People v. Gangl ( 2019 )


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  • Filed 11/14/19
    CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
    IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
    THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
    (Sacramento)
    ----
    THE PEOPLE,                                                        C086719
    Plaintiff and Respondent,                  (Super. Ct. No. 16FE006058)
    v.
    ROBERT MICHAEL GANGL,
    Defendant and Appellant.
    APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, James P.
    Arguelles, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
    The Law Office of John L. Staley and John L. Staley, under appointment by the
    Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
    Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
    General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Kathleen A. McKenna and
    Kimberley A. Donohue, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
    Proposition 36 amended the three strikes law in a variety of ways, the most
    notable of which was to require a third strike defendant’s current felony conviction be a
    serious or violent felony before he or she could be sentenced to 25 years to life for that
    conviction. (People v. Conley (2016) 
    63 Cal. 4th 646
    , 652-653.) This amendment was
    generally seen as an ameliorative change meant to bring proportionality in sentencing and
    * Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105 and 8.1110, this opinion is certified
    for publication with the exception of parts II through IV.
    1
    have a positive fiscal impact by reducing the prison population of prisoners who do not
    pose a threat to public safety. (Id. at p. 653; People v. Johnson (2015) 
    61 Cal. 4th 674
    ,
    686; People v. Spiller (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 1014, 1024.) A lesser known amendment,
    indeed one that was never discussed in the Official Voter Information Guide, (Official
    Voter Information Guide, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 6, 2012)) (Official Voter Information Guide),
    was a change to the sentencing provisions contained in the voter initiative version of the
    law, but not the legislative version, wherein the voters removed four words and inserted
    one word.1 (Pen. Code,2 §§ 667, subd. (c)(7); 1170.12, subd. (a)(7).)
    In the published portion of this opinion, we must decide what this amendment
    means and whether it changed the long-standing rule that trial courts can use discretion to
    sentence a prior serious or violent felony offender concurrently to multiple current
    convictions or whether the trial court is now mandated to sentence that offender
    consecutively to all of his current convictions. We conclude the trial court has the
    discretion to sentence a serious or violent felony offender concurrently to his or her
    current serious or violent felony convictions when those felonies were committed on the
    same occasion and arise out of the same set of operative facts. Those serious or violent
    felonies must then be sentenced consecutively to the sentences for nonserious and
    nonviolent convictions. In doing so, we agree with our colleagues from Division One of
    1      There are two versions of the three strikes law -- the legislative version (Pen.
    Code, § 667, subds. (b)-(i)) enacted in March 1994 and the voter initiative version (Pen.
    Code, § 1170.12) enacted in November of the same year. (People v. 
    Conley, supra
    , 63
    Cal.4th at p. 652.) “In many respects, the two statutes are ‘ “virtually identical.” ’ ”
    (People v. Torres (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 185, 197.) While the voters did not amend
    identical language in the legislative version, we refuse to read the amendment the voters
    made to the initiative version as having no meaning and thus reject defendant’s argument
    that we ignore the amendment in favor of applying the unamended legislative version of
    the three strikes law. Thus, we focus our analysis on the amended initiative version of
    the three strikes law. (Id. at p. 202.)
    2      Further section references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
    2
    the First District Court of Appeal in Torres. (People v. 
    Torres, supra
    , 23 Cal.App.5th at
    p. 201.)
    Here, defendant Robert Michael Gangl was convicted of multiple offenses after he
    stole a car and then stole the arresting officer’s patrol vehicle, led officers on a high-
    speed chase, and eventually robbed a man in his own home as he tried to elude capture.
    The trial court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term of 18 years in state prison.
    Defendant raises several alleged sentencing errors on appeal. In addition to the
    one we outlined above, he contends the trial court should have stayed the terms on his
    convictions for unlawful possession of ammunition and evading a peace officer under
    section 654. The People dispute defendant’s contentions and further argue that the
    abstract of judgment must be corrected to reflect the custody credits awarded by the
    court.
    Regarding these additional claims, we agree that his conviction for evasion must
    be stayed under section 654, but disagree as to his conviction for unlawful possession of
    ammunition. We also conclude the court failed to impose a sentence on count twelve,
    which resulted in an unauthorized absence of sentence, and that the abstract of judgment
    must be corrected to reflect the court’s oral award of credits.
    We shall affirm defendant’s convictions and remand for resentencing and
    correction of the abstract of judgment.
    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    On March 22, 2016, California Highway Patrol Officer Scott Kliebe saw
    defendant driving a stolen car in Sacramento. When Officer Kliebe detained defendant,
    defendant gave him a false name.
    Defendant had a key ring with two shaved keys in his possession. One of the
    shaved keys started the stolen car. A search of the car revealed a loaded .12-gauge
    shotgun and a backpack containing burglary tools and ten .12-gauge shotgun shells.
    3
    Defendant was handcuffed with his hands behind his back and placed in the
    backseat of Officer Kliebe’s patrol car. While officers waited for fingerprint results to
    confirm defendant’s identity, defendant maneuvered his hands to the front of his body.
    Officer Kliebe saw what defendant had done and handcuffed him again behind his back,
    securing his handcuffs to a strap in the rear of the patrol car.
    At defendant’s request, Officer Kliebe called defendant’s father. As Officer
    Kliebe leaned against the trunk of the patrol car speaking to defendant’s father on the
    phone, he felt the vehicle lurch backwards against him. He turned and saw the patrol
    car’s reverse lights were illuminated; defendant was in the driver’s seat with his
    handcuffed hands in front of him on the steering wheel.
    Officer Kliebe told defendant to stop. Defendant ignored the command and
    continued to back up, turning toward the road. Defendant hit Officer Kliebe with the
    front bumper or mirror of the patrol car. He then backed the car out of the driveway and
    fled the scene.
    Officer Kliebe and another officer pursued defendant until they lost sight of him.
    Several deputies also followed defendant as he crossed multiple lanes into oncoming
    traffic. During the pursuit, defendant drove at an excessive rate of speed, hit two cars,
    and ran a red light.
    Defendant eventually jumped out of the patrol car and hopped the fence of a
    nearby home. He attempted to enter several homes, and smashed through the back
    sliding glass door of T. I. and P. I.’s home. Inside, as P. I. ran to the master bedroom,
    defendant demanded that T. I. give him his car keys. T. I. gave defendant the keys to his
    wife’s car and then later the keys to his own car. P. I. triggered a panic alarm, and
    defendant fled the home, dropping both sets of car keys in the backyard.
    Defendant continued fleeing through the neighborhood, banging on doors and
    shattering windows along the way. He eventually was detained and arrested.
    4
    Defendant was convicted of unlawfully driving or taking a vehicle (Veh. Code,
    § 10851, subd. (a), count one); being a felon in possession of a firearm (§ 29800,
    subd. (a)(1), count two); being a felon in possession of ammunition (§ 30305,
    subd. (a)(1), count three); unlawfully driving or taking a police vehicle (Veh. Code,
    § 10851, subd. (b), count four); assault with a deadly weapon on a peace officer with
    force likely to produce great bodily injury (§ 245, subd. (c), count five); unlawful evasion
    of a pursuing peace officer with wanton disregard for safety (Veh. Code, § 2800.2,
    subd. (a), count six); first degree residential robbery (§ 211, count seven); vandalism
    (§ 594, subd. (a), count twelve); providing false identification to a peace officer (§ 148.9,
    subd. (a), count thirteen); and possession of burglary tools (§ 466, count fourteen).3 In a
    subsequent proceeding, the trial court found that defendant had a prior strike conviction.4
    (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1192.7.)
    The court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term of 18 years in state prison:
    four years on count seven, doubled to eight years for the strike prior, plus consecutive
    terms of 16 months each on counts one, two, three, and six; two years on count four; and
    two years eight months on count five. The trial court imposed no time on count twelve
    and concurrent terms of six months each on misdemeanor counts thirteen and fourteen.5
    The court awarded defendant 718 actual days and 107 conduct days for a total of 825
    days of credit.
    3      The jury acquitted defendant of four attempted burglary counts. (§§ 664, 459,
    counts eight to eleven).
    4     The court denied defendant’s request to dismiss the strike pursuant to People v.
    Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 
    13 Cal. 4th 497
    .
    5     The trial court also imposed a concurrent four-year term on a prior offense in
    another case, which had previously been stayed.
    5
    DISCUSSION
    I
    Sentencing Under Section 1170.12
    Defendant was charged under both the legislative version and the initiative version
    of the three strikes law; thus, for our purposes he was sentenced under the voter approved
    amendment found in section 1170.12, subdivision (a). That provision provides:
    “Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if a defendant has been convicted of a
    felony and it has been pled and proved that the defendant has one or more prior serious
    and/or violent felony convictions, as defined in subdivision (b), the court shall adhere to
    each of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (6) If there is a current conviction for more than one
    felony count not committed on the same occasion, and not arising from the same set of
    operative facts, the court shall sentence the defendant consecutively on each count
    pursuant to this section. [¶] (7) If there is a current conviction for more than one serious
    or violent felony as described in subdivision (b), the court shall impose the sentence for
    each conviction consecutive to the sentence for any other conviction for which the
    defendant may be consecutively sentenced in the manner prescribed by law.” (§ 1170.12,
    subd. (a)(6) & (7), as amended by Prop. 36, § 4, eff. Nov. 6, 2012.) The amendment can
    be found in subdivision (a)(7) of section 1170.12, where the voters inserted “subdivision
    (b)” where the words “paragraph (6) of this subdivision” used to be. (See Official Voter
    Information Guide.)
    The People contend that upon a plain reading of the statute as amended, the trial
    court is required to consecutively sentence a defendant with multiple current serious or
    violent felony convictions to all of his or her current convictions. Defendant argues we
    are required to follow preamendment case law to interpret the statute as allowing for
    concurrent sentencing for all felonies occurring on the same occasion and arising out of
    6
    the same set of operative facts.6 We disagree with both of the parties, and reach the same
    conclusion our colleagues did in Torres, although in a slightly different way.
    Accordingly, the trial court has discretion to sentence a serious or violent felony offender
    concurrently to his or her current serious or violent felonies when those offenses were
    committed on the same occasion and arise out of the same set of operative facts, it then
    must sentence those serious or violent felonies consecutively to any other conviction,
    meaning nonserious and nonviolent felony and misdemeanor convictions. (People v.
    
    Torres, supra
    , 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 201.)
    A
    Principles Of Statutory Interpretation
    “In construing statutes adopted by the voters, we apply the same principles of
    interpretation we apply to statutes enacted by the Legislature. [Citation.] ‘ “The
    fundamental purpose of statutory construction is to ascertain the intent of the lawmakers
    so as to effectuate the purpose of the law ” ’ [Citation.] We begin with the language of
    the statute, to which we give its ordinary meaning and construe in the context of the
    statutory scheme.” (People v. 
    Johnson, supra
    , 61 Cal.4th at p. 682.) “But ‘[t]he words of
    the statute must be construed in context, keeping in mind the statutory purpose, and
    statutes or statutory sections relating to the same subject must be harmonized, both
    internally and with each other, to the extent possible.’ [Citation.] ‘Where uncertainty
    exists[,] consideration should be given to the consequences that will flow from a
    particular interpretation.’ ” (People v. Valencia (2017) 3 Cal.5th 347, 357-358.)
    6      Although trial counsel conceded that consecutive sentences were mandatory, we
    nevertheless address defendant’s contentions on the merits. (See People v. Welch (1993)
    
    5 Cal. 4th 228
    , 235 [unauthorized sentences may be corrected on appeal where they
    present “pure questions of law that can be resolved without reference to the particular
    sentencing record developed in the trial court”].)
    7
    “The voters are presumed to have been aware of existing laws at the time the
    initiative was enacted.” (Professional Engineers in California Government v. Kempton
    (2007) 
    40 Cal. 4th 1016
    , 1048.) Additionally, “ ‘ “[w]hen legislation has been judicially
    construed and a subsequent statute on a similar subject uses identical or substantially
    similar language, the usual presumption is that the Legislature [or the voters] intended the
    same construction, unless a contrary intent clearly appears.” ’ ” (People v. Fusting
    (2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 404, 409; accord, People v. Burton (1989) 
    48 Cal. 3d 843
    , 861-862.)
    Questions regarding the proper interpretation of a voter initiative, like those of
    statutory interpretation, are reviewed on appeal de novo. (Evangelatos v. Superior Court
    (1988) 
    44 Cal. 3d 1188
    , 1212 [rules of statutory construction apply to voter initiatives];
    Argaman v. Ratan (1999) 
    73 Cal. App. 4th 1173
    , 1176.)
    B
    The Three Strikes Law And Proposition 36
    “Prior to its amendment by the Act, the Three Strikes law required that a
    defendant who had two or more prior convictions of violent or serious felonies receive a
    third strike sentence of a minimum of 25 years to life for any current felony conviction,
    even if the current offense was neither serious nor violent.” (People v. 
    Johnson, supra
    ,
    61 Cal.4th at pp. 680-681.) A primary purpose of the three strikes law was to “restrict the
    discretion of ‘soft-on-crime judges’ ” and “ ‘to ensure longer prison sentences.’ ”
    (People v. Garcia (1999) 
    20 Cal. 4th 490
    , 500-501.)
    In Hendrix, our Supreme Court interpreted the sentencing provisions of the
    legislative version of the three strikes law. (People v. Hendrix (1997) 
    16 Cal. 4th 508
    .) It
    did so by first determining the meaning of section 667, subdivision (c), which provided
    similar language to its current version and to the initiative version, both in effect
    currently and at the time of the decision. The provision read: “ ‘Notwithstanding any
    other law, if a defendant has been convicted of a felony and it has been pled and proved
    that the defendant has one or more prior felony convictions . . . , the court shall adhere to
    8
    each of the following,’ . . . [¶] . . . [¶] ‘[I]f there is a current conviction for more than
    one felony count not committed on the same occasion, and not arising from the same set
    of operative facts, the court shall sentence the defendant consecutively on each count
    pursuant to subdivision (e).’ ” Our Supreme Court determined that this provision “[b]y
    its terms, . . . applies to any current felony conviction,” whether that current felony
    conviction be serious or violent. (Hendrix, at p. 512.)
    The court then analyzed subdivision (c)(7) of section 667, which provided: “ ‘If
    there is a current conviction for more than one serious or violent felony as described in
    paragraph (6), the court shall impose the sentence for each conviction consecutive to the
    sentence for any other conviction for which the defendant may be consecutively
    sentenced in the manner prescribed by law.’ ” Since “[t]he most logical meaning of the
    reference to ‘paragraph (6)’ in subdivision (c)(7) is that it refers to subdivision (c)(6),”
    the court concluded, “ ‘more than one serious or violent felony as described in paragraph
    (6)’ refers to multiple current convictions for serious or violent felonies ‘not committed
    on the same occasion, and not arising from the same set of operative facts.’ ” (People v.
    
    Hendrix, supra
    , 16 Cal.4th at p. 513.) “Thus, when a defendant is convicted of two or
    more current serious or violent felonies ‘not committed on the same occasion, and not
    arising from the same set of operative facts,’ not only must the court impose the
    sentences for these serious or violent offenses consecutive to each other, it must also
    impose these sentences ‘consecutive to the sentence for any other conviction for which
    the defendant may be consecutively sentenced in the manner prescribed by law.’ By
    implication, consecutive sentences are not mandated under subdivision (c)(7) if all of the
    serious or violent current felony convictions are ‘committed on the same occasion’ or
    ‘aris[e] from the same set of operative facts.’ ” (Hendrix, at p. 513) The Hendrix court’s
    interpretation of the three strike sentencing scheme was the law when Proposition 36 was
    presented to the voters.
    9
    As discussed, Proposition 36 made the following changes to the language of
    section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(7): “If there is a current conviction for more than one
    serious or violent felony as described in paragraph (6) of this subdivision (b), the court
    shall impose the sentence for each conviction consecutive to the sentence for any other
    conviction for which the defendant may be consecutively sentenced in the manner
    prescribed by law.” (§ 1170.12, subd. (a)(6) & (7), as amended by Prop. 36, § 4, eff.
    Nov. 6, 2012, boldface and strike out added; Official Voter Information Guide, p. 107.)
    While no comments to this amendment were made in the Official Voter
    Information Guide, several comments to other changes in the Official Voter Information
    Guide regarding the three strikes law were. (See Official Voter Information Guide.) “As
    evidenced by the Voter Information Guide, six arguments were advanced in favor of the
    Act: ‘(1) “make the punishment fit the crime”; (2) “save California over $100 million
    every year”; (3) “make room in prison for dangerous felons”; (4) “law enforcement
    support”; (5) “taxpayer support”; and (6) “tough and smart on crime.” [Citations.] The
    ballot materials also provide that ‘Prop. 36 will help stop clogging overcrowded prisons
    with non-violent offenders, so we have room to keep violent felons off the streets’ and
    ‘Prop. 36 will keep dangerous criminals off the streets.’ ” (People v. 
    Spiller, supra
    , 2
    Cal.App.5th at p. 1024.) Our Supreme Court has noted the overarching purposes of
    Proposition 36 were to “ ‘make the punishment fit the crime’ ” and “ ‘make room in
    prison for dangerous felons.’ ” (People v. 
    Johnson, supra
    , 61 Cal.4th at p. 686.)
    C
    Section 1170.12, Subdivision (a)(7) Is Ambiguous
    We cannot conclude Proposition 36’s amendment to section 1170.12,
    subdivision (a)(7) unambiguously mandates consecutive sentencing for all convictions as
    the People contend. Starting with the introductory language of section 1170.12,
    subdivision (a), it purports to apply to all defendants who have been convicted of a felony
    and the district attorney has pled and proved the defendant has one or more prior serious
    10
    or violent felony convictions. The trial court “shall adhere to each of the following”
    paragraphs of the section when sentencing defendants falling under the definition.
    (§ 1170.12, subd. (a).)
    The term “felony” as used in the introductory language of section 1170.12 when
    describing a current conviction unambiguously refers to all felony convictions, whether
    those convictions be serious, violent, nonserious or nonviolent. This is evidenced by the
    section’s use of the term “felony” in other paragraphs when describing current
    convictions, which can be understood to also include convictions for both serious or
    violent and nonserious or nonviolent felonies. (§ 1170.12, subd. (a)(1) & (3).) Thus,
    section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(6)’s reference to “felony” when describing current
    convictions also appears to describe all classifications of felonies when requiring a
    defendant with “a current conviction for more than one felony count not committed on
    the same occasion, and not arising from the same set of operative facts” be sentenced
    consecutively on each count. This impliedly allows for concurrent sentencing if the
    current felony convictions occurred on the same occasion and arose from the same set of
    operative facts. By a plain reading, the “felony” in section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(6) in
    the context of current convictions, has the same meaning as “felony” in the introductory
    language and section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(1) and (a)(3) -- that is all felonies, both
    serious and violent and nonserious and nonviolent.
    This conclusion finds support in Hendrix, which interpreted nearly identical
    language of the legislative version of the three strikes law and concluded section 667,
    subdivision (c)(6) unambiguously applied to all felony convictions, including serious and
    violent felony convictions. (People v. 
    Hendrix, supra
    , 16 Cal.4th at p. 513.) The People
    argue Hendrix is no longer relevant to this analysis because with the amendment to
    section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(7), the meaning of section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(6)
    changed despite the fact that not a single word of section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(6) was
    altered by Proposition 36. Specifically, it argues that upon a plain reading of section
    11
    1170.12, subdivision (a)(7), any defendant convicted of more than one serious or violent
    current felony shall be sentenced consecutively to those convictions and consecutively to
    all other convictions. But we cannot read section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(7) in isolation
    of the entire section in which it exists. (People v. 
    Johnson, supra
    , 61 Cal.4th at p. 682.)
    We must read it in the context of the preceding subdivision which appears to allow for
    concurrent sentencing on all felony convictions regardless of whether they are serious or
    violent, and the introductory language mandating the trial court “adhere to each of the
    following” paragraphs when sentencing a defendant who has been convicted of any
    felony.
    Hendrix also does not appear irrelevant to this analysis because the Official Voter
    Information Guide never mentioned long-standing sentencing rules would change with
    Proposition 36’s passage or that the judicial construction of these subdivisions would be
    altered in any fashion. Voters are presumed to know the law and adopt judicial
    constructions of laws similarly stated, unless it clearly appears otherwise. (Professional
    Engineers in California Government v. 
    Kempton, supra
    , 40 Cal.4th at p. 1048; People v.
    
    Fusting, supra
    , 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 409.) It is unclear whether the electorate intended to
    reject the reasoning of Hendrix and require consecutive sentencing for all convictions
    when a defendant has more than one current serious or violent felony conviction with its
    amendment to section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(7). The voters could have made this
    intent clear, as required, by also amending the language of section 1170.12,
    subdivision (a)(6) or clearly state the intent to consecutively sentence defendants with
    multiple current serious or violent felony convictions instead of adopting nearly identical
    language to how the subdivisions read and were interpreted before the amendment.
    To the extent the stated intent of Proposition 36 is relevant to this inquiry, it also
    leaves us wondering at the meaning of the amendment to section 1170.12,
    subdivision (a)(7). The Official Voter Information Guide advocated for proportionality
    in sentencing, fiscal savings by reducing the prison population of nondangerous felons,
    12
    and a tough and smart approach to criminal sentencing. (People v. 
    Spiller, supra
    , 2
    Cal.App.5th at pp. 1023-1024.) It purported to do this by requiring a defendant commit
    serious and violent felonies before a third strike sentence of 25 years to life could be
    imposed. As far as the amendment at issue in this case was concerned, the Official Voter
    Information Guide was silent.
    Given the plain wording of the statute, case law interpreting its sentencing
    provisions, and the purpose of Proposition 36, it is unclear what the amendment to
    section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(7) meant to accomplish. As a result, we must dig deeper
    into the purpose of the initiative to determine the voters’ intent before determining the
    meaning of the amendment to section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(7).
    D
    Section 1170.12, Subdivision (a)(7) Allows For Concurrent
    Sentencing Of Serious And Violent Felony Convictions
    We begin our analysis with Hendrix, which interpreted the parallel sentencing
    provision in the legislative enacted version of the three strikes law, to determine whether
    the reasoning of that case holds true in light of the amendment enacted by Proposition 36.
    The People argue that by “deleting the reference to paragraph (6) -- thereby deleting the
    references to crimes not committed on the same occasion or arising from the same set of
    operative facts -- the electorate withdrew courts’ discretion to impose concurrent
    sentences . . . .”
    In Torres, Division One of the First District Court of Appeal examined Hendrix
    and the sentencing rule it announced, ultimately disagreeing with the People’s position.
    (People v. 
    Torres, supra
    , 23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 197-199.) It concluded that because
    section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(6) was not amended by the voters, it continues to apply
    to any current felony convictions. (Torres, at pp. 200-201.) As a result, “The courts also
    retain discretion to impose concurrent sentences for felonies (including serious and/or
    violent felonies) committed on the same occasion or arising from the same set of
    13
    operative facts.” (Torres, at p. 201, citing People v. 
    Hendrix, supra
    , 16 Cal.4th at
    pp. 513-514.) Regarding section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(7), the Torres court explained
    that by replacing the subdivision’s reference to section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(6)’s
    same occasion/same operative facts clause with a reference to section 1170.12,
    subdivision (b), Proposition 36 changed the triggering language of the subdivision, as
    referenced in Hendrix, such that section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(7) now applies any time
    a defendant is convicted of multiple serious or violent felonies. (People v. Torres, at p.
    201, citing Hendrix, at pp. 513-514.) But Proposition 36 made no change to the directive
    portion of section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(7), which “requires a court to impose the
    sentences for serious and violent felonies ‘consecutive to the sentence for any other
    conviction for which the defendant may be consecutively sentenced in the manner
    prescribed by law.’ ” (Torres, at p. 201.)
    We read Hendrix similarly. Notably, the Hendrix court first determined that all
    felonies must be sentenced under section 667, subdivision (c)(6) before it ever considered
    the meaning of section 667, subdivision (c)(7). (People v. 
    Hendrix, supra
    , 16 Cal.4th at
    p. 512.) It then determined the “paragraph (6)” reference in section 667, subdivision
    (c)(7) was to section 667, subdivision (c)(6) but stopped short of declaring that
    “paragraph (6)” convictions must be served consecutively to each other. Instead, it
    determined “the sentences for these serious or violent offenses” must be served
    consecutively to each other. (Hendrix, at p. 513.) In doing so, the court failed to define
    the “each conviction” language in section 667, subdivision (c)(7). Indeed, Justice Mosk
    recognized this oversight and sought to remedy it in his concurring opinion by linking
    “each conviction” to the “paragraph 6” language also included in that subdivision.
    (Hendrix, at pp. 517-518 (conc. opn. of Mosk, J.).) The majority did not adopt this view.
    Instead, the Hendrix court announced a rule wherein all felonies are first sentenced under
    section 667, subdivision (c)(6) and then “the sentences for these serious or violent
    14
    offenses” are sentenced under section 667, subdivision (c)(7) -- the triggering/directive
    rule clarified by Torres. (Hendrix, at p. 513.)
    This result finds further support in the purposes articulated by the Official Voter
    Information Guide. Requiring all convictions to be sentenced consecutively would result
    in longer prison terms and overcrowded prisons. Retaining trial courts’ discretion, where
    consecutive sentencing would still be an option, would allow for proportionality in
    sentencing (“make the punishment fit the crime”) and the “tough and smart on crime”
    approach advocated by the proponents of the proposition. (Official Voter Information
    
    Guide, supra
    , argument in favor, p. 52.) It would further deliver the promised fiscal
    benefits by ensuring that prisoners are eligible for parole, while keeping dangerous felons
    in prison if the Board of Parole Hearings did not believe them suitable for release. (Ibid.;
    see People v. 
    Johnson, supra
    , 61 Cal.4th at p. 690-691 [“Because a person convicted of a
    serious or violent felony will receive a minimum sentence of 25 years to life for that
    offense [citations], and will not be granted parole if the Board of Parole Hearings
    determines that ‘consideration of the public safety requires a more lengthy period of
    incarceration’ [citations], ‘truly dangerous criminals will receive no benefits whatsoever
    from the reform’ . . . the amendments allow an inmate who is also serving an
    indeterminate life term to be released on parole earlier if the Board of Parole Hearings
    concludes he or she is not a threat to the public safety, thereby ‘mak[ing] room in prison
    for dangerous felons’ and saving money that would otherwise be spent on incarcerating
    inmates who are no longer dangerous”].)
    Our Supreme Court has also noted that “the parallel structure of [Proposition 36’s]
    amendments to the sentencing provisions and [Proposition 36’s] resentencing provisions
    reflects an intent that sentences imposed on individuals with the same criminal history be
    the same, regardless of whether they are being sentenced or resentenced.” (People v.
    
    Johnson, supra
    , 61 Cal.4th at p. 686.) Indeed, given the differences that do exist,
    Proposition 36 “is more cautious with respect to resentencing.” (Johnson, at p. 686.)
    15
    While Johnson considered whether a defendant serving a third strike sentence for a
    serious and violent felony is eligible for resentencing as to a nonserious and nonviolent
    current conviction, its policy determination rings true for the purposes of our analysis.
    (Id. at p. 687.)
    Mandating consecutive sentencing for all felonies for defendants being sentenced
    under section 1170.12, and not those being resentenced, frustrates the intended parallel
    sentencing structure of Proposition 36 and results in different sentencing possibilities
    among defendants with similar criminal histories and current convictions. It takes away a
    trial court’s discretion to ensure the punishment fits the crime and instead results in
    prolonged prison terms with no hope of release by the Board of Parole Hearings and the
    incarceration of defendants who no longer pose a risk to the public. This is not what
    Proposition 36 intended. For these reasons, we agree with our colleagues in Torres that
    trial courts have the discretion to impose concurrent sentences on serious and violent
    felony convictions committed on the same occasion and arising from the same set of
    operative facts.7 We further agree that those serious and violent felonies must then be
    consecutively sentenced to the sentences for nonserious and nonviolent crimes. We
    remand to the trial court for it to make this determination as it related to defendant in the
    first instance.8
    7      For the same reasons we disagree with our dissenting colleague. To mandate
    consecutive sentencing for serious and violent felonies would similarly increase prison
    sentences and thus frustrate the intent of Proposition 36 and run contrary to the
    established law that was not rejected by the voters in effect at the time of Proposition 36’s
    passage.
    8      As the People point out, the trial court made inconsistent statements regarding the
    relatedness of defendant’s serious and violent felony convictions. Because we also
    remand the case for it to impose a sentence on count twelve, we believe it appropriate for
    the court to consider defendant’s sentence under section 1170.12 as well.
    16
    II
    Section 654
    Defendant contends the court violated section 654 by imposing punishment on
    both count two, felon in possession of a firearm, and count three, unlawful possession of
    ammunition. He makes a similar argument regarding count four, unlawful driving or
    taking of a police vehicle, and count six, unlawfully evading a peace officer with wanton
    disregard for safety. We conclude defendant was properly punished for the unlawful
    possession of ammunition offense but that the sentence on his evasion conviction must be
    stayed under section 654.
    A
    Applicable Law
    Section 654, subdivision (a) provides: “An act or omission that is punishable in
    different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that
    provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or
    omission be punished under more than one provision. . . .” The statute does not prohibit
    multiple convictions for the same conduct, only multiple punishments. (People v.
    Monarrez (1998) 
    66 Cal. App. 4th 710
    , 713.) “In such a case, the proper procedure is to
    stay execution of sentence on one of the offenses.” (Ibid.)
    “Whether a defendant may be subjected to multiple punishment under section 654
    requires a two-step inquiry, because the statutory reference to an ‘act or omission’ may
    include not only a discrete physical act but also a course of conduct encompassing several
    acts pursued with a single objective.” (People v. Corpening (2016) 2 Cal.5th 307, 311.)
    We first consider whether the different crimes were completed by a “ ‘single physical
    act.’ ” (Ibid.) “If so, the defendant may not be punished more than once for that act.
    Only if we conclude that the case involves more than a single act -- i.e., a course of
    conduct -- do we then consider whether that course of conduct reflects a single ‘ “intent
    and objective” ’ or multiple intents and objectives.” (Ibid.)
    17
    “The divisibility of a course of conduct depends upon the intent and objective of
    the defendant.” (People v. Liu (1996) 
    46 Cal. App. 4th 1119
    , 1135.) If each criminal act
    is incidental to, or accomplished a single objective, the defendant may be found to harbor
    a single intent. If the defendant harbored multiple criminal objectives independent of one
    another, he may be punished for each statutory violation even if they were part of an
    indivisible course of conduct. (People v. Harrison (1989) 
    48 Cal. 3d 321
    , 335.) We turn
    now to the merits of defendant’s contentions.9
    B
    Possession Of Firearm And Ammunition
    Citing People v. Lopez (2004) 
    119 Cal. App. 4th 132
    , defendant argues he may not
    be punished for both possession of the firearm and possession of the ammunition. In
    Lopez, the court held section 654 barred multiple punishment for the defendant’s
    convictions for unlawful possession of a firearm and unlawful possession of ammunition
    based on his possession of a single loaded firearm. (Lopez, at pp. 137-138.) The court in
    Lopez explained that where “all of the ammunition was loaded into the firearm, an
    ‘indivisible course of conduct’ is present and section 654 precludes multiple
    punishment.” (Lopez, at p. 138.)
    The People argue Lopez is distinguishable. We agree. As the People point out,
    defendant did not merely possess ammunition inside a loaded firearm; he possessed
    additional ammunition outside of the firearm that served as the basis for count three.
    Thus, unlike in Lopez, the possession offenses do not constitute an indivisible course of
    conduct. Instead, separate acts constituted the basis of each conviction.
    9       Defendant’s failure to object below based on section 654 does not forfeit his
    appellate challenge. (People v. Perez (1979) 
    23 Cal. 3d 545
    , 550, fn. 3 [forfeiture does
    not apply to questions involving the applicability of section 654; errors in applying
    section 654 are corrected on appeal regardless of whether the defendant objected in the
    trial court].)
    18
    Possession of the additional ammunition, moreover, was not essential to
    possession of the gun. “ ‘[S]imultaneous possession of different items of contraband’ are
    separate acts for [purposes of section 654].” (People v. Jones (2012) 
    54 Cal. 4th 350
    , 358
    [“ ‘the possession of one item is not essential to the possession of another separate item.
    One does not possess in the abstract; possession is meaningless unless something is
    possessed. The possession of each separate item is therefore a separate act of
    possession”].) Defendant was thus properly sentenced for both possession of the loaded
    firearm and possession of the ammunition in the backpack.
    C
    Unlawful Driving Of A Police Vehicle And Unlawfully Evading A Peace Officer
    Defendant argues that he committed a single physical act -- driving Officer
    Kliebe’s patrol vehicle -- which violated multiple criminal statutes, including unlawful
    driving or taking of a police vehicle (Veh. Code, § 10851, subd. (b), count four) and
    unlawful evasion of a pursing peace officer with wanton disregard for public safety (Veh.
    Code, § 2800.2, subd. (a), count six). Under section 654, he contends, he may only be
    punished once for that single act. We agree.
    Defendant’s conduct of driving Officer Kliebe’s patrol car to evade police
    constitutes a single act that may not be punished more than once. (See, e.g., People v.
    
    Jones, supra
    , 54 Cal.4th at p. 359 [in overruling In re Hayes (1969) 
    70 Cal. 2d 604
    , which
    held a defendant could be punished twice for the act of driving without a valid license
    and driving while intoxicated, the court characterized Hayes as improperly finding
    multiple acts in what was actually a single-act case].) But even if defendant’s actions of
    taking the police car to flee from officers can be characterized as a course of conduct, he
    had the same intent and objective when he committed both crimes. Section 654 applies
    not only to the same criminal act, but also to an indivisible course of conduct committed
    pursuant to the same criminal intent or objective. (People v. Latimer (1993) 
    5 Cal. 4th 1203
    , 1207-1209.) Here, defendant was trying to escape arrest. Under these
    19
    circumstances, he may not be punished for both offenses. Section 654 requires that the
    sentence for count six be stayed.
    III
    Unauthorized Absence Of Sentence On Count Twelve
    The trial court stayed imposition of sentence on count twelve, vandalism (§ 594,
    subd. (a)), after impliedly finding that section 654 applied because count twelve involved
    a continuous course of conduct already punished under count seven, the robbery offense.
    The court, however, failed to impose a sentence for count twelve and then stay the
    sentence pursuant to section 654, as required. (People v. Alford (2010) 
    180 Cal. App. 4th 1463
    , 1472 [“A trial court must impose sentence on every count but stay execution as
    necessary to implement section 654”].)
    Failure to impose a sentence on a count for which a defendant was validly
    convicted “results in an unauthorized absence of sentence.” (People v. 
    Alford, supra
    ,
    180 Cal.App.4th at p. 1472.) Upon remand for resentencing, the court shall impose a
    sentence on count twelve, which may be stayed under section 654.
    IV
    Correction Of Abstract Of Judgment
    The court orally awarded defendant 825 days during the sentencing hearing,
    consisting of 717 actual days of custody plus 108 days of conduct credit. The abstract of
    judgment, however, shows an award of a total of 1,190 days -- an additional 365 days of
    credit -- as well as incorrect awards of 718 actual days and 107 conduct days. If the
    minute order or abstract of judgment differs from the oral pronouncement of judgment,
    the oral pronouncement controls. (People v. Mitchell (2001) 
    26 Cal. 4th 181
    , 185-186;
    see also People v. Myles (2012) 
    53 Cal. 4th 1181
    , 1222, fn. 14 [“When an abstract of
    judgment does not accurately reflect the trial judge’s oral pronouncement of sentence,
    [the appellate] court has the inherent power to correct such an error, either on [its] own
    [motion] or at the parties’ behest”].) Because the court’s oral pronouncement awarded
    20
    defendant 825 days, the abstract must be corrected to reflect the oral award of 717 actual
    days plus 108 conduct days.
    DISPOSITION
    Defendant’s convictions are affirmed, and the sentence on count six is stayed
    under section 654. The matter is remanded for resentencing consistent with the views
    expressed in this opinion. Following resentencing, the clerk of the court is directed to
    prepare an amended abstract of judgment, which also properly reflects the court’s oral
    award of credits, and to forward a certified copy of the amended abstract of judgment to
    the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.
    /s/
    Robie, Acting P. J.
    I concur:
    /s/
    Hoch, J.
    21
    Krause, J., Concurring and Dissenting.
    I concur in part and dissent in part.
    Although I agree with most of the majority opinion, I respectfully disagree with
    the conclusions reached in part I, where my colleagues decide that convictions for
    multiple current serious or violent felonies may be sentenced concurrent to one another,
    but must be sentenced consecutive to all other convictions in the case. As explained
    more fully below, I read the consecutive sentencing provisions of the three strikes law, as
    amended by voters in the Three Strikes Reform Act of 2012 (Proposition 36), to mandate
    consecutive sentencing for multiple serious or violent felonies, while providing discretion
    to impose concurrent sentences for certain other crimes sentenced at the same time.
    A.     Consecutive Sentences Under the Original Three Strikes Law
    When first enacted, Penal Code section 667,1 subdivision (c)(6) provided, and still
    provides: “If there is a current conviction for more than one felony count not committed
    on the same occasion, and not arising from the same set of operative facts, the court shall
    sentence the defendant consecutively on each count pursuant to subdivision (e).” And
    subdivision (c)(7) read, and still reads: “If there is a current conviction for more than one
    serious or violent felony as described in paragraph (6), the court shall impose the
    sentence for each conviction consecutive to the sentence for any other conviction for
    which the defendant may be consecutively sentenced in the manner prescribed by law.”
    (§ 667, subd. (c)(6) & (7), italics added; Stats. 1994, ch. 12, § 1, p. 73, eff. Mar. 7, 1994,
    italics added.)
    1      Further undesignated section references are to the Penal Code.
    1
    As discussed in the majority opinion, our Supreme Court interpreted section 667,
    subdivision (c)(6) and (7) in People v. Hendrix (1997) 
    16 Cal. 4th 508
    (Hendrix).2 There,
    a man pointed a gun at four victims, all seated at a table, and announced a “ ‘holdup.’ ”
    (Id. at p. 510.) Two of the victims surrendered their money; the others said they had
    none. A jury convicted Hendrix of two counts of robbery and two counts of attempted
    robbery. (Id. at pp. 510-511.) The issue taken up by the Supreme Court was “whether
    consecutive sentences are mandatory under subdivision (c)(6) [or] (c)(7) . . . when the
    defendant has two or more prior felony convictions . . . , and commits serious or violent
    felonies against multiple victims at the same time.” (Id. at p. 511.)
    Hendrix first observed that paragraph (6), by its terms, “applies to any current
    felony conviction” and that consecutive sentencing is mandatory under this provision for
    any current felony convictions “ ‘not committed on the same occasion, and not arising
    from the same set of operative facts.’ ” (Hendrix, 16 Cal.4th at p. 512, italics omitted.)
    By implication, the court held, consecutive sentences are discretionary where “multiple
    current felony convictions are ‘committed on the same occasion’ or ‘aris[e] from the
    same set of operative facts.’ ” (Id. at pp. 512-513.)
    Turning to paragraph (7), the court noted that it applied whenever there was “more
    than one serious or violent felony as described in paragraph (6).” The court concluded
    that the “most logical meaning of the reference to ‘paragraph (6)’ ” is that it refers to
    subdivision (c)(6) of section 667. “So construed, ‘more than one serious or violent felony
    as described in paragraph (6)’ refers to multiple current convictions for serious or violent
    felonies ‘not committed on the same occasion, and not arising from the same set of
    2       Although Hendrix analyzed the case under the legislative version of the three
    strikes law (subd. (c)(6) & (7) of § 667), subdivision (a)(6) and (7) of section 1170.12
    were substantially identical. (
    Hendrix, supra
    , 16 Cal.4th at p. 511, fn. 2.) For ease of
    reference, subdivisions (c)(6) and (a)(6) are sometimes cited using the shorthand
    “paragraph (6),” and subdivisions (c)(7) and (a)(7) as “paragraph (7).”
    2
    operative facts.’ ” (
    Hendrix, supra
    , 16 Cal.4th at p. 513.) In other words, the Supreme
    Court read former paragraph (7) as incorporating the “same occasion/same operative
    facts” test by reference from paragraph (6). Thus, the court concluded that the
    consecutive sentencing mandate of paragraph (7)—like the one in paragraph (6)—only
    was triggered when the underlying serious or violent felonies were “not committed on the
    same occasion, and [did] not aris[e] from the same set of operative facts.” (Ibid.)
    Based on this interpretation, Hendrix held that when a defendant is convicted of
    two or more current serious or violent “different occasion/different operative facts”
    felonies, “not only must the court impose the sentences for these serious or violent
    offenses consecutive to each other, it must also impose these sentences ‘consecutive to
    the sentence for any other conviction for which the defendant may be consecutively
    sentenced in the manner prescribed by law.’ ” (Hendrix, 16 Cal.4th at p. 513.) “Under
    this approach,” the court said, “subdivision (c)(6) and (c)(7) are not duplicative.” (Ibid.)
    And because “all of the current serious and violent felony convictions were ‘committed
    on the same occasion,’ ” it further held that paragraph (7) did not mandate the imposition
    of consecutive sentences on the robbery counts in that case. (Id. at p. 514.)
    B.     Proposition 36 – The Three Strikes Reform Act of 2012
    The chief purpose of Proposition 36 was to change “ ‘the requirements for
    sentencing a third strike offender to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life
    imprisonment.’ ” (People v. Torres (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 185, 192 (Torres).) Its
    proponents argued that the sweep of the three strikes law was, in some respects, too broad
    and that the measure would “help stop clogging overcrowded prisons with non-violent
    offenders,” ensure proportionality in sentencing, and allow resentencing of certain third
    strike offenders serving life sentences for specified nonserious, nonviolent felonies. (See
    Official Voter Information Guide, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 6, 2012), argument in favor of Prop.
    3
    36, p. 52.)3 They assured voters, however, that “truly dangerous criminals [would]
    receive no benefits whatsoever from the reform” and that “violent repeat offenders
    [would be] punished and not released early.” (Ibid.) As relevant here, Proposition 36
    amended section 1170.12, subdivision (a)(7)’s consecutive sentencing provision.4
    The amended text, with additions bolded and underlined and deletions in strike-
    through, reads: “If there is a current conviction for more than one serious or violent
    felony as described in paragraph (6) of this subdivision (b), the court shall impose the
    sentence for each conviction consecutive to the sentence for any other conviction for
    which the defendant may be consecutively sentenced in the manner prescribed by law.”
    (§ 1170.12, subd. (a)(7), as amended by Prop. 36, § 4, eff. Nov. 7, 2012.)
    By deleting the reference to “paragraph (6)” and replacing it with “subdivision
    (b),” which defines serious and violent felonies, the amendment changed the text upon
    3      The pertinent portions of the Official Voter Information Guide for the November
    6, 2012 General Election are subject to judicial notice. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (c),
    459;  [as of Nov. 13,
    2019], archived at .)
    4       My colleagues note that “no comments to this amendment were made in the
    Official Voter Information Guide.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 10.) But the voter guide, apart
    from the “Text of Proposed Laws” contained therein, is not intended to list every change
    being made by an initiative. The Attorney General’s title and summary, for instance, is
    only a “summary of the chief purposes and points” and is limited to 100 words. (Elec.
    Code, § 9004.) “[I]t need not be a catalogue or index to all of the provisions of the
    measure.” (Epperson v. Jordan (1938) 
    12 Cal. 2d 61
    , 66; see also People ex rel. Lungren
    v. Superior Court (1996) 
    14 Cal. 4th 294
    , 308 [“The Legislative Analyst did not suggest
    that all the effects and ramifications of the Act were being set forth in his brief
    summation”].) Further, the rule has long been that voters are “assumed to have voted
    intelligently upon an amendment to their organic law, the whole text of which was
    supplied each of them prior to the election and which they must be assumed to have duly
    considered, regardless of any insufficient recitals in the instructions to voters or the
    arguments pro and con of its advocates or opponents accompanying the text of the
    proposed measure.” (Wright v. Jordan (1923) 
    192 Cal. 704
    , 713.)
    4
    which Hendrix rested its holding that where all current “serious and violent felony
    convictions were ‘committed on the same occasion,’ . . . subdivision (c)(7) does not
    mandate that the trial court impose consecutive sentences.” (
    Hendrix, supra
    , 16 Cal.4th
    at p. 514.) Paragraph (7) now applies whenever a defendant with a prior strike is
    convicted of “more than one serious or violent felony,” without regard to whether the
    crimes are committed on the same or different occasions. (§ 1170.12, subd. (a)(7).)
    For several years after the passage of Proposition 36, there were no published
    opinions construing amended paragraph (7). During this period, prominent sentencing
    experts concluded that Proposition 36 had abrogated Hendrix and that consecutive
    sentences were now mandatory when a defendant with prior strikes was convicted of
    multiple current serious or violent felonies. (See 
    Torres, supra
    , 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 197,
    fn. 5.)5
    In May 2018, more than five years after Proposition 36 was enacted, the First
    Appellate District, Division One, published 
    Torres, supra
    , 23 Cal.App.5th 185. Torres
    concluded that, notwithstanding the elimination of the cross-reference to the same
    occasion/same operative facts test, Proposition 36 “did not alter the Supreme Court’s
    holding in 
    Hendrix, supra
    , 
    16 Cal. 4th 508
    , that . . . trial courts have discretion to impose
    concurrent sentences for multiple serious or violent felonies against a single victim if
    they were committed on the ‘same occasion’ or arose from the ‘same set of operative
    facts.’ ” (
    Torres, supra
    , 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 197.) It reached this conclusion first by
    finding that paragraph (6) “continues to apply to any current felony convictions
    (including serious and/or violent felonies) and requires consecutive sentencing where the
    5      These same experts, Presiding Justice Tricia A. Bigelow and Judge J. Richard
    Couzens (ret.), offered judicial training on their interpretation of Proposition 36’s
    amendment to paragraph (7). (California’s Three Strikes Sentencing Law (May 2017)
     [as of Nov. 13, 2019], archived at
    .)
    5
    felonies (including serious and/or violent felonies) were not committed on ‘ “the same
    occasion” ’ or did not arise from ‘ “the same set of operative facts.” ’ ” (Id. at pp. 200-
    201.) It then reasoned that Proposition 36’s revision to paragraph (7) merely changed the
    subdivision’s “triggering language,” not the “directive” portion of the statute, which, it
    found, “impacts only the additional requirement for consecutive sentencing of . . .
    nonserious and/or [non]violent felonies and misdemeanor offenses.” (
    Torres, supra
    ,
    23 Cal.App.5th at p. 201.)
    Citing Justice Mosk’s concurring opinion in Hendrix, the court in Torres went on
    to hold that “sentences for . . . serious and/or violent felonies (imposed either
    consecutively or concurrently as required or allowed under [paragraph (6)]), must ‘run
    consecutive to [the] sentence for any other offense, whether felony or misdemeanor, for
    which a consecutive sentence may be imposed.’ ” (Torres, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 201,
    citing 
    Hendrix, supra
    , 16 Cal.4th at p. 518 (conc. opn. of Mosk, J.), italics omitted.)
    Because all the felonies for which Torres was convicted were violent, there were no
    “other offenses” subject to what the court called the “additional consecutive sentencing
    mandate” of paragraph (7). (Torres, at p. 203.) The court observed in dictum, however,
    that if Torres had been convicted of a nonserious or nonviolent felony, the term imposed
    for that crime “would have had to have been consecutive to the terms of the serious
    and/or violent felonies, . . . regardless of whether [they] were committed on ‘the same
    occasion’ or arose from ‘the same set of operative facts.’ ” (Ibid.)
    My colleagues here follow a slightly different path to the same conclusion.6
    6       The majority adopts Torres’s holding after finding ambiguity in Proposition 36
    and concluding that, without some discussion of the change to paragraph (7) in the
    Official Voter Information Guide, it is “unclear whether the electorate intended to reject
    the reasoning of Hendrix and require consecutive sentencing for all convictions.” (Maj.
    opn., ante, at pp. 12, 13, 16.) However, the clearest indication of voter intent is the text
    of the amended statute. The voters are assumed to have voted intelligently upon that
    6
    C.      Analysis
    The Attorney General urges this court not to follow Torres, arguing that
    “absurdity results from interpreting [section 1170.12,] subdivision (a)(7) as piecemealing
    the consecutive sentencing mandate such that nonserious and nonviolent offenses are
    subject to mandatory consecutive sentencing while serious and violent felonies are not.”
    The “most logical” way to read the amended language, in the Attorney General’s view, is
    to interpret the statute as requiring consecutive sentences for all current convictions
    where a defendant with a prior strike has more than one current serious or violent felony
    conviction.7
    amendment after considering the amended text of the law printed in the voter guide.
    (Wright v. 
    Jordan, supra
    , 192 Cal. at p. 713.) I am loath to ignore clear statutory
    language merely because voters’ attention was not specifically drawn to it in the ballot
    materials, as that would establish a perilously broad rule of judicial construction that
    could erode the constitutional initiative power. (Cal. Const., art. IV, § 1; People v.
    Valencia (2017) 3 Cal.5th 347, 357 [“language used in a statute or constitutional
    provision should be given its ordinary meaning, and ‘[i]f the language is clear and
    unambiguous there is no need for construction, nor is it necessary to resort to indicia of
    the intent of the Legislature (in the case of a statute) or of the voters (in the case of a
    provision adopted by the voters)’ ”]; Times Mirror Co. v. Superior Court (1991) 
    53 Cal. 3d 1325
    , 1337 [“ ‘Where changes have been introduced to a statute by amendment it
    must be assumed the changes have a purpose’ ”].)
    7       The Attorney General’s interpretation is consistent with the guidance offered in
    the sentencing treatises. (See fn. 5, ante, and accompanying text.) It also was adopted by
    a dissenting justice in People v. Buchanan (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 385, in which a divided
    panel of the First Appellate District, Division Five, followed Torres. Justice Needham
    found that under the “plain language” of paragraph (7), “consecutive sentences—
    including sentences consecutive to each other—must be imposed on more than one
    serious or violent felon[y] whenever consecutive sentences would be authorized, not
    merely on those ‘not committed on the same occasion, and not arising from the same set
    of operative facts.’ ” (Id. at p. 397 [conc. & dis. opn. of Needham, J.].) Like the
    Attorney General, Justice Needham highlighted the potentially “ ‘absurd consequence’ ”
    that flows from allowing concurrent sentences for serious or violent felony convictions,
    while requiring consecutive sentences for nonserious/nonviolent felony and misdemeanor
    convictions. (Id. at p. 398 [conc. & dis. opn. of Needham, J.].)
    7
    Although I agree with the Attorney General that Torres was incorrectly decided to
    the extent it interpreted paragraphs (6) and (7) to confer continuing discretion on courts to
    sentence multiple “same occasion/same operative facts” serious or violent felony
    convictions concurrently to one another, I disagree that the amended statute mandates
    that all current convictions must be sentenced consecutively to one another.
    1.     Allowing concurrent sentencing of multiple serious or violent
    felonies is contrary to the text of the statute
    As in Torres, the majority here rests its decision on Hendrix’s holding that
    concurrent sentencing is permissible under paragraph (6) for “ ‘ “any current felony
    conviction” ’ ” committed on the same occasion or arising from the same set of operative
    facts. (
    Torres, supra
    , 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 198.) I agree that paragraph (6) applies to
    “any current felony conviction,” including a single serious or violent felony conviction,
    but Hendrix’s statement, like paragraph (6) itself, does not exist in isolation; it must be
    read in context.
    The issue under review in Hendrix was whether paragraph (6) or (7) mandated
    consecutive sentences where an individual committed four serious or violent felonies on a
    single occasion. (
    Hendrix, supra
    , 16 Cal.4th at p. 511.) Hendrix made a general
    observation about paragraph (6) on its way to concluding that, because “all of the current
    serious and violent felony convictions were ‘committed on the same occasion,’ ” former
    paragraph (7) did not mandate the imposition of consecutive sentences. (Id. at p. 514.)
    As Justice Needham aptly observed in his dissent in Buchanan, after Proposition 36,
    paragraph (7) “no longer incorporates the language of ‘paragraph (6)’; it is not potentially
    duplicative of that subdivision; and it should be interpreted by reference to its language
    standing alone rather than to subdivision (a)(6).” (People v. 
    Buchanan, supra
    , 39
    Cal.App.5th at p. 397 [conc. & dis. opn. of Needham, J.].) I agree. Concluding that
    consecutive sentences are (or are not) mandatory under paragraph (6) says nothing about
    8
    whether they are mandatory under amended paragraph (7). The two subdivisions exist in
    harmony as separate consecutive sentencing provisions.8
    Returning to the statutory text, paragraph (7) now reads: “If there is a current
    conviction for more than one serious or violent felony as described in subdivision (b), the
    court shall impose the sentence for each conviction consecutive to the sentence for any
    other conviction for which the defendant may be consecutively sentenced in the manner
    prescribed by law.” (§ 1170.12, subd. (a)(7), italics added.) The reference to “each
    conviction” is pivotal because, while Torres did not explicate the statutory text, it
    implicitly concluded that the phrase refers back to multiple serious or violent felony
    convictions sentenced concurrently or consecutively under paragraph (6).9 But this
    reading effectively rewrites the law to say: “If there is a current conviction for more than
    one serious or violent felony as described in subdivision (b), the court shall impose the
    sentence for each [such serious or violent felony] conviction [concurrently or
    consecutively under subdivision (a)(6), and then impose the sentence] consecutive to the
    8       Given the material change to the text of the statute, I further conclude that Hendrix
    no longer governs the interpretation of paragraph (7). (See Goodman v. Lozano (2010)
    
    47 Cal. 4th 1327
    , 1337 [“the meaning of ‘net monetary recovery’ ([Code. Civ. Proc.,]
    § 1032(a)(4)) is not controlled by those cases construing the prior version of [Code of
    Civil Procedure] section 1032”]; Becerra v. Superior Court (2017) 19 Cal.App.5th 967,
    976 [real party in interest’s “reliance on cases construing a former version of the law are
    inapposite on this point”]; Grossmont Hospital v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1997) 
    59 Cal. App. 4th 1348
    , 1360 [“To conclude the second sentence of [the subdivision in
    question] requires interpretation of preexisting case law to remain unchanged in the face
    of legislative change is nonsensical, i.e., case law interpreting a former version of the
    statute would control over the language of the current version”].)
    9      My colleagues acknowledge that the majority in Hendrix did not define the phrase
    “each conviction,” and declined to adopt concurring Justice Mosk’s linkage of that text
    back to paragraph (6). (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 14.) My colleagues instead read Hendrix to
    articulate a rule under which all felonies are first sentenced under paragraph (6) before
    paragraph (7) is applied. (Ibid.)
    9
    sentence for any other conviction for which the defendant may be consecutively
    sentenced in the manner prescribed by law.” I cannot join in this construction of the
    statute. (See Professional Engineers in California Government v. Kempton (2007) 
    40 Cal. 4th 1016
    , 1037 [“ ‘the court may not add to [a] statute or rewrite it to conform to an
    assumed intent that is not apparent in its language’ ”].)
    In my view, “each conviction” in paragraph (7) refers not to serious or violent
    felony convictions sentenced under paragraph (6), but to the convictions described in the
    conditional antecedent clause, i.e., each “current conviction for . . . [a] serious or violent
    felony.” So construed, paragraph (7) provides: “If there is a current conviction for more
    than one serious or violent felony as described in subdivision (b), the court shall impose
    the sentence for each [such serious or violent felony] conviction consecutive to the
    sentence for any other conviction for which the defendant may be consecutively
    sentenced in the manner prescribed by law.” (§ 1170.12, subd. (a)(7).)
    Thus, when a defendant is convicted of more than one felony, but not more than
    one serious or violent felony, paragraph (6) affords discretion to sentence the defendant
    concurrently for any current felony conviction (including a single serious or violent
    felony) that was committed on the same occasion or arose from the same set of operative
    facts. (§ 1170.12, subd. (a)(6).) But, when a defendant is convicted of more than one
    current serious or violent felony, paragraph (7) also applies and mandates that each
    serious or violent felony conviction be sentenced “consecutive to the sentence for any
    other conviction for which the defendant may be consecutively sentenced in the manner
    prescribed by law,” including any other serious or violent felony. Because paragraph (7)
    now mandates consecutive sentencing for each individual serious or violent felony
    conviction, I interpret the statute to mean that those convictions must be sentenced
    consecutive to one another. The only question is to which other convictions must the
    serious and violent felony convictions be consecutively sentenced?
    10
    2.     Trial courts retain discretion to impose concurrent sentences for
    misdemeanors and certain nonserious and nonviolent felonies
    Paragraph (7) requires that each serious or violent felony conviction be sentenced
    consecutive to “any other conviction for which the defendant may be consecutively
    sentenced in the manner prescribed by law” (italics added), but the statute is silent on
    whether the “other convictions” may (or must) be sentenced concurrently to one another.
    Unlike the Attorney General (and my colleagues), I do not read paragraph (7) to mandate
    consecutive sentencing for every “other conviction.” Had this been the intent, the
    drafters presumably would have said so explicitly using language like that in paragraph
    (6), e.g., “If there is a current conviction for more than one serious or violent felony as
    described in subdivision (b), the court shall sentence the defendant consecutively on each
    count pursuant to this section.” They did not. In my view, the italicized text in paragraph
    (7) signals the application of ordinary sentencing rules to those other convictions, not that
    the phrase should be read to mean that “if any other current felony or misdemeanor
    convictions may be sentenced consecutively, they must be sentenced consecutively to the
    current serious or violent felony convictions.”10
    When consecutive sentencing is not mandatory under paragraph (6) or (7), the
    implication is that courts retain discretion to impose concurrent sentences on other
    10     Although Justice Mosk opined in his concurrence in Hendrix that when former
    paragraph (7) applied, “the sentence for each [] serious or violent ‘different
    occasions/different facts’ felony must run consecutive to the sentence for any other
    offense, whether felony or misdemeanor, for which a consecutive sentence may be
    imposed” (
    Hendrix, supra
    , 16 Cal.4th at p. 518 [conc. opn. of Mosk, J.]), that was not the
    majority’s holding; indeed, application of former paragraph (7) to misdemeanors (or
    nonserious and nonviolent felonies) was not even before the court. (See Rosato v.
    Superior Court (1975) 
    51 Cal. App. 3d 190
    , 211 [“dicta by a concurring justice . . . is not
    binding and does not constitute the holding of the court”]; Turney v. Collins (1941) 
    48 Cal. App. 2d 381
    , 388 [a “concurring opinion is not the decision of the court, but a mere
    concurrence with that decision by the writer of the concurring opinion”].)
    11
    convictions sentenced at the same time. (§ 669, subd. (a).) Thus, here I would hold that
    the trial court retained authority under paragraph (6) to impose concurrent sentences for
    any of the five nonserious or nonviolent felony convictions committed by defendant on
    the same occasion or that arose from the same set of operative facts. It likewise had
    authority to sentence the misdemeanors concurrently under section 669, subdivision (a).
    I would remand the case to allow the trial court to determine whether any nonserious or
    nonviolent felonies were committed on the same occasion or arose from the same set of
    operative facts. (§ 1170.12, subd. (a)(6).) If so, the court could exercise its discretion to
    impose concurrent sentences on those nonserious and/or nonviolent felony convictions,
    as well as the misdemeanor convictions. Then, under paragraph (7), the aggregate
    sentence imposed for the misdemeanor and nonserious/nonviolent felony convictions
    would run consecutive to the sentences for each of the two serious or violent felonies.
    This construction of the statute gives effect to Proposition 36’s amendment to
    paragraph (7), while also harmonizing that language with paragraph (6), which was left
    unchanged. (People v. 
    Valencia, supra
    , 3 Cal.5th at p. 357 [“ ‘statutory sections relating
    to the same subject must be harmonized, both internally and with each other, to the extent
    possible’ ”].) And because paragraph (7) by its terms governs sentencing of multiple
    current serious or violent felony convictions by defendants with at least one prior serious
    or violent felony conviction, consecutive sentencing of those crimes also furthers
    Proposition 36’s articulated purpose of ensuring that the three strikes law will “continue
    to punish dangerous career criminals who commit serious [or] violent crimes” (Official
    Voter Information Guide, Gen. Elect. (Nov. 6, 2012), argument in favor of Prop. 36, p. 52
     [as of Nov. 13, 2019],
    archived at ), while preserving courts’ flexibility to
    impose concurrent sentences on certain other convictions in appropriate cases.
    /s/                          , J.
    12