People v. Rivera CA2/8 ( 2014 )

Filed 6/13/14 P. v. Rivera CA2/8
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION EIGHT
THE PEOPLE, B245091
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. VA121859)
v.
ESTEBAN RIVERA,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Michael A. Cowell, Judge. Affirmed.
Laura G. Schaefer, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Steven D. Matthews, David E.
Madeo and Timothy M. Weiner, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_________________________________
A jury convicted Esteban Rivera of attempted premeditated murder (Pen. Code,
§ 664/187, subd. (a)),1 second degree robbery (§ 211) and possession of a firearm by a
felon (§ 12021, subd. (a)(1)). The jury found true that Rivera personally used and
discharged a firearm in the commission of the crimes (§ 12022.53, subds. (b), (c), (d)),
and that he personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)) in the
commission of the attempted murder and robbery. The trial court sentenced Rivera to an
aggregate term in state prison of life plus 25 years. We affirm.
FACTS
The Shooting and Criminal Investigation
Fernando Vera worked as an armed security guard at the Kitty Kat bar in
Huntington Park. He carried a 40-caliber firearm in his belt holster and wore a security
uniform. During the hours from late March 4, 2011 into early March 5, 2011, Vera
checked identification of patrons entering the bar.
At about 12:20 a.m., on March 5, 2011, Rivera approached Vera and asked him
how much a beer cost. Rivera was wearing a black jacket with the hood over his head,
but the area where Vera was checking identification was well lit, and Vera saw Rivera’s
face for eight to ten seconds. When Vera said he did not know how much a beer cost,
Rivera walked back outside. Vera saw Rivera light a cigarette while with another person
who was shorter than Rivera. Minutes later, the person with Rivera entered the bar and
bought a drink.
Shortly thereafter, Rivera walked up to the bar’s entrance again. He immediately
put a revolver to Vera’s temple, and said, “Give me your gun.” Vera recognized Rivera
as the same person who had just moments before asked about the price of beer. When
Vera moved slightly, Rivera shot him in the face. Vera fell to the ground, and Rivera
grabbed for Vera’s firearm. Vera wrestled Rivera momentarily, but then could no longer
move. Vera saw someone pulling on Rivera’s jacket. Rivera took Vera’s gun and ran
away. At trial, Vera testified that, “from the moment [Rivera] asked . . . about the price
1
All section references are to the Penal Code except as otherwise noted.
2
of the beer, I never forgot his face.” Further, Vera testified he was “sure” that it was
Rivera who had shot him.
Vera suffered serious injuries from the gunshot. He was hospitalized for over 25
days. At the time of trial, many of his teeth and half of his tongue were still missing, and
he continued to have problems breathing. The bullet from the Rivera’s gun remained
lodged near Vera’s spine.
George Brenes lived in an apartment building on West 54th Street and rented a
room to Vargas. Brenes knew that Rivera and Manuel Vargas were friends. Brenes saw
Rivera at Vargas’ apartment a “couple of times.” On the afternoon on March 24, 2011,
Brenes saw Rivera and Vargas talking in an area behind the apartment building. Rivera
lifted his shirt, and Brenes saw a black handgun near Rivera’s waist.
That same day, at about 8:20 p.m., Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD)
Officer Marlene Lopez and her partner were on patrol near 46th Street and Menlo Street
when they observed a possible hand transaction between Rivera, who was on a bike, and
Vargas, who was next to a car. The officers detained and searched both men, but did not
find anything.
At 9:15 p.m. that evening, LAPD Officer Steven Seiker and his partner responded
to a child abuse report at an apartment on West 54th Street in Los Angeles. Vargas, two
women, and a baby were inside the apartment. The officers told everyone to wait outside
while they searched the premises. During a search of the bedroom, Officer Seiker
discovered a loaded handgun in a closet, wrapped inside a pair of underwear. After
securing the gun, the officers went back outside to find Vargas was gone. The officers
found him hiding in a trash bin behind the apartment complex. The gun recovered in
Vargas’ bedroom was later determined to be the gun taken from Vera during the incident
at the Kitty Kat bar on March 5, 2011.
Huntington Park Police Department Detective Gabriel Alpizar interviewed Vargas
after receiving a telephone call regarding the gun recovered from Vargas’ bedroom.
The interview was tape recorded. Vargas said he followed Rivera into the Kitty Kat bar
on the night of the shooting. Vargas said he knew that Rivera shot the security guard.
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According to Vargas, Rivera pointed a gun at the security guard “very fast” and
“everybody” saw him shoot, “not just [Vargas].” Vargas said that Rivera gave him the
gun that was found at his apartment, and Vargas hid it.2
However, in February 2012, Vargas testified differently at Rivera’s preliminary
hearing. There, he said he was at the Kitty Kat bar with Rivera on the night of the
shooting, but claimed he did not see Rivera with a gun that night. It was dark, he said,
and he did not see anything. At some point, he heard a gunshot and saw a flash of light
and ran. Vargas did not testify at trial. His preliminary hearing testimony was read to the
jury.
LAPD Officer Joel Morales testified he showed Vera a six-pack array of
photographs prepared by another officer on March 31, 2011. Vera identified Rivera’s
photograph as the shooter. Officer Morales said Vera initially looked at the six-pack
“for a few seconds” and said he could not identify anybody. After Officer Morales told
Vera to “take his time,” Vera looked at the six-pack for “a few more seconds,” then stated
that Rivera’s photograph “looked like the person who shot him.” At trial, Vera stated
that he had been “sure” of his identification of Rivera in the photo array.
Rivera’s trial counsel called LAPD Officer Joel Morales to testify as a defense
witness. Officer Morales testified he interviewed Vargas in the “holding tank” at the
police station. Vargas stated that he had found the gun in a dumpster about two weeks
earlier.
On October 30, 2012, the jury returned verdicts finding Rivera guilty of attempted
premeditated murder, robbery and possession of a firearm by a felon, with the ancillary
firearm and great bodily injury findings noted above. The trial court sentenced Rivera to
a term of life on his attempted premeditated murder conviction, plus 25 years to life for
the firearm discharged enhancement pursuant to section 12022.53, subdivision (d).
The court imposed a concurrent term of five years for the robbery conviction, plus a
2
There was no defense objection during Detective Alpizar’s testimony concerning
Vargas’ substantive statements about Rivera’s involvement in the Kitty Kat bar shooting
and disposition of the gun.
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concurrent term of 25 years to life for the firearm enhancement pursuant to section
12022.53, subdivision (d). The court also imposed a concurrent term of three years for
the firearm possession conviction.
Rivera filed a timely notice of appeal.
DISCUSSION
Rivera contends the trial court erred in finding that witness Manual Vargas was
unavailable for trial, and allowing Vargas’ preliminary hearing testimony to be read to
the jury. He argues the error violated his constitutional right to confront a witness under
the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and under article 1, section 5, of
the California Constitution. Rivera argues the error requires reversal of his convictions.
We disagree.
Preliminary Facts
As noted above, Vargas testified at Rivera’s preliminary hearing in February 2012.
At that time, the prosecutor advised the court that he secured Vargas’ appearance from
the custody of Immigration Customs Enforcement (ICE), which had agreed to release
Vargas to the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department to allow him to testify at the
preliminary hearing. The prosecutor advised the court that ICE had informed him that
there was still an immigration hold on Vargas. At the conclusion of the preliminary
hearing, the trial court ordered Vargas returned to ICE’s custody, noting that Vargas was
“going through deportation proceedings.”
Before trial, the People filed a written motion to allow the prosecution to read
Vargas’ testimony from Rivera’s preliminary hearing because he was unavailable for
trial. The motion included a declaration from Vargas’ brother, who apparently lived
locally, stating that Vargas had been deported to Mexico, and that Vargas had not told his
brother the address where Vargas was living. Vargas’ brother stated that he had talked to
Vargas on the telephone on April 18, 2012, and that Vargas had stated that he would
“not testify.” The motion also included a declaration from a Homeland Security official
who stated that Vargas had been voluntarily deported to Mexico on March 1, 2012.
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A declaration from Detective Gabriel Alpizar explained the efforts he made through
Vargas’ brother to get Vargas to willingly agree to testify.
At a series of pre-trial hearings on the People’s motion, the defense objected that
the United States and Mexico had a treaty to secure a witness’s appearance in a criminal
case, and that the prosecution had not made a sufficient showing that it had attempted to
comply with its procedures. In response, the prosecutor stated that the investigating
detective had been in contact with Vargas’ brother, and that the detective had “invited
[Vargas] to come here and testify [but Vargas had] declined to do so.” The prosecutor
stated: “We do not know where [Vargas] is in Mexico.”
At that point, the trial court noted that People v. Sandoval (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th
1425 (Sandoval) ruled that the prosecution is required to pursue “cooperative methods”
outlined by the treaty between the United States and Mexico to secure a witness’s
appearance at trial.
After listening to arguments, the trial court ruled that Article Eight of the treaty
did not apply because there was no evidence that Vargas was in custody in Mexico, and
that invoking Article Seven of the treaty was impractical because Vargas would have to
give testimony in Mexico. The court denied a defense request for a further hearing, and
granted the prosecution’s motion to allow Vargas’ preliminary hearing testimony to be
used at trial. The court based its ruling on its finding that Vargas had been deported, and
that the prosecution had invited him back, but that it was “not necessary” and “not
mandated” and that it would be “burdensome” to further pursue the procedures outlined
in the United States and Mexico treaty.
During trial, the court explained that it based its unavailable ruling on People v.
Herrera (2010) 49 Cal.4th 613 (Herrera), which upheld a trial court’s finding of due
diligence based on the deportation of a witness to El Salvador. Further, the court
observed that Vargas’ preliminary hearing testimony was not “adversarial to the
defense,” that his testimony had value to the prosecution only “as a platform” to allow the
prosecution to introduce Vargas’ statements to the police as “prior inconsistent
statements,” and that Vargas “had no intent to cooperate” with the prosecution as he had
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not agreed to return to testify. The court found it would be an exercise in futility for the
prosecution to make further attempts under the United States and Mexico treaty to secure
Vargas’ appearance at trial.
Vargas’ preliminary hearing testimony was read to the jury on the second day of
trial, the day after Vera testified and identified Rivera as the shooter, and the day before
Detective Alpizar testified about Vargas’ pre-trial statement implicating Rivera. As
noted above, in his preliminary hearing testimony Vargas denied seeing Rivera as the
shooter.
Relevant Law
The Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause, applicable in state prosecutions by
the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution, and California’s constitutional
confrontation clause, guarantee a criminal defendant the right to confront, i.e., to cross-
examine, the prosecution’s witnesses. (Chambers v. Mississippi (1973) 410 U.S. 284,
295; Herrera, supra, 49 Cal.4th at pp. 620-621.) The constitutional right to confront the
prosecution’s witnesses does not impose an absolute requirement that a witness testify at
trial against a defendant; an exception to confrontation at trial is allowed when a witness
is unavailable at the time of trial, and has given testimony at previous judicial
proceedings against the same defendant and was subject to cross-examination. (Herrera,
supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 621.) Accordingly, the preliminary hearing testimony of an
unavailable witness may be admitted at trial without violating the defendant’s
constitutional right of confrontation. (Ibid.)
Evidence Code section 240 parallels the constitutional guarantee. It provides that
a witness is unavailable when he or she is “[a]bsent from the hearing and the proponent
of his or her statement has exercised reasonable diligence but has been unable to procure
his or her attendance by the court’s process.” (Evid. Code, § 240, subd. (a)(5).)
“The constitutional and statutory requirements are ‘in harmony.’” (People v. Smith
(2003) 30 Cal.4th 581, 609.) Accordingly, a witness is considered “unavailable” for
purposes of the constitutional right of confrontation when the prosecution has made
a good-faith effort to secure his presence at trial. (See, e.g., Ohio v. Roberts (1980)
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448 U.S. 56, 74 (Ohio), overruled on other grounds by Crawford v. Washington (2004)
541 U.S. 36.)
As the Supreme Court explained in Ohio, supra: “The law does not require the
doing of a futile act. Thus, if no possibility of procuring the witness exists (as, for
example, the witness’ intervening death), ‘good faith’ demands nothing of the
prosecution. But if there is a possibility, albeit remote, that affirmative measures might
produce the declarant, the obligation of good faith may demand their effectuation.
‘The lengths to which the prosecution must go to produce a witness . . . is a question of
reasonableness.’ [Citation.] The ultimate question is whether the witness is unavailable
despite good-faith efforts undertaken prior to trial to locate and present that witness.
As with other evidentiary proponents, the prosecution bears the burden of establishing
this predicate.” (Ohio, supra, at pp. 74-75.)
With respect to a witness who is out of the jurisdiction, the United States Supreme
Court has ruled that they may be found unavailable for purposes of confrontation analysis
under certain, specific circumstances. In Barber v. Page (1968) 390 U.S. 719 (Barber),
the United States Supreme Court ruled that a witness was not unavailable for a state court
criminal trial in Oklahoma even though he was incarcerated in federal prison in Texas.
Barber noted that it had been previously assumed that the mere absence of a witness from
the jurisdiction meant that the witness was unavailable. (Id. at p. 723.) However, in light
of the increased cooperation between the states, and between the states and the federal
government, it was possible to secure the presence of a witness outside the jurisdiction of
the court, by way of a federal writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum or the practice of the
United States Bureau of Prisons to honor state writs of habeas corpus ad testificandum.
Thus, Barber concluded that state authorities should have made efforts to avail
themselves of these means of obtaining the incarcerated witness’s presence. (Id. at pp.
723-724.)
In Mancusi v. Stubbs (1972) 408 U.S. 204 (Mancusi), the United States Supreme
Court upheld a state court’s determination that a witness who was residing in a foreign
country was unavailable because, unlike the procedures available in Barber, there were
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no means to secure the presence of the witness. (Id. at pp. 212-213.) As the court
explained: “There have been . . . no corresponding developments in the area of obtaining
witnesses between this country and foreign nations. Upon discovering that Holm resided
in a foreign nation, the State of Tennessee, so far as this record shows, was powerless to
compel his attendance at the second trial, either through its own process or through
established procedures depending on the voluntary assistance of another government.”
(Mancusi, supra, 408 U.S. at p. 212.)
In Herrera, supra, the California Supreme Court explained the standard as
follows: “when a criminal trial is at issue, unavailability in the constitutional sense does
not invariably turn on the inability of the state court to compel the out-of-state witness’s
attendance through its own process, but also takes into consideration the existence of
agreements or established procedures for securing a witness’s presence that depend on
the voluntary assistance of another government. [Citation.] Where such options exist,
the extent to which the prosecution had the opportunity to utilize them and endeavored to
do so is relevant in determining whether the obligations to act in good faith and with due
diligence have been met. (Herrera, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 628, fn. omitted.)
Herrera recognized that the United States Supreme Court in Ohio v. Roberts had
stated: “‘[I]f there is a possibility, albeit remote, that affirmative measures might produce
the declarant, the obligation of good faith may demand their effectuation.’” (Herrera,
supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 625, citing Ohio v. Roberts, supra, 448 U.S. at p. 74.) But at the
same time, Herrera concluded that this statement in Ohio v. Roberts “did not alter or
detract from Mancusi’s analysis that when the prosecution discovers the desired witness
resides in a foreign nation, and the state is powerless to obtain the witness’s attendance,
either through its own process or through established procedures, the prosecution need do
no more to establish the witness’s unavailability.” (Herrera, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 625.)
In Sandoval, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th 1425, the Court of Appeal noted that the
United States and Mexico have entered a treaty (the “1991 Treaty”) providing for
cooperation in the prosecution of crimes and pledging mutual assistance in obtaining
witness testimony. (Id. at p. 1440.) In Sandoval, the Court of Appeal held that the
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prosecution must pursue the cooperative methods outlined in the treaty, and that the
failure to do so is a failure to show a good faith effort to bring a witness to court for trial.
(Ibid.) Sandoval described the treaty as follows: Article 7 allows a prosecutor in the
United States to request that a witness in Mexico be compelled by Mexican authorities to
appear and testify in Mexico. Article 8 allows for the transportation to the United States
of a person in custody in Mexico to testify, if the person consents and Mexico has no
reasonable basis to deny the request. Finally, Article 9 allows the prosecution to request
the assistance of Mexican authorities to invite a person in Mexico to come to California
and testify and to inform the person concerning the extent to which expenses will be paid.
(Id. at p. 1439.)
We apply the following standard on an appeal challenging a trial court’s ruling
that a witness was unavailable: “We review the trial court’s resolution of disputed factual
issues under the differential substantial evidence standard . . . , and independently review
whether the facts demonstrate prosecutorial good faith and due diligence . . . .” (Herrera,
supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 623.) Finally, when it is determined on appeal that a witness’s
testimony was wrongly admitted in violation of constitutional confrontation protections,
the error is subject to a harmless error analysis under the standard articulated in Chapman
v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24. (People v. Ledesma (2006) 39 Cal.4th 641, 709.)
Analysis
Under the law summarized above, the issue to be addressed on Rivera’s current
appeal is whether the historical facts, as established and supported by substantial
evidence in the record, independently demonstrate witness Vargas was unavailable
to testify at Rivera’s trial. Underlying this is the more specific issue of whether the
prosecution exercised “due diligence” to secure Vargas’ appearance at trial. We find the
court correctly ruled Vargas was unavailable to testify at trial.
The evidence presented at the hearing to determine whether Vargas was
unavailable showed that Vargas had been voluntarily deported to Mexico seven months
before Rivera’s trial. Vargas’ brother stated in a declaration that Vargas told him he
would not come back to the United States to testify and that he did not know Vargas’
10
address. The reasonable inferences are that Vargas had not returned to the United States
after being deported to Mexico, and was not in custody in Mexico. Next, while no direct
evidence was presented on the matter, it cannot be doubted that arranging for Vargas’
trial testimony to be taken in Mexico would have been burdensome and likely
unworkable, even in the event Vargas could ever be located.
We find the evidence established that Vargas was unavailable for purposes of a
Sixth Amendment right to confrontation analysis. We disagree with Rivera that Herrera
compels the conclusion that the prosecution’s efforts to locate Vargas were inadequate as
a matter of law. In Herrera, a prosecution witness was deported to El Salvador. An
investigation by the prosecution uncovered no information that the witness had returned
to California. The prosecution contacted law enforcement authorities in El Salvador in an
attempt to locate the witness there but he could not be found. In any event, no treaty
existed between the United States and El Salvador that would have provided for the
witness’s extradition or return. (Herrera, supra, 49 Cal.4th at pp. 628-629.) On this
record, the California Supreme Court concluded that the prosecution had fulfilled its
obligation of good faith and due diligence to locate the witness and that the admission of
the unavailable witness’s preliminary hearing testimony was proper. (Id. at p. 629.)
Rivera’s attempt to distinguish Herrera is not persuasive. Rivera correctly
observes that the prosecution in Herrera attempted to locate the witness in El Salvador
through Mexican police officials. In contrast, the prosecution here attempted to find
Vargas in Mexico by contacting his brother. We agree with Rivera that Herrera supports
the proposition that the prosecution’s efforts are sufficient where it attempted to locate
the witness in a foreign country through the country’s official police authorities, but we
do not agree with Rivera that Herrera stands for the proposition that the prosecution
necessarily must do so or there cannot be a finding that a witness is unavailable. Herrera
ruled that, under Mancusi, when the prosecution discovers that a witness is in a foreign
nation, and the prosecution is “powerless” to obtain the witness’s appearance at trial,
“either through its own process or through established procedures, the prosecution need
do no more to establish the witness’s unavailability.” (Herrera, supra, 49 Cal.4th at
11
p. 625, emphasis added.) We are satisfied that the prosecution in Rivera’s current case
was powerless to obtain Vargas’ appearance because it did not even know where he was
in Mexico.
We are also unpersuaded by Rivera’s reliance on Sandoval. In Sandoval, a
witness who testified at the preliminary hearing was subsequently deported to Mexico.
The prosecution contacted the witness in Mexico, who indicated that he was willing to
return to California with the prosecution’s assistance. The prosecution, however, decided
not to assist him and the witness did not return. He was found to be unavailable and his
preliminary hearing testimony was read at the trial. (Sandoval, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1432-1433.) The Court of Appeal observed that there was a treaty between the
United States and Mexico that specifically provided for mutual assistance in obtaining
witnesses for trial. (Id. at p. 1440.) Primarily because of this treaty, Sandoval found that
the prosecution did not make good faith efforts to secure the testimony of the witness.
(Id. at p. 1444.) It concluded that the witness’s preliminary hearing testimony was
erroneously admitted since he was not unavailable. (Ibid.)
Unlike the witness in Sandoval, here, Vargas was not found, and he expressly told
his brother that he was unwilling to return to the United States to testify. Thus, even
though there exists a treaty between the United States and Mexico, its provisions were
unhelpful to the prosecution in Rivera’s case.
Rivera further argues that the prosecution did not make good faith efforts to secure
Vargas’ testimony because it did not make any arrangements to procure and preserve his
trial testimony before he was deported. In support of this contention, Rivera relies on
People v. Roldan (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 969 (Roldan). In Roldan, victim Barrera was
arrested for a probation violation after the defendant’s crime and served five months in
jail. When his sentence ended, he remained in county jail on a federal immigration hold
until the preliminary hearing nine months later. After the preliminary hearing, he was
released to federal authorities who deported him to Mexico. The prosecution knew
Barrera was going to be deported when it released him to federal authorities. (Id. at
p. 976.) The trial court determined that Barrera was an unavailable witness and allowed
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his preliminary hearing testimony to be admitted at trial. (Id. at p. 978.) The Court of
Appeal in Roldan determined that the prosecution did not undertake reasonable and good
faith efforts to protect the defendant’s right to confrontation knowing that Barrera was
going to be deported. (Roldan, supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at pp. 980-984.) Roldan
concluded that the prosecution could have videotaped Barrera’s preliminary hearing
testimony, sought his detention as a material witness under section 1332, sought to delay
his deportation, sought a writ from the federal court, or taken steps prior to his
deportation to ensure he would stay in touch with authorities and return for the trial.
(Roldan, supra, at pp. 980-984.)
In Rivera’s current case, the record shows the prosecution understood that witness
Vargas was in custody of federal immigration officials and was “going through”
deportation proceedings at the time of Rivera’s preliminary hearing in February 2012, but
there is no evidence to show the prosecution knew when Vargas was to be deported.
What the record does show is that the prosecution learned that Vargas had been voluntary
deported about a month before trial. Because the evidence does not show the prosecution
knew Vargas’ deportation was imminent, it cannot be faulted for failing to take steps to
protect Rivera’s right of confrontation prior to Vargas’ deportation.
Finally, assuming the trial court erred in admitting witness Vargas’ testimony, we
find the error was harmless under the heightened constitutional standard of Chapman v.
California, supra, 386 U.S. at page 24. Vera was a security guard, and he had an
opportunity to see Rivera both before and during the shooting. Vera was “sure” that
Rivera was the shooter, and that he never forgot his face from the moment he first saw
him. Corroborating Vera’s testimony was that of George Brenes, who knew Rivera and
Vargas were friends, saw the two at Vargas’ apartment a “couple of times,” and observed
Rivera and Vargas talking in an area behind the apartment building when Rivera lifted his
shirt, exposing a black handgun near Rivera’s waist. Rivera and Vargas were seen
together two times in one day within weeks of the shooting, and, shortly after the second
meeting, the gun taken in the attempted murder was found in Vargas’ house, wrapped and
hidden.
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Finally, Rivera’s counsel called Officer Morales to read Vargas’ statement to him
that he found the gun in a dumpster. This made Detective Alpizar’s testimony about
Vargas’ statements implicating Rivera as the shooter and giving the gun to Vargas
independently admissible to rebut Vargas’ later inconsistent statements that he found the
gun in a trash can. As a result, we are satisfied, beyond a reasonable doubt, that any error
was harmless.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
BIGELOW, P.J.
We concur:
RUBIN, J.
KUSSMAN, J.

Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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