by repeated references to hazing incidents at
other universities, evidence which was specifically excluded by the trial court.” (Ibid.)
The Morrison court rejected the contention, but only based on its finding that just one
such reference occurred at trial, and noting that the trial judge chastised the witness and
instructed plaintiffs and their counsel not to allow reference to specific incidents of
hazing at other universities. (Ibid.)
Morrison does not support Clifford’s contention that the trial court abused its
discretion by not admitting evidence of specific incidents.
VI
Video Interview of Clifford
Clifford contends that the trial court erred in admitting his video interview from
the Beyond Kink Web site which he asserts was not authenticated, obtained from “a non-
existent website,” and “altered to create the video admitted into evidence.” Clifford
further asserts that, under Evidence Code section 352,“[a]ny probative value of this video
was clearly and obviously outweighed by it [sic] poisonous and infectious prejudice.”
When Clifford’s counsel first raised the issue of defendants introducing into
evidence a “pornographic film” in which Clifford participated, defendants’ counsel
stated, “we have no intention to offer that evidence unless information about that
becomes relevant for impeachment” and “[i]f that were to occur, I would notify counsel, I
27
would notify the Court, and we would establish whatever relevance and admissibility.”
The trial court commented that the video “is clearly irrelevant from the get go. But I
have no idea what the testimony of your client is going to be.” The court also
commented that this video evidence is “probably . . . unduly prejudicial” but “I have no
idea” and concluded the matter was not properly before the court at that point.
Subsequently, the court took up a motion by defendants to admit the interview
portion of the video. Clifford’s counsel argued in opposition that the video was “cut and
spliced by somebody at the direction of defendant” to make Clifford look like “a lover of
a transsexual,” and prejudice outweighed the probative value of this evidence under
Evidence Code section 352. After reviewing only the transcript of the video interview,
the court made a preliminary ruling to admit the evidence.
The court then reviewed Clifford’s trial testimony about the video and the video
itself “to satisfy myself that it did appear to have substantial probative value to potentially
impeach some of the plaintiff’s testimony.” The court ruled: “It is a close question. [¶]
I’m not disagreeing with that, but I think ultimately, the way plaintiff testified, the way
the evidence is coming in, in this case; given particularly the timing of the video being so
close in time to when the events in this case occurred, I believe its probative value
substantially outweighs the potential prejudicial value.” The court offered to give a
limiting instruction, which defense counsel accepted. As discussed, the court gave the
instruction and the video of the interview was played to the jury. Clifford stipulated that
he was the person in the video.
Clifford does not direct us to the portion of the record where he objected at trial to
the video as unauthenticated and offers only a skeletal argument devoid of citation of
authority challenging its admission on appeal. We find no basis for excluding the video
as unauthenticated. To be sure, a video must be authenticated before admitted into
evidence. (Evid. Code, §§ 250, 1401; People v. Goldsmith (2014) 59 Cal.4th 258, 267.)
“A photograph or video recording is typically authenticated by showing it is a fair and
28
accurate representation of the scene depicted. [Citations.] This foundation may, but need
not be, supplied by the person taking the photograph or by a person who witnessed the
event being recorded. [Citations.] It may be supplied by other witness testimony,
circumstantial evidence, content and location. [Citations.]” (Goldsmith, at pp. 267-268.)
That conflicting inferences can be drawn regarding authenticity goes to the weight of the
evidence, not admissibility. (Id. at p. 267.)
We conclude the video was properly authenticated. Clifford stipulated that he was
the person interviewed in the video. Stutchman testified how the video was downloaded
from the Web site and all but the interviews edited out. Clifford asserts that the Web site
is “non-existent” but offers no evidence to counter Stutchman’s testimony naming the
Web site from which he downloaded the video. Likewise, Clifford contends the video
was “altered” but again presents no facts or evidence to dispute Stutchman’s testimony
that the entirety of the interviews with Clifford was included and none of it deleted or
edited out.
Clifford contends the video should have been excluded under Evidence Code
section 352 as more prejudicial than probative, because his “sexual orientation was not at
issue in the case.” However, his allegations that he was traumatized by a sexual assault at
the Lake Tahoe retreat were at issue. He testified, “I have struggled with dealing with the
sexual assault . . . . [¶] And I have a hard time now relating to women and men in
general. And in the moment I did something very destructive to myself.” Asked what
that was, Clifford answered, “I filmed -- I went to San Francisco and filmed pornographic
videos to have myself used.” He further testified that “the film in San Francisco, that was
the only time that I had reached that lowest point in my life.”
Clifford opened the door for defendants to impeach this testimony. (See In re
Art T. (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 335, 347 [mother’s denial that son was a gang member
impeached by video where she told detective she knew son was affiliated with gang
because he “ ‘posted . . . all this stupid stuff on Facebook’ ”]; see also U.S. v. Garcia (9th
29
Cir. 2013) 729 F.3d 1171, 1179 [after three prosecution witnesses testified they had never
seen shooting victim with a firearm, trial court erred in not admitting photographs from
victim’s MySpace showing him posing with a sawed-off shotgun].) Moreover, California
has a long history of allowing moving picture and video evidence to impeach a plaintiff’s
claim of injury. (Heiman v. Market Street Railway Co. (1937) 21 Cal.App.2d 311, 314-
315 (Heiman) [court properly admitted moving pictures of plaintiff—who claimed to be
an invalid—driving, shopping, carrying bundles, walking, stooping and bending without
assistance]; see also Christ v. Schwartz (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 440, 454 (Christ).)
In arguing prejudice, Clifford refers to the “inflammatory nature of the video” but
it consisted of interviews that did not show nudity or depict or discuss sex acts. Clifford
had already testified as to the pornographic nature of the film. He further asserts “[t]he
intent and effect of this video was to destroy the credibility of Ryan Clifford.” But that,
of course, is the intent of any impeachment evidence. (Christ, supra, 2 Cal.App.5th at
p. 455.)
Under Evidence Code section 352, “it is the exclusive province of the trial court to
determine whether the probative value of evidence outweighs its possible prejudicial
effect. [Citation.] And the trial court’s exercise of discretion on this issue will not be
disturbed on appeal absent a clear showing of abuse.” (Gouskos, supra, 94 Cal.App.4th
at p. 762.) Clifford has not made this showing.
VII
Excluding Testimony of Linda Barnard and Mindy Mechanic
Clifford contends that the trial court abused its discretion in not allowing (1)
Dr. Barnard to testify to Clifford’s “ongoing treatment for psychological damages” and
“the reasonableness and necessity of the treatments,” and (2) Dr. Mindy Mechanic to
testify to the “psychological context for Plaintiff’s delays in reporting the sexual
assault/battery . . . and his actions in response to sexual assault/battery that he suffered
from on October 17, 2008.” Clifford also maintains that exclusion of Drs. Barnard and
30
Mechanic “failed to allow the Plaintiff to counteract the prejudicial value of the
Defendants’ use of the interview.”
The court initially granted defendant’s motion in limine to exclude testimony of
Dr. Barnard, Clifford’s therapist since 2008 designated as a nonretained expert witness,
because she refused to waive the psychotherapist-patient privilege at her deposition.
Clifford’s counsel did not object, stating he did not plan to put on her testimony.
Clifford then sought to call Dr. Barnard for rebuttal testimony to defendants’
witness, Dr. Strassberg. The court held expert testimony “is appropriate on rebuttal but
for the limited purpose of impeaching the other expert on factual matters.” Clifford’s
counsel made an offer of proof of Dr. Barnard’s rebuttal testimony consisting of eight
points. The court concluded this proffer was essentially Dr. Barnard being called to
express opinions contrary to Dr. Strassberg’s and did not permit this testimony.
Code of Civil Procedure section 2034.310, subdivision (b), provides that
impeachment by an expert not designated in a party’s expert witness list is limited to
“testimony to the falsity or nonexistence of any fact used as the foundation for any
opinion by any other party’s expert witness, but may not include testimony that
contradicts the opinion.” (See Kennemur v. State of California (1982) 133 Cal.App.3d
907, 924 [“rather than broadly construing what a foundational ‘fact’ is, the term should
be strictly construed by the trial court to prevent a party from offering a contrary opinion
of his expert under the guise of impeachment”].) We review the trial court’s exclusion of
expert testimony under Code of Civil Procedure section 2034.310, subdivision (b), for
abuse of discretion. (Pina v. County of Los Angeles (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 531, 545.)
31
Having reviewed Clifford’s proffer, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its
discretion.7
Clifford represented that Dr. Mechanic would testify generally about “adult
trauma, victimization, post traumatic [sic] stress disorder (PTSD), sexual violence and
psychological abuse.” Defendants noticed Dr. Mechanic’s deposition for a location in
Folsom, California. Clifford failed to respond to e-mails from defendants’ counsel
seeking confirmation that the deposition would go forward as noticed but did not object.
Dr. Mechanic and Clifford failed to appear at the deposition. On the day of the
deposition, Ms. Clifford called Sacher’s counsel about another matter, claiming
ignorance about the deposition but also indicating that Dr. Mechanic was in Los Angeles
and would not appear for the deposition.
Defendants filed a motion in limine to exclude Dr. Mechanic’s testimony because
Clifford failed to produce her for deposition. (Code Civ. Proc., § 2034.300, subd. (d)
[excluding expert opinion offered by a party who has “unreasonably failed” to “[m]ake
that expert available for deposition”]; Code Civ. Proc., § 2034.420 [deposition of retained
expert “shall be taken at a place that is within 75 miles of the courthouse where the action
is pending”].)
At the hearing on the motion in limine, Clifford’s counsel stated that Dr. Mechanic
would testify regarding “sexual assaults among men and how these things manifest
themselves” and that Clifford’s conduct was “consistent with those that would have been
subjected to a sexual assault.” Counsel confirmed that Dr. Mechanic did not prepare a
report.
7 For example, Clifford’s proffer includes: “The only diagnoses given to [Clifford] by
long term therapists is PTSD, anxiety and depression. Those are appropriate. Anything
else is exaggerated.”
32
The court considered whether Dr. Mechanic could be deposed when she arrived to
testify at trial and the trial continued, if necessary, for defendants to find an expert to
respond to her opinions. Defendants’ counsel argued that realistically it would not be
possible to take Mechanic’s deposition, find a corresponding expert, and have that expert
deposed, unless the court continued the trial for two or three weeks. The court ruled, “It
just does seem that we’re now in trial. Based on the lack of making this retained expert
available for deposition with no real good reason, I’m going to grant the defendant’s [sic]
motion to exclude the testimony.”
We review this decision for abuse of discretion. (See Boston v. Penny Lane
Centers, Inc. (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 936, 950 [a trial court’s determination under Code
Civ. Proc. § 2034.300 that a party has unreasonably failed to comply with expert
discovery requirements is reviewed for abuse of discretion].) Again, Clifford had failed
to frame an abuse of discretion argument. (Gouskos, supra, 94 Cal.App.4th at p. 762.)
Clifford’s argument is devoid of citation of authority, including any reference to the
relevant provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure. (Badie v. Bank of America (1988)
67 Cal.App.4th 779, 784-785.) Clifford does not contest, or even mention, the bases on
which the trial court excluded the testimony of Drs. Barnard and Mechanic. By offering
nothing but conclusory assertions regarding the exclusion of these witnesses, Clifford has
forfeited these claims on appeal. (See Saltonstall v. City of Sacramento (2015)
234 Cal.App.4th 549, 587-588 (Saltonstall); Bayramoglu v. Nationstar Mortgage LLC
(2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 726, 737-738 (Bayramoglu).)
VIII
Exclusion of Testimony of Chris Coetzee by CourtCall
Clifford next asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to permit
Dr. Coetzee to testify by CourtCall regarding Clifford’s “third surgery and the need for
additional surgery to remove the metal hardware from [Clifford’s] injured foot.”
33
On the second day of trial, Clifford filed a motion for Dr. Coetzee to appear by
CourtCall. Clifford cited provisions of the California Rules of Court8 allowing (1) a
party to appear at court proceedings by telephone if the court determines that a telephone
appearance is appropriate (Rule 3.670(f)(3)) and (2) a nonparty deponent to appear at a
deposition by telephone (Rule 3.1010(d)). Clifford also argued that the trial court has
inherent discretion to control its proceedings. Clifford quoted but did not cite an
unpublished adoption case that telephonic testimony was not a “ ‘novel procedure in
California.’ ” Clifford also cited a federal rule requiring a showing of good cause in
compelling circumstances for testimony transmitted from another location.
In opposition, defendants attested that Clifford had designated Dr. Coetzee as a
nonretained expert witness, noticed his deposition in Minnesota, served an amended
notice changing the date of the deposition, and then cancelled the deposition.
The trial court expressed doubt that it had discretion to allow telephonic testimony
of an expert witness, but assuming such discretion existed, the court said, “I don’t find
there is any good cause for any basis. I further find that it would be substantially
prejudicial to the defense to have a disembodied voice testify to this jury and not be able
to have the jury size up the witness and allow the defense to cross-examine him in
person.” The court denied the motion.
Clifford then proposed that Dr. Coetzee be deposed by telephone. Defense
counsel responded that it would be impossible to question Dr. Coetzee about exhibits by
telephone and very difficult to do so by video. Counsel also pointed out that Clifford had
declared himself ready for trial, which was followed by a three-week interval while the
case was reassigned, during which Clifford could have arranged for Dr. Coetzee’s
deposition in Minnesota. The court suggested that Dr. Coetzee fly out for a videotaped
8 All references to rules are to the California Rules of Court.
34
deposition that could be presented to the jury, but Clifford’s counsel responded that
Clifford could not afford it.9
“California encourages telephonic appearances in civil cases as a way of
improving access to the courts and reducing litigation costs.” (Davis v. Superior Court
(2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 607, 616, citing Rule 3.670(a) & (f)(1).) “Personal appearances
are required for certain matters, such as ‘[t]rials, hearings, and proceedings at which
witnesses are expected to testify . . . .’ ” (Davis, at p. 617, quoting Rule 3.670(e)(1)(A).)
“The court, however, has discretion to permit a telephonic appearance in lieu of a
personal appearance.” (Davis, at p. 617, citing Rule 3.670(f)(3).) “Conversely, the court
may require a personal appearance if the court determines ‘on a hearing-by-hearing basis
that a personal appearance would materially assist in the determination of the proceedings
. . . .’ ” (Davis, at p. 617, quoting Rule 3.670(f)(2).)
As Rule 3.670 indicates, we review for abuse of discretion the trial court’s
exercise of its authority to permit telephonic testimony. (In re Nada R. (2001)
89 Cal.App.4th 1166, 1176.) Here, the court found the defense would be prejudiced if
the jury was not able to view the witness’s demeanor and the defense could not cross-
examine him in person. It was well within the court’s discretion to make that
determination. (See Nada, at p. 1176 [no abuse of discretion where court expressed
concern about the reliability of telephonic testimony of witnesses and refused to permit
presentation of evidence in this format]; see also Evid. Code, § 711 [“At the trial of an
action, a witness can be heard only in the presence and subject to the examination of all
parties to the action, if they choose to attend and examine”]; Evid. Code, § 780 [trier of
9 Clifford also submitted an unsworn “background” statement from his counsel that the
Yolo County Superior Court had previously approved the presentation of Dr. Coetzee’s
testimony at trial by CourtCall. “It is axiomatic that the unsworn statements of counsel
are not evidence.” (In re Zeth S. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 396, 413-414, fn. 11; In re Alexandria
P. (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 331, 342, fn. 8.)
35
fact to determine “the credibility of a witness,” inter alia, by his or her “demeanor while
testifying and the manner in which he testifies”]; CACI No. 107 [in deciding whether to
believe a witness that the jury may consider “[h]ow did the witness look, act, and speak
while testifying”].)
IX
Economic and Noneconomic Damages Award
Clifford contends that the jury’s award of damages set forth in the special verdict
was not supported by substantial evidence. Clifford splits this claim into two parts that
essentially make the same contention: (1) the jury ignored “uncontested evidence of
injuries causing damages” to Clifford, and (2) the jury failed to properly compensate
Clifford because the special verdict did not include “undisputed damages” and provided
“inadequate damages.”
Clifford’s “uncontested evidence” consists of a chart of the damages he claimed
and a reference to his posttrial motions where the same chart appears. This is not
evidence. (See Alki Partners, LP v. DB Fund Services, LLC (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 574,
590 [“Matters set forth in points and authorities are not evidence”].)
Clifford’s argument that the jury did not properly compensate him consists of
conclusory assertions that “[t]he undisputed evidence was Plaintiff suffered a permanent
‘serious’ and life-altering injury to his right foot as a result of the allegations resulting
from this case,” and the jury found Delta “guilty of negligence as a result of the
November 5, 2008, incident at the fraternity house . . . .”
Clifford’s assertions fail to properly submit the damages issue for appellate
review. (Saltonstall, supra, 234 Cal.App.4th at pp. 587-588; Bayramoglu, supra,
51 Cal.App.5th at pp. 737-738.)
In any event, reviewing the record, we conclude the special verdict on economic
and noneconomic damages was supported by substantial evidence.
36
“Damages, even economic damages, are difficult to measure in personal injury
cases. There may be disputed facts regarding the amount of medical expenses or lost
wages, or disputed inferences about the probable course of events such as the length of
incapacitation or whether a continuing disability will worsen, plateau, or improve.”
(Abbott v. Taz Express (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 853, 856-857 (Abbott).) “The common
law in its wisdom has left these inherently subjective decisions regarding damages with
the jury as the trier of fact to apply its collective experience, common sense, and diverse
backgrounds. As a further safeguard, the trial judge has considerable discretion to review
excessive or inadequate damage awards in conjunction with a motion for new trial.”
(Abbott, at p. 857; J.P. v. Carlsbad Unified School Dist. (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 323,
341-342 (J.P.) [“ ‘It is for the jury to determine the probabilities as to whether future
detriment is reasonably certain to occur in any particular case’ ”].) Here, the trial court
denied Clifford’s motion for a new trial.
The measure of noneconomic damages is a fact question “ ‘first committed to the
discretion of the jury and next to the discretion of the trial judge on a motion for new
trial.’ ” (See Burchell v. Faculty Physicians & Surgeons of Loma Linda University
School of Medicine (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 515, 527 (Burchell), quoting Seffert v. Los
Angeles Transit Lines (1961) 56 Cal.2d 498, 506.) “Determining the amount of money a
plaintiff is to be awarded as compensation for noneconomic injuries is ‘[o]ne of the most
difficult tasks imposed on a fact finder.’ [Citation.] ‘The inquiry is inherently subjective
and not easily amenable to concrete measurement.’ [Citation.] Naturally, therefore, the
appropriate amount of noneconomic damages is ‘ “a matter on which there legitimately
may be a wide difference of opinion.” ’ [Citation.]” (Burchell, at p. 527.)
Our role is to “ ‘review the jury’s damages award for substantial evidence, giving
due deference to the jury’s verdict and the trial court’s denial of the new trial motion.’
[Citation.] We ‘must determine every conflict in the evidence in respondent’s favor, and
37
must give him the benefit of every inference reasonably drawn from the record.’ ”
(Burchell, supra, 54 Cal.App.5th at p. 527; J.P., supra, 232 Cal.App.4th at p. 341.)
Beginning with economic damages, Clifford’s first component of these damages
claims is $49,216 for past medical expenses. This amount was stipulated by the parties
and awarded by the jury. Next is $8,000 described as money lost to UC Davis. There
was no evidence at trial pertaining to this claim and Clifford does not explain it on
appeal. This component was not on the special verdict form so the jury made no award in
this category.
Clifford claims $54,358 in past lost household services and $300,545 in future lost
household services. The jury awarded $3,500 for past lost household services and zero
for future lost household services. Clifford’s expert, Jouganatos, derived those numbers
by applying Clifford’s statement that his ability to perform such services was
permanently diminished by 50 percent to a database. The jury was entitled to make its
own determination. “A trier of fact is not bound by the exact value of nontechnical
services announced by an expert, but ‘ “may fix the value . . . bringing to bear [its] own
general knowledge and is not necessarily bound by express evidence of the value of the
services performed.” ’ [Citation.]” (Abbott, supra, 67 Cal.App.4th at p. 857.)
Clifford claims $180,000 in past lost earnings calculated as $45,000 per year for
four years. The jury awarded zero damages for this component. Jouganatos admitted on
cross-examination that he derived this amount solely from Clifford’s statement that he
was unable work for four years because of his foot injury. Jouganatos, however, testified
that “having a four-year degree from UC California [sic] [Clifford] is quite employable.”
On cross-examination, Clifford admitted that the surgeon who performed the first two
surgeries, Dr. Greene, told Clifford that six weeks after completing physical therapy he
could resume normal activities. (Haning et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Personal Injury (The
Rutter Group 2020) ¶ 3:558 [“the treating physician should be called to testify to the
amount of time that will be required for plaintiff to recover and therefore be in physical
38
shape to perform the intended work. Otherwise, the trier of fact will be unable
realistically to determine when employment should have commenced”].) Further,
Clifford testified that during the four-year period he claims he was unable to work he was
doing unpaid computer work for his father’s construction company.
From this evidence, the jury could determine that Clifford was not prevented by
injury from working a job for which he was qualified, and, accordingly, award zero
damages for past lost earnings.
Regarding noneconomic damages, Clifford requested (1) $693,750 to $925,000 for
past pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment calculated as $75,000 to $100,000 per year
for 9.25 years, and (2) future pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of $2.3 million to
$3.45 million calculated as $50,000 to $75,000 per year for 46 years. These numbers
were suggested in closing argument by defense counsel, who acknowledged that “[p]ain
and suffering is probably the most difficult aspect of any case because that’s kind of—
what’s it worth to be disabled.” The jury awarded $100,000 for past physical pain and
mental suffering for Clifford’s foot injury and $50,000 for future physical pain and
suffering.
Virtually all evidence supporting noneconomic damages came from the testimony
of Clifford and Ms. Clifford. While Clifford was “in the best position to give the most
detailed testimony on this issue” (Haning et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Personal Injury,
supra, ¶ 3:621), a trier of fact “is likely to perceive plaintiff’s testimony as self-serving
and biased.” (Id., ¶ 3:622.) Ms. Clifford corroborated Clifford’s account, but “the closer
the relationship between witness and plaintiff, the less objective the testimony and the
less weight the jurors are likely to give that testimony.” (Id., ¶ 3:640.)
Defendants presented evidence inconsistent with Clifford’s claim of physical pain.
Clifford testified that he regularly walked with a cane because he had fallen and had to
walk with a limp on his heel to lessen the pain. The jury was shown a surveillance video
taken shortly before trial of Clifford walking into a hotel and walking out. The
39
investigator testified that Clifford walked in without a cane and walked out with a cane
but not limping. Clifford confirmed that he was at the hotel to meet with his attorney.
Clifford contradicted the investigator and testified his limp does not always show and he
does not always need a cane. However, the jury was entitled to consider video
surveillance in determining the amount of an award for noneconomic damages. (Heiman,
supra, 21 Cal.App.2d at pp. 314-315; Christ, supra, 2 Cal.App.5th at p. 454; see also
Culbertson v. R.D. Werner Co., Inc. (1987) 190 Cal.App.3d 704, 706 [“investigation
films show[ed] plaintiff engaging in strenuous activities which were inconsistent with his
claimed injuries”].) This evidence, which Clifford has failed to discuss, showed that his
claim for noneconomic damages was out of proportion to the pain and suffering he
experienced. (Rayii, supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 1416.)
We conclude that the jury’s award of economic and noneconomic damages was
supported by substantial evidence.
X
Net Judgment
The court entered a net judgment of $38,735.95 in favor of Clifford against Delta
and $33,259.03 in favor of Alpha against Clifford.
Clifford contends that the trial court abused its discretion in reducing the judgment
by combining the verdicts against Delta and Alpha in the judgment and by awarding costs
to Alpha that were not allowable or could not be differentiated from Delta’s costs.
Clifford misstates the record, which he does not cite.
Clifford contends that Delta did not obtain a more favorable result than its
settlement offer of $150,000 under Code of Civil Procedure section 998, because the
jury’s total damages award was $202,716. However, the jury found Delta liable only for
negligence and premises liability regarding the events of November 5, 2008. The jury
found Delta 40 percent responsible for negligence and 50 percent responsible for
premises liability for Clifford’s harm. In the proposed judgment, the trial court initially
40
calculated damages against Delta in the amount of $81,806 and zero against Alpha. After
Clifford and defendants filed responses and objections to the proposed judgment, the trial
court issued a judgment recalculating Clifford’s damages as $141,901.20 against Delta
and zero against Alpha.
Delta filed a motion to vacate the judgment on various grounds, including an
offset under Code of Civil Procedure section 877 for Sacher’s good faith settlement. The
trial court granted the motion in part, ruling that the judgment would be corrected to
reflect that Delta was responsible for a 40 percent share of the award of $150,000 to
Clifford for noneconomic damages. The court further ruled that Delta was entitled to an
offset of $49,407.60 under Code of Civil Procedure section 877, reducing Delta’s
proportionate share of economic damages of $52,716 by $49,407.60 to yield an economic
damages award of $3,308.40.
Thus, the combined economic and noneconomic damages award to Clifford
against Delta as determined by the trial court was not $202,716 but considerably less than
Delta’s offer of $150,000. Clifford does not acknowledge, discuss or cite the record
regarding the court’s rulings, or offer argument and authority elucidating how he
contends the court abused its discretion. We conclude Delta was entitled to an award of
costs allowable under Code of Civil Procedure section 998.
Next, Clifford contends that Delta and Alpha put on a joint defense, therefore,
because Delta was not entitled to costs, neither was Alpha. Alpha and Delta filed a joint
brief in support of costs under Code of Civil Procedure section 998 to both Alpha and
Delta, costs to Alpha as prevailing party, and a deduction of Delta’s costs from the
damages award. In its order, the trial court noted that the motion was unopposed. The
court reviewed defendants’ joint memorandum of costs submitted with the motion and
provided a detailed calculation and allocation of costs awarded to Alpha and Delta.
We have no basis on which to question the court’s determination of costs,
including separate cost awards to Alpha and Delta, not the least because Clifford filed no
41
opposition to the motion below. (Field-Escandon v. DeMann (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d
228, 239 [landowner who failed to raise objection to cost award in the lower court waived
any right to challenge the award on appeal].)10
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Defendants shall recover their costs on appeal. (Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1) & (2).)
/s/
RAYE, P. J.
We concur:
/s/
BLEASE, J.
/s/
HOCH, J.
10 Clifford requests judicial notice of documents from 2020 that he argues are relevant
because they show that Alpha controlled Delta, Alpha and Delta were one entity, and
hazing occurred at Delta during the time period relevant to this case. In opposition,
defendants assert, inter alia, that nothing in the documents refers to the events at issue,
which occurred more than 11 years before. We agree with defendants. Defendants also
requested a hearing on the request for judicial notice. We deferred ruling on Clifford’s
request for judicial notice and defendants’ request for a hearing and now deny both.
42