Annotti v. Ouita Martin CA6 ( 2023 )

Filed 5/3/23 Annotti v. Ouita Martin CA6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
GINA ANNOTTI et al., H049509
(San Benito County
Plaintiffs and Appellants, Super. Ct. No. CU1900102)
v.
OUITA MARTIN, LLC,
Defendant and Respondent.
Defendant Ouita Martin, LLC (Martin) purchased plaintiffs’ home at a nonjudicial
foreclosure sale. Plaintiffs sued Martin, as well as their lender and the trustee of the sale,
and Martin demurred. The trial court sustained Martin’s demurrer without leave to
amend, and plaintiffs appeal from the judgment dismissing the causes of action against
Martin for declaratory relief, wrongful foreclosure, to set aside the trustee’s sale, and to
quiet title. According to plaintiffs, the complaint can be amended to sufficiently allege
both that the lender foreclosed on plaintiffs’ home without any contractual authority to do
so and that the sale of plaintiffs’ home was barred by Civil Code section 2923.6.
Although we conclude that the complaint cannot be amended to sufficiently allege a lack
of contractual authority, it could be amended to sufficiently allege a statutory violation.
We will therefore reverse and remand to allow plaintiffs to make that amendment.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs Gina Annotti and George Oliveira purchased a home in Hollister in
1998. They refinanced and executed a Deed of Trust in 2005. The 2005 Deed of Trust
provides that the lender will apply plaintiffs’ payments in the following order:
(1) prepayment charges; (2) advances; (3) taxes and insurance; (4) interest; (5) deferred
interest; (6) principal; and (7) late charges. It also provides that the lender “may exercise
the power of sale” in the event of a breach of duty by plaintiffs.
Plaintiffs defaulted on their mortgage after the 2008 economic downturn left them
unable to make their monthly payments. Their lender, Wells Fargo Bank, first recorded a
notice of default in August 2009. Plaintiffs’ loan was then reinstated the day before a
scheduled trustee’s sale. Wells Fargo recorded a second notice of default in July 2011
and cancelled that notice four months later. Finally, Wells Fargo recorded a third notice
of default in April 2012. The April 2012 notice of default served as the “ ‘operative
notice of default’ ” for the eventual nonjudicial foreclosure sale of plaintiffs’ home in
May 2019.
Between the April 2012 notice of default and the May 2019 trustee’s sale,
plaintiffs engaged in various attempts to prevent foreclosure. They applied for a loan
modification in 2015, and Oliveira filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy protection after a
Wells Fargo representative advised that bankruptcy was the only way for plaintiffs to
save their home. The scheduled trustee’s sale was postponed, Oliveira voluntarily
dismissed his bankruptcy filing, and plaintiffs’ loan modification request was denied. In
2017, plaintiffs again sought a loan modification unsuccessfully. Annotti filed for
Chapter 13 bankruptcy protection in March 2017 after Wells Fargo again advised her that
bankruptcy would be necessary to avoid foreclosure. During Annotti’s bankruptcy,
Wells Fargo accepted nine payments from plaintiffs. Annotti’s bankruptcy case was
dismissed in June 2018 after she was unable to make the payments required under the
reorganization plan. Following the dismissal of Annotti’s bankruptcy proceeding,
plaintiffs sent Wells Fargo a check in the amount of $24,368. Wells Fargo returned the
check without explanation in August 2018. As of April 30, 2019, the minimum amount
due to reinstate plaintiffs’ loan was $329,863.80.
2
On May 8, 2019, a friend informed Oliveira that plaintiffs’ home was listed in the
Trustee Sales section of a local newspaper. The trustee’s sale was scheduled for May 23.
Annotti immediately called Wells Fargo and spoke to an agent, who told her that
plaintiffs qualified for a loan modification review and instructed her to submit certain
documents by May 19. Annotti faxed the requested documents to Wells Fargo on
May 10. Having received no response, Annotti called Wells Fargo on May 15 and was
told by another agent that Wells Fargo had not received the documents. Annotti faxed
the documents to Wells Fargo again on May 16 from a Wells Fargo branch office.
Annotti called Wells Fargo the following day to confirm that the application had been
received. Multiple agents assured her that the application was complete and under
consideration. One agent told her that Wells Fargo had requested postponement of the
trustee’s sale and suggested that she call again the following Monday, May 20, for an
update.
Annotti called Wells Fargo on the morning of May 20 and spoke to yet another
agent, who told her that the request for a loan modification review had been denied due to
insufficient documentation. When Annotti explained that she had submitted all of the
requested documents, the agent acknowledged that she had been given incorrect
instructions. The agent asked Annotti to submit additional documents by 4:00 p.m.,
which she did. Annotti followed up several more times before the May 23 trustee’s sale,
and was given inconsistent information. On May 22, one agent told Annotti that the sale
could be postponed if she provided a letter of intent to submit an immediate payment of
$20,000 and bring payments current within six months. On the morning of May 23,
numerous agents told Annotti that the application was still under consideration. One
agent eventually told her that the application had been denied, but another then told her
that Wells Fargo “ran out of time” to review the application. Although an agent informed
Annotti on May 23 that Wells Fargo was still seeking to postpone the trustee’s sale, and
3
plaintiffs faxed a letter of intent to reinstate the loan to Wells Fargo at 10:59 a.m., the sale
proceeded as scheduled at 11:30 a.m.
Martin purchased plaintiffs’ home at the trustee’s sale, tendering $837,862.
Martin purchased at least four other properties from the same trustee at foreclosure sales
in Monterey County between July 2016 and July 2019, and has also purchased at least
four other properties at foreclosure sales in San Benito County since 2015. On June 5,
2019, Martin recorded the trustee’s deed and served plaintiffs with a notice to quit the
property. Plaintiffs then filed this action on June 7, 2019. The operative second amended
complaint purports to state causes of action against Martin for declaratory relief, for
wrongful foreclosure, to set aside the trustee’s sale, and to quiet title. Martin demurred,
and the trial court sustained the demurrer without leave to amend. Plaintiffs appeal from
the judgment dismissing their four causes of action against Martin.
II. DISCUSSION
Our review of a sustained demurrer is de novo. We will reverse the judgment of
dismissal if the allegations in the complaint state a cause of action under any legal theory.
(Doan v. State Farm General Ins. Co. (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1082, 1091.) We review
the issue of leave to amend the complaint for abuse of discretion. Although plaintiffs
here did not request leave to amend in the trial court (Code Civ. Proc., § 472c, subd. (a)),
we will reverse and remand if there is a reasonable possibility that amendment could cure
any defects in the complaint. (Debrunner v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. (2012)
204 Cal.App.4th 433, 439.) We will affirm the judgment if the facts are not in dispute and
no liability exists under substantive law. (Lawrence v. Bank of America (1985)
163 Cal.App.3d 431, 436–437.)
A. FIRST CAUSE OF ACTION
The trial court sustained without leave to amend Martin’s demurrer to plaintiffs’
cause of action for declaratory relief. Plaintiffs do not challenge the trial court’s decision
as to that cause of action. Although plaintiffs claim in their brief to “reserve their right to
4
amend their first cause of action” in the event of a reversal, a complaint may be amended
after successful demurrer only to the extent authorized by the underlying order. (Harris
v. Wachovia Mortgage, FSB (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 1018, 1023.) Because plaintiffs do
not contend on appeal that the trial court erred in sustaining Martin’s demurrer to the first
cause of action without leave to amend, and do not provide any explanation of how they
might amend that cause of action, we will instruct the trial court to once again sustain
Martin’s demurrer to that cause of action without leave to amend.
B. FOURTH AND EIGHTH CAUSES OF ACTION1
The trial court sustained Martin’s demurrer without leave to amend plaintiffs’
causes of action for wrongful foreclosure and to set aside the trustee’s sale. “The basic
elements of a tort cause of action for wrongful foreclosure track the elements of an
equitable cause of action to set aside a foreclosure sale.” (Miles v. Deutsche Bank
National Trust Co. (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 394, 408.) And while plaintiffs style their
complaint as stating separate causes of action for wrongful foreclosure and to set aside
the trustee’s sale, they seek the same remedy for each—a judgment setting aside the
trustee’s sale. We therefore analyze both causes of action together, and find a reasonable
possibility that either can be amended to state an equitable cause of action against Martin.
The basic elements of a cause of action to set aside a foreclosure sale are: “(1) the
trustee or mortgagee caused an illegal, fraudulent, or willfully oppressive sale of real
property pursuant to a power of sale in a mortgage or deed of trust; (2) the party attacking
the sale (usually but not always the trustor or mortgagor) was prejudiced or harmed; and
(3) in cases where the trustor or mortgagor challenges the sale, the trustor or mortgagor
1
The cause of action to set aside the trustee’s sale is listed in the complaint as
plaintiffs’ “eighth cause of action.” It follows another cause of action, not pleaded
against Martin, also listed as the “eighth cause of action.” Because the trial court refers
to the relevant cause of action as the “eighth cause of action” in the portion of its decision
discussing Martin’s demurrer, and plaintiffs also refer to it as such in their appellate
briefs, we do the same here to avoid confusion.
5
tendered the amount of the secured indebtedness or was excused from tendering.” (Lona
v. Citibank, N.A. (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 89, 104 (Lona).) Plaintiffs assert they can
amend the complaint to satisfy the first element in two distinct ways: first, by alleging
that Wells Fargo lacked contractual authority to sell plaintiffs’ home; and second, by
alleging that the sale violated Civil Code section 2923.6.
1. Power of Sale
a. Contractual Authority
Plaintiffs contend the trustee’s sale was illegal because Wells Fargo lacked
contractual authority to foreclose given the facts alleged. They cite Bank of America,
N.A. v. La Jolla Group II (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 706 (La Jolla), which concerned “a
nonjudicial foreclosure sale conducted by mistake after the homeowner and lender
entered into an agreement to cure the homeowner’s default and reinstate the loan.” (Id. at
p. 709.) The LaJolla court concluded that the sale could be invalidated despite the
involvement of a third-party purchaser because the “power of sale in a deed of trust is a
creature of contract” and “the beneficiary had no right to sell” after reaching an
agreement with the trustor to cure the default and reinstate the loan. (Id. at p. 712.) Here,
plaintiffs suggest that Wells Fargo had no right to sell their home after accepting nine
payments during Annotti’s bankruptcy. But in La Jolla, it was “undisputed that the
trustor and beneficiary entered into an agreement to cure the default” (ibid.), whereas
plaintiffs have not alleged facts to demonstrate the existence of a specific agreement in
this case.
Chapter 13 bankruptcy may have offered plaintiffs an opportunity to cure their
default, but the nine payments they made to Wells Fargo in the course of Annotti’s
bankruptcy proceeding would not alone cure the default. (See Aceves v. U.S. Bank N.A.
(2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 218, 228–230 [discussing relationship between Chapter 13
bankruptcy process and mortgage reinstatement process].) And that proceeding was
ultimately dismissed because Annotti was unable to make the required payments.
6
Plaintiffs do not allege facts showing they reached an agreement with Wells Fargo to
reinstate their loan outside of the bankruptcy process. To the contrary, they allege Wells
Fargo told them multiple times that bankruptcy was the only way to save their home.
Plaintiffs also allege that Wells Fargo returned the one payment of $24,368 they
submitted after the dismissal of Annotti’s bankruptcy case. Plaintiffs characterize Wells
Fargo’s failure to accept that payment as a breach of contract constituting an independent
basis for the sale’s illegality (asserting the Deed of Trust required Wells Fargo to apply
the payment to their outstanding debt), but they point to no legal authority or contractual
provision suggesting that Wells Fargo’s power of sale was contingent upon its acceptance
and application of the payment.
On the facts pleaded, plaintiffs have not sufficiently alleged Wells Fargo lacked
contractual authority to sell their home. We see no reasonable possibility to cure that
defect through amendment, as facts already set forth in the complaint contravene their
legal theory.
b. Civil Code Section 2923.6
Plaintiffs contend that the trustee’s sale was prohibited by Civil Code
section 2923.6,2 which provides that if “a borrower submits a complete application for a
first lien loan modification offered by, or through, the borrower’s mortgage servicer at
least five business days before a scheduled foreclosure sale, a mortgage servicer,
mortgagee, trustee, beneficiary, or authorized agent shall not record a notice of default or
notice of sale, or conduct a trustee’s sale, while the complete first lien loan modification
application is pending.” (§ 2923.6, subd. (c).) An application is complete for purposes of
the statute “when a borrower has supplied the mortgage servicer with all documents
required by the mortgage servicer within the reasonable timeframes specified by the
mortgage servicer.” (§ 2923.6, subd. (h).)
2
Unspecified statutory references are to the Civil Code.
7
The second amended complaint does not expressly allege that the sale of
plaintiffs’ home violated section 2923.6, but does allege that Wells Fargo engaged in a
practice known as “dual tracking” that the statute prohibits. (“Dual tracking” is an
apparent reference to simultaneous pursuit of foreclosure and consideration of foreclosure
prevention alternatives such as loan modification.) The complaint alleges that Annotti
spoke to Wells Fargo about a loan modification on May 8, 2019 and was told to submit
certain documents by May 19 (four calendar days before the trustee’s sale scheduled for
May 23). She submitted those documents on May 10 and again on May 16. Multiple
Wells Fargo agents assured her on May 17 that the loan modification application was
complete, although she would later be told to submit additional documents. On those
facts, plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged that they submitted a complete application at
least five business days before the scheduled trustee’s sale. They also represent that they
can amend the complaint, which already alleges that their 2019 loan modification
application included new information, to make clear that the application reflected a
material change in their financial circumstances since the denial of their previous
applications in 2015 and 2017. (See § 2923.6, subd. (g) [“In order to minimize the risk of
borrowers submitting multiple applications for first lien loan modifications for the
purpose of delay, the mortgage servicer shall not be obligated to evaluate applications
from borrowers who have been evaluated or afforded a fair opportunity to be evaluated
consistent with the requirements of this section, unless there has been a material change
in the borrower’s financial circumstances since the date of the borrower’s previous
application and that change is documented by the borrower and submitted to the
mortgage servicer.”].)
Plaintiffs further allege that their application remained pending at the time of the
trustee’s sale. As late as the morning of the sale, several Wells Fargo agents told Annotti
that the application was still being considered. Another agent told her that the application
had been denied, but that verbal statement is of no moment because section 2923.6,
8
subdivision (c)(1) prohibits a trustee’s sale following the denial of a loan modification
application until the lender reduces the denial to writing and gives the borrower at least
30 days to appeal the decision. Failure to do so is not a mere “technical” violation.
(Morris v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (2022) 78 Cal.App.5th 279, 312 (Morris).) The
complaint can thus be amended to state that the sale of plaintiffs’ home was illegal under
section 2923.6, establishing the first element of a cause of action to set aside a
foreclosure sale.
(We separately address, post, Martin’s argument that even if the sale violated
§ 2923.6, plaintiffs cannot state a cause of action as to Martin based on that violation
because § 2924.12 limits plaintiffs to a private right of action against the lender or
trustee, and Martin is a bona fide purchaser of the property.)
2. Prejudice or Harm
As to the second element of their fourth and eighth causes of action, plaintiffs
sufficiently allege prejudice or harm by pleading that the unauthorized foreclosure
resulted in the sale of their longtime family home. (See Orcilla v. Big Sur, Inc. (2016)
244 Cal.App.4th 982, 999 (Orcilla) [parties seeking to set aside foreclosure sale based on
unconscionability of underlying loan adequately alleged harm by pleading that “ ‘they
were harmed by the sale of their home of 18 years’ ”].) Plaintiffs do not seek leave to
challenge the sale based on a procedural irregularity (e.g., an incorrect date in the notice
of sale; see id. at p. 1002). Rather, they contend that their substantive rights were
violated by the sale of their home while their loan modification application was pending,
and had the application been given full and fair consideration, plaintiffs may have
demonstrated they were eligible for a modification. (See Majd v. Bank of America, N.A.
(2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 1293, 1304 (Majd).) Under those circumstances, the sale itself
satisfies the second element of a cause of action to set aside a foreclosure sale.
9
3. Tender Requirement
A borrower may not challenge a foreclosure sale unless the borrower “tendered the
amount of the secured indebtedness or was excused from tendering.” (Lona, supra,
202 Cal.App.4th at p. 104.) There are four recognized exceptions to the tender
requirement: (1) the underlying debt is unenforceable; (2) the borrower has a setoff
sufficient to cover the debt; (3) it would be inequitable to impose a tender requirement on
the party challenging the sale; or (4) the trustee’s deed is void. (Id. at pp. 112–113.) The
latter two exceptions are relevant here.
The tender requirement “arises out of a paradigm where, by definition, there is no
way that a foreclosure sale can be avoided absent payment of all the indebtedness.”
(Mabry v. Superior Court (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 208, 225.) That is not the case when a
loan modification application is pending, as the purpose of a modification “is to avoid a
foreclosure despite the borrower being incapable of complying with the terms of the
original loan.” (Majd, supra, 243 Cal.App.4th at p. 1306.) “It would be contradictory to
require the borrower to tender the amount due on the original loan in such
circumstances.” (Ibid.) A complaint alleging that the sale of plaintiffs’ home was barred
by their pending loan modification application would thus adequately allege that
plaintiffs were excused from tendering.
4. Martin’s Defenses
Martin raises numerous defenses, which largely turn on bona fide purchaser status.
Martin asserts lack of notice of plaintiffs’ claim, as well as the applicability of statutory
presumptions regarding the validity of the sale. We address the defenses in turn. Martin
further argues that the availability of a private right of action precludes plaintiffs from
seeking to unwind the trustee’s sale.
a. Martin’s Bona Fide Purchaser Status
In order to qualify as a bona fide purchaser, a buyer must “(1) purchase the
property in good faith for value, and (2) have no knowledge or notice of the asserted
10
rights of another.” (Melendrez v. D & I Investment, Inc. (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 1238,
1251 (Melendrez).) Constructive notice, or knowledge of circumstances which upon
reasonable inquiry would lead to actual notice of another’s rights, will suffice to defeat an
assertion of bona fide purchaser status. (Id. at pp. 1251–1252.) A bona fide purchaser at
a nonjudicial foreclosure sale generally takes title free and clear of any claim to the
property by the trustor, so long as the purchaser lacks notice of such a claim. A bona fide
purchaser may rely on that defense unless the sale was somehow void. (La Jolla, supra,
129 Cal.App.4th at p. 715.)
Plaintiffs allege in the second amended complaint that Martin is not a bona fide
purchaser because Martin had notice of a deficiency in the 2012 notice of default that
served as the basis for the 2019 trustee’s sale. (That notice of default was accompanied
by a declaration stating that Wells Fargo had tried with due diligence to contact the
borrower, as required by section 2923.5, but the declaration was deficient in that it named
only Oliveira as the borrower and omitted Annotti.) The trial court found that the alleged
deficiency in the declaration would be insufficient to establish that Martin was “anything
but a bona fide purchaser.” In essence, the court reasoned that because the deficiency
was a mere procedural irregularity from which plaintiffs had alleged no prejudice, the
presumption of fairness and regularity applicable to nonjudicial foreclosure sales should
prevail over assertable rights of which Martin could have had notice.
Given that plaintiffs could amend the complaint to allege that their substantive
rights were violated and they suffered prejudice or harm as a result (as we have
explained), we are also called upon to determine whether they could amend the complaint
to allege that Martin had actual or constructive notice of such a violation and an
associated claim. As plaintiffs note, the complaint alleges that Martin is an experienced
purchaser of properties at foreclosure sales. Plaintiffs contend that Martin, with that
experience, should have inquired into the reason for a seven-year gap between the notice
of default and the notice of sale. According to plaintiffs, the only reasonable explanation
11
for the “highly unusual” gap would be that plaintiffs had made efforts to modify or
reinstate their loan, and reasonable inquiry would have revealed that plaintiffs had in fact
made several applications for a loan modification, including the one submitted shortly
before the trustee’s sale.
Martin (characterizing plaintiffs’ point as a “clearly ridiculous and pathetic
suggestion”) responds that a similar argument was rejected in Melendrez, supra,
127 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1254–1255. We find, however, that Melendrez better supports
plaintiffs’ position. In Melendrez, a panel of this court noted the issue of a buyer’s bona
fide purchaser status is a question of fact, and under the facts of that case, knowledge of a
repayment agreement between the lender and the borrowers could not be imputed to the
third-party purchaser. (Id. at p. 1254–1255.) But Melendrez does not suggest that
knowledge of borrowers’ attempts to modify or reinstate their loans cannot be imputed to
third-party purchasers as a matter of law. To the contrary, the court observed that “the
buyer’s foreclosure sale experience may be considered in making the factual
determination of whether he or she had knowledge or notice of the conflicting claim.”
(Id. at p. 1253, fn. 23.) That factual determination cannot be resolved here at the
demurrer stage. And the circumstances in Melendrez did not involve a lengthy gap
between a notice of default and a foreclosure sale.
Although we see a reasonable possibility that plaintiffs could amend the complaint
to adequately allege that Martin is not a bona fide purchaser, we express no opinion as to
whether plaintiffs will ultimately be able to prove that the seven-year gap between the
2012 notice of default and the 2019 notice of sale is as significant as they suggest. We
conclude only that, by pleading that Martin’s experience as a purchaser of properties at
foreclosure sales would have reasonably led to further inquiry, plaintiffs could make
allegations sufficient to overcome a demurrer deriving from Martin’s status as a bona fide
purchaser.
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b. Civil Code Section 2924
Under section 2924, subdivision (c), a bona fide purchaser is entitled to rely on a
conclusive statutory presumption that the sale was properly noticed. (That presumption
is rebuttable as to non-bona fide purchasers.) Significantly, the presumption applies only
to the propriety of the statutorily required notices; it does not protect even a bona fide
purchaser from a challenge to a foreclosure sale based on other types of defects. (See,
e.g., Orcilla, supra, 244 Cal.App.4th at pp. 999–1000 [presumption did not bar action
based on unconscionability of underlying loan]; La Jolla, supra, 129 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 713–715 [presumption did not bar action based on agreement to cure default and
reinstate loan].) Because plaintiffs’ appellate contentions are not premised on the
statutory notice requirements, the section 2924 presumption is inapposite.
c. Civil Code Section 2924.12
Section 2924.12 provides a private right of action to borrowers for material
violations of section 2923.6, the statute that plaintiffs contend barred the sale of their
home. Before a trustee’s deed is recorded, “a borrower may bring an action for
injunctive relief to enjoin a material violation of” section 2923.6. (§ 2924.12,
subd. (a)(1).) After the trustee’s deed is recorded, “a mortgage servicer, mortgagee,
trustee, beneficiary, or authorized agent shall be liable to a borrower for actual economic
damages” resulting from a material violation. (Id., subd. (b).) A violation does not
“affect the validity of a sale in favor of a bona fide purchaser and any of its
encumbrancers for value without notice.” (Id., subd. (e).)
Plaintiffs commenced this lawsuit two days after the trustee’s deed was recorded.
Based on that fact and the language of section 2924.12, Martin argues that plaintiffs may
seek only economic damages from the beneficiary or trustee. But while a violation of
section 2923.6 may not “affect the validity of a sale in favor of a bona fide purchaser”
(§ 2924.12, subd. (e)), it does not follow that a violation cannot affect the validity of a
sale to any third-party purchaser. And section 2924.12 also “contains a broad saving
13
clause preserving preexisting remedies.” (Morris, supra, 78 Cal.App.5th at p. 315; see
§ 2924.12, subd. (g) [“The rights, remedies, and procedures provided by this section are
in addition to and independent of any other rights, remedies, or procedures under any
other law. Nothing in this section shall be construed to alter, limit, or negate any other
rights, remedies, or procedures provided by law.”].) Those remedies include common-
law tort claims for wrongful foreclosure (Morris, supra, 78 Cal.App.5th at p. 315), as
well as actions to set aside a foreclosure sale and to quiet title. Section 2924.12 therefore
does not dispose of the claims against Martin.
d. Remaining Defenses
Other defenses raised relate to the trial court’s decision on Martin’s demurrer but
are not relevant to the issues on appeal. Martin urges that plaintiffs were not prejudiced
by the alleged deficiency in the 2012 notice of default. Although the trial court
referenced the complaint’s lack of such an allegation, plaintiffs have not advanced that
argument on appeal; they argue their harm was from the sale of their home while their
loan modification application was pending. Martin also contends that the private right of
action provided by section 2924.19 for violations of section 2923.5 bars plaintiffs’
claims. Here again, plaintiffs have not argued on appeal that the sale of their home
violated section 2923.5. Finally, Martin asserts that the trustee’s sale is “final” as that
term is defined in section 2924h, subdivision (c). But as we will explain in the following
analysis of plaintiffs’ quiet title cause of action, that section does not insulate Martin
from any and all claims.
C. NINTH CAUSE OF ACTION3
Plaintiffs’ cause of action to quiet title is tied to their fourth and eighth causes of
action (for wrongful foreclosure and to set aside the trustee’s sale). Their claim to title is
3
The cause of action to quiet title appears in the complaint as plaintiffs’ “ninth
cause of action.” Because the complaint includes two “eighth” causes of action, the quiet
title cause of action is actually the tenth listed cause of action (see fn. 1, ante, p. 5). To
(Continued)
14
based on the alleged wrongful foreclosure, and they seek the same remedy for all three
causes of action. The trial court sustained Martin’s demurrer based on its finding that
Martin was a bona fide purchaser. On appeal, plaintiffs contend the trial court was
incorrect to dismiss the ninth cause of action for the same reasons dismissing the fourth
and eighth causes of action was incorrect. Martin similarly does not distinguish among
the three causes of action in its appellate brief.
Specifically as to title, Martin asserts plaintiffs cannot claim title to the property
because Martin perfected title by timely recording the trustee’s deed. Martin refers to
former section 2924h, subdivision (c), which provided that a trustee’s sale is deemed
“final” when the last and highest bid is accepted, and the purchaser’s title is deemed
“perfected” as of 8:00 a.m. on the day of the sale if the trustee’s deed is recorded within
15 calendar days of the sale.4 But that provision does not dictate the result Martin
suggests. The significance of having “perfected” title is that Martin was thereby
empowered to obtain possession of the property through an unlawful detainer action
against plaintiffs, if necessary. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1161a, subd. (b)(3).) (Martin was
apparently enjoined from proceeding on such a complaint pending the resolution of this
action.) Given that plaintiffs’ claim to title of the property is properly litigated in an
action to quiet title (see Evans v. Superior Court (1977) 67 Cal.App.3d 162, 171
[equitable claims to title unrelated to compliance with section 2924 could not be raised as
defenses in unlawful detainer action but could be pursued through quiet title actions]),
Martin’s timely recordation of the trustee’s deed did not preclude them from pursuing
such an action. (See La Jolla, supra, 129 Cal.App.4th at pp. 715–716 [trustee’s deed
avoid confusion, we refer to the quiet title cause of action as the “ninth,” as did plaintiffs
and the trial court.
4
Section 2924h, subdivision (c) now provides that a purchaser’s title is deemed
“perfected” as of 8:00 a.m. on the day of the sale if the trustee’s deed is recorded within
21 calendar days of the sale. That change is not relevant to our analysis.
15
could be invalidated, even if recorded, where foreclosure sale was invalid and purchaser
thus obtained no interest in the property].)
As we have discussed, plaintiffs could amend their complaint to allege that the
trustee’s sale was invalid due to Wells Fargo’s violation of section 2923.6 and that
Martin is not a bona fide purchaser. For the same reasons, a complaint so amended
would also state a cause of action to quiet title.
D. CONCLUSION
Although the trial court properly sustained Martin’s demurrer, for the reasons we
have discussed it should have allowed plaintiffs leave to amend their fourth, eighth, and
ninth causes of action. We reach that conclusion upon consideration of the second
amended complaint and the circumstances as they existed at the time the trial court
exercised its discretion. (See CAMSI IV v. Hunter Technology Corp. (1991)
230 Cal.App.3d 1525, 1542.)
Since that time, plaintiffs note, the trial court has entered judgment in favor of the
trustee on all causes of action against it. Those included the fourth cause of action for
wrongful foreclosure but not the eighth and ninth causes of action, which were not
pleaded against the trustee. Plaintiffs appealed from that judgment, but this court
dismissed that appeal after they failed to file an opening brief. The trial court also
sustained Wells Fargo’s demurrer as to plaintiffs’ fourth, eighth, and ninth causes of
action. But it overruled the demurrer as to certain other causes of action, and plaintiffs
represent that proceedings against Wells Fargo remain ongoing in the trial court. The
record before us does not reveal the current status of that litigation.
This appeal concerns only the trial court’s judgment dismissing plaintiff’s causes
of action against Martin. That judgment is final as to Martin and thus appealable by
plaintiffs. (See Tinsley v. Palo Alto Unified School Dist. (1979) 91 Cal.App.3d 871,
880.) Other proceedings involving the lender and the trustee do not prevent us from
reversing the judgment, although they may complicate plaintiffs’ efforts to obtain the
16
relief they seek in the trial court. (See Washington Mutual Bank v. Blechman (2007)
157 Cal.App.4th 662, 668 [where lender and trustee were dismissed from action to set
aside trustee’s sale following demurrer, but borrower obtained default judgment against
third-party purchaser, that judgment was subject to collateral attack].)5
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded with directions to the trial
court to vacate the portion of its order sustaining Martin’s demurrer without leave to
amend. The trial court is further directed to enter a new order (1) sustaining Martin’s
demurrer to plaintiffs’ first cause of action without leave to amend and (2) sustaining
Martin’s demurrer to plaintiffs’ fourth, eighth, and ninth causes of action with leave to
amend. Plaintiffs may amend their fourth, eighth, and ninth causes of action to the extent
consistent with their theory that the nonjudicial foreclosure sale of their home violated
Civil Code section 2923.6. Under Code of Civil Procedure section 472b, plaintiffs must
file any amended complaint within 30 days after the clerk of this court mails notice of the
issuance of the remittitur. Costs are awarded to plaintiffs by operation of California
Rules of Court, rule 8.278, subdivision (a)(1).
5
We also note Martin has not demurred on grounds of defect or misjoinder of
parties (Code Civ. Proc., § 430.10, subd. (d)), and the parties have not briefed that issue
nor included in the record certain potentially relevant information. As our consideration
of the issue would be premature (see Majd, supra, 243 Cal.App.4th at p. 1309), we leave
the issue for the trial court to address if and when that becomes necessary.
17
____________________________________
Grover, J.
WE CONCUR:
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Greenwood, P. J.
____________________________
Lie, J.
H049509
Annotti et al. v. Ouita Martin, LLC