UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS
NO. 10-3543(E)
PHILIP G. CLINE, APPELLANT,
V.
ERIC K. SHINSEKI,
SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.
Before HAGEL, LANCE, and DAVIS, Judges.
ORDER
Before the Court is Philip G. Cline's November 9, 2012, application under the Equal Access
to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. 2412 (d) (EAJA), for an award of attorney fees and expenses in the amount
of $13,052.91. The Court has jurisdiction pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(F) to award reasonable
attorney fees and expenses. Mr. Cline filed his EAJA application within the 30-day time period set
forth in
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(B), and his application satisfies that section's content requirements.
See Scarborough v. Principi,
541 U.S. 401, 408 (2004). The Secretary has filed a response in which
he argues that Mr. Cline's EAJA application should be denied because the Secretary's position was
substantially justified. The Secretary makes no other arguments regarding the sufficiency of Mr.
Cline's application. Mr. Cline filed a reply rebutting the Secretary's arguments.
Because the Court has not rendered a decision applying the "totality of the circumstances"
as set forth in Stillwell v. Brown,
6 Vet.App. 291 (1994), in determining whether the Secretary's
position was substantially justified in the underlying case of first impression, this matter was referred
to a panel of the Court for resolution. Because the Court concludes that the Secretary's position was
not substantially justified, the Court will grant Mr. Cline's EAJA application, in part, in the amount
of $11,226.31.
I. BACKGROUND
On appeal, Mr. Cline contended that the Board erroneously applied an amended version of
38 C.F.R. § 3.156(c) to his case and that this erroneous application resulted in the Board assigning
an improper effective date for the grant of disability benefits for post-traumatic stress disorder. A
panel of the Court rejected the Secretary's arguments that the amendment–the addition of subsection
(c)(2)–was a mere clarification of existing policy, rather than a substantive change. The Court found
that the Secretary's position was unsupported by the plain language of either the amended regulation
itself or the agency's commentary that accompanied the proposed amendments in the Federal
Register. Holding that the Board had, indeed, improperly given retroactive effect to the amended
regulation, the Court vacated the Board decision and remanded the matter for readjudication
consistent with that opinion. Cline v. Shinseki,
26 Vet.App. 18, 28 (2012).
II. ANALYSIS
A. Applicable Law
This Court will award attorney fees to a prevailing party "unless the Court finds that the
position of the United States was substantially justified," or unless the other statutory requirements
are not met.
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A); Cycholl v. Principi,
15 Vet.App. 355, 359 (2001). Because
Mr. Cline has alleged, pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(l)(B), that the Secretary's position was not
substantially justified, the Secretary "'has the burden of proving that [his] position was substantially
justified in order to defeat the appellant's EAJA application.'" Vaughn v. Gober,
14 Vet.App.
92, 95 (2000) (quoting Stillwell, 6 Vet.App. at 301). The Secretary must establish that his position
was substantially justified at both the Board level and before this Court. Id.; see Locher v. Brown,
9 Vet.App. 535, 537 (1996); ZP v. Brown,
8 Vet.App. 303, 304 (1995).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit) has "repeatedly
made clear that the substantial justification inquiry requires an analysis of the 'totality of the
circumstances' surrounding the government's adoption of a particular position." Patrick v. Shinseki,
668 F.3d 1325, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (quoting Smith v. Principi,
343 F.3d 1358, 1362 (Fed. Cir.
2003)). The Federal Circuit also explained that the "totality of the circumstances" inquiry is
designed to evaluate the reasonableness of "the position taken by the government on the issue on
which the claimant prevailed," taking into consideration other factors "such as the state of the law
at the time the position was taken." Smith,
343 F.3d at 1363. Although "[t]he totality of the
circumstances, by its very description, does not exclude any valid issue from consideration," the
Court in Stillwell outlined many of the essential factors. White v. Nicholson,
412 F.3d 1314, 1317
(Fed. Cir. 2005).
In Stillwell, the Court held that
VA must demonstrate the reasonableness, in law and fact, of the position of . . . VA
in a matter before the Court, and of the action or failure to act by . . . VA in a matter
before . . . VA, based upon the totality of the circumstances, including
merits, conduct, reasons given, and consistency with judicial precedent and VA
policy with respect to such position, and action or failure to act, as reflected in the
record on appeal and the filings of the parties before the Court.
6 Vet.App. at 302. The Court explained that "[t]wo special circumstances" may also be relevant in
determining the reasonableness in VA's litigation position:
One is the evolution of VA benefits law since the creation of this Court that has often
resulted in new, different, or more stringent requirements for adjudication. The
2
second is that some cases before this Court are ones of first impression involving
good faith arguments of the government that are eventually rejected by the Court.
Id. at 303. The Court has further clarified that, "[i]n cases of first impression[,] the Court must
determine whether the issue presented 'close' questions, and whether the Secretary sought an
unreasonable interpretation or resolution of the matter." Gordon v. Peake,
22 Vet.App. 265, 269
(2008).
Clarifying the "reasonableness" standard of Stillwell, the Federal Circuit instructed that "the
'substantially justified' language means 'justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person,'
which is 'no different from the "reasonable basis both in law and fact" formulation' adopted by the
vast majority of the appellate courts having addressed the issue." Highmark, Inc. v. Allcare Health
Mgmt. Sys., Inc.,
701 F.3d 1351, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (quoting Pierce v. Underwood,
487 U.S. 552,
565 (1988)). "Put another way, substantially justified means there is a dispute over which reasonable
minds could differ." Norris v. S.E.C.,
695 F.3d 1261, 1265 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (quoting Gonzales v.
Free Speech Coal.,
408 F.3d 613, 618 (9th Cir. 2005)). The Federal Circuit has further instructed
that "[t]he [g]overnment's 'position' includes both the underlying agency action that gave rise to the
civil litigation and the arguments made during the litigation itself." DGR Associates, Inc. v. United
States,
690 F.3d 1335, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
The Court will consider the applicable Stillwell factors, as well as any other circumstances
that may apply, in determining whether the totality of the circumstances supports the reasonableness
of VA's position in this case.
B. Stillwell Factors
1. Merits
This factor has not been addressed in a discrete analysis by this Court or the Federal Circuit,
but the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) has noted
that, although "a court's 'merits reasoning may be quite relevant to the resolution of the substantial
justification question,' we have cautioned that '[t]he inquiry into the reasonableness of the
Government's position . . . may not be collapsed into our antecedent evaluation of the merits, for the
EAJA sets forth a distinct legal standard.'" Halverson v. Stater,
206 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir.
2000) (quoting F.J. Vollmer Co., Inc. v. Magaw,
102 F.3d 591, 595 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). In other
words, "because 'unreasonable' may have different meanings in different contexts, even the presence
of that term or one of its synonyms in the merits decision does not necessarily suggest that the
Government will have a difficult time establishing that its position" in the merits litigation, at both
the administrative and judicial stages, "was substantially justified."
Id. (quoting F.J. Vollmer Co.,
102 F.3d at 595).
The D.C. Circuit further explained that it is not adequate for a court considering substantial
justification on the merits to "[s]imply repeat[ unsuccessful] arguments made by the [agency] before
3
the merits panel without offering any explanation why those arguments showed the [agency]'s
position was reasonable." F.J. Vollmer Co.,
102 F.3d at 596. As an example of appropriate
reasoning by a court, the D.C. Circuit explained: "[W]here an agency's decision was overturned as
unsupported by substantial evidence, the agency's position was not substantially justified because
it 'lacked a reasonable factual basis.'"
Id. at 595 (quoting Cooper v. U.S. R.R. Retirement Bd.,
24 F.3d 1414, 1417 (D.C. Cir. 1994)).
In this case, the Court found on the merits that, "although the Secretary asserted at oral
argument that the addition of subsection (c)(2) was merely intended as a clarification of past practice,
there is simply no evidence that this is so." Cline, 26 Vet.App. at 25 (emphasis added). The Court
noted that the only evidence offered by the Secretary–comments published with the proposed
amendments–was inadequate because there was "no indication in this statement that it had been VA's
regular practice to decline to reconsider prior claims where claimants were found to have provided
incomplete evidence." Id. In fact, the Court found that the comments seemed to indicate "what VA
anticipated would happen in the future because of this change." Id. The Court also pointed to the
plain language of the new subsection and noted that, "when compared to the plain language of pre-
amendment § 3.156(c)," the new language "created a bar to reconsideration based on newly
associated service department records in particular circumstances where absolutely no bar previously
existed." Id. It is clear, then, that the Court overturned the Board's decision because it "lacked a
reasonable factual basis." Cooper,
24 F.3d at 1417.
2. Conduct and Action or Inaction as Reflected in the Record of Proceedings and the Filings
The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (Seventh Circuit) has been
helpful in clarifying these two applicable Stillwell factors, which neither this Court nor the Federal
Circuit has expressly addressed. In Marcus v. Shalala,
17 F.3d 1033 (7th Cir. 1994), the Secretary
of Health and Human Services argued that courts should not distinguish between the administrative
and litigation conduct of the Secretary in considering this factor. The Seventh Circuit held that "it
is appropriate for the district court to consider the government's litigating position as well as its
prelitigation conduct–the action or inaction that gave rise to the litigation." Marcus,
17 F.3d at 1036.
In other words, "fees may be awarded in cases where the government's prelitigation conduct was not
substantially justified even though its litigating position may have been substantially justified and
vice versa."
Id. This analysis involves examining whether the agency in question reasonably
implemented the regulation at issue.
Here, Mr. Cline alleged that the Board mistakenly concluded that § 3.156(c)(2) applied
retroactively. The Court noted, however, that the Board, although "opaque" in its reasoning for
doing so, assigned a "favorable" effective date of May 1999 for the award of benefits for post-
traumatic stress disorder. Cline, 26 Vet.App. at 21 n.2. In other words, the Board appears to have
erred on the side of favoring the veteran. This suggests that VA's conduct and actions in the
administrative phase of the proceedings (with the consideration that the facts include an erroneously
construed regulation) were more than reasonable. Thus, the Secretary's prelitigation conduct and
actions are satisfactory.
4
In the litigation stage, however, the Court concludes that the Secretary's conduct and actions
were unreasonable because–although the Secretary argued that the amendment merely clarified,
rather than changed, VA policy–the evidence on which VA relied offered "no indication" that this
was so. Id. at 25. Rather, the Secretary's position created a situation in which Mr. Cline faced "a
penalty . . . for conduct that was not previously prohibited." Id. at 26. The Secretary's conduct and
actions at the litigation phase were thus unreasonable in light of the evidence he submitted.
3. Reasons Given and Consistency with Judicial Precedent and VA Policy
These two Stillwell factors have a high degree of overlap in this case because much of the
Secretary's reasoning is based on his adherence to prior precedent. The Court first notes that, in his
response to Mr. Cline's EAJA application, the Secretary did not substantiate his position that the
addition of subsection (c)(2) was only a clarifying amendment reflecting existing VA policy, and
instead continued to rely only on the regulatory history. As the Court noted in the underlying
decision, "the use of the auxiliary verb 'would' [in the regulatory history] indicates what VA
anticipated would happen in the future because of this change." Id. at 25. This means that the
amendment to the regulation brought about a shift in VA policy, which makes the retroactive
application of the new subsection improper.
In Felton v. Brown, the Court concluded that, where there is a "lack of a conflict with adverse
precedent, the Secretary's position during this part of the administration phase, i.e., in promulgating
the regulation at issue," is justified.
7 Vet.App. 276, 284 (1994). In this case, the Secretary relied
on prior similar (but not identical) caselaw from this Court. In interpreting the addition of related
subsections of § 3.156(c), the Court agreed that those amendments "were not intended to be
substantive changes to VA's well-established practice of reconsidering claims based on newly
discovered service department records and assigning an effective date as early as the date that the
initial claim was filed." Mayhue v. Shinseki,
24 Vet.App. 273, 278 (2011) (referring to subsections
(c)(1) and (c)(3));1 see also Vigil v. Peake,
22 Vet.App. 63 (2008) (applying the Secretary's
statements in interpreting the regulation).
Therefore, even though the Court in the underlying decision found that the Secretary's
position–that the addition of subsection (c)(2) was merely a clarification of existing policy–was
based on "no evidence" in either the plain language of the regulation or in the Secretary's comments
on the proposed amendments, the Secretary could not have predicted that the Court would interpret
subsection (c)(2) in such a manner. This is particularly relevant given that, previously, the Court had
expressly declined to consider that subsection and had determined that similar provisions were mere
clarifications based on the Secretary's commentary.
1
The Court's conclusion in Mayhue was based on the same regulatory history on which the Secretary relied here.
The Court there expressly declined to address whether the addition of subsection (c)(2) constituted a clarification of
existing policy or a substantive change in the law. See Mayhue, 24 Vet.App. at 279.
5
Although prior Court decisions upholding an erroneous statutory interpretation "do[] not . . .
resolve the substantial justification inquiry," Patrick, 668 F.3d at 1332, the Court does find relevant
its own prior findings with respect to the related subsections of this particular regulation, as well as
the greater deference given to the Secretary in interpreting his own regulations.
C. Applicable Special Circumstances
1. First Impression
As noted above, the Court had previously declined to address whether the addition of
subsection (c)(2) was a clarification of existing policy or a substantive change in the law. Mayhue,
24 Vet.App. at 279. Accordingly, this was a case of first impression, which qualifies as a special
circumstance under Stillwell. It is true that "[a]rguments presented in a case of first impression are
more likely to be considered substantially justified than those where the Court determines that the
Secretary ignored existing law." Jandreau v. Shinseki,
23 Vet.App. 12, 14 (2009) (citing Johnson
v. Principi,
17 Vet.App. 436, 442 (2004)). However, as noted above, "[i]n cases of first
impression[,] the Court must determine whether the issue presented 'close' questions, and whether
the Secretary sought an unreasonable interpretation or resolution of the matter." Gordon, 22
Vet.App. at 269.
Here, because the Court found that there was "no evidence" to support the Secretary's
interpretation of the addition of subsection (c)(2) as a clarification of existing policy, it is difficult
to deem this a "close" question. Cline, 26 Vet.App. at 25; see also Marcus,
17 F.3d at 1038 (finding
that the government's contention that the questions involved were "close" was controverted by the
U.S. Supreme Court's statements that the government policies were "manifestly contrary to the
statute" and its arguments made "little sense," and by "strong disapproval" of relevant regulations
by several U.S. courts of appeals).
Even if the Court were to assume that this was a "close question," however, the Court's
findings on the merits make it difficult to conclude that the Secretary's position was reasonable. This
is especially so in light of the Federal Circuit's ruling that, "[w]here . . . the government interprets
a statute in a manner that is contrary to its plain language and unsupported by its legislative history,
it will prove difficult to establish substantial justification." Patrick, 668 F.3d at 1330-31. Thus, on
the whole, even though this is a case of first impression, the Court concludes that it did not present
a "close" question on which the Secretary had a "reasonable" interpretation. Cf. Golliday v. Brown,
7 Vet.App. 249, 255 (1994) (explaining that, because the statute in dispute involved language that
was difficult to understand and was very complex, this factor weighed in the government's favor.)
2. Dissent
It is also worth noting another special circumstance: The decision on the merits in Mr. Cline's
appeal was not unanimous in all respects; one member of the panel dissented from the Court's
determination that § 3.156(c)(2) had impermissible retroactive effect. See Cline, 26 Vet.App. at 29
6
(Lance, J., dissenting). Although not dispositive, this is an additional factor the Court may consider
when determining whether "a reasonable person could think" the Secretary's position is correct.
Stillwell, 6 Vet.App. at 302; see also Ozer v. Principi,
16 Vet.App. 475, 479 (2002). With the
utmost respect to our colleague who dissented on the merits, however, this fact is not strong enough
to convince the Court that the Secretary was substantially justified because the first impression
analysis was not close. See Marcus,
17 F.3d at 1037-38 (holding that, where the government's
position was directly contrary to the plain language of the controlling statute, the position was not
substantially justified even though other courts had accepted it).
Reviewing the totality of the circumstances, including factors identified by the Court in
Stillwell, the Court today concludes that the totality of the circumstances in this case weighs against
the Secretary. Accordingly, the Court finds that the Secretary has not carried his burden of
demonstrating that his position was substantially justified.
D. Reasonableness
Having established that the Secretary was not substantially justified, the Court is left only to
determine the reasonableness of the fees and expenses sought. See
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(2)(A);
Ussery v. Brown,
10 Vet.App. 51, 53 (1997). Although the Secretary does not challenge the
reasonableness of the amount requested, the Court must nevertheless review the application for facial
reasonableness. See Barrera v. West,
13 Vet.App. 418, 419 (2000). The burden of demonstrating
the reasonableness of the fee request rests with the appellant, the party applying for the fees.
See Blum v. Stenson,
465 U.S. 886, 897 (1984). The Court notes two areas of concern.
First, although Mr. Cline's attorney did not seek attorney fees for hours spent on
nonprevailing issues, the 23 paralegal hours requested for reviewing and annotating the record
before the agency–which presumably pertained to both the prevailing and nonprevailing issues–were
not commensurately reduced.2 See Vazquez-Flores v. Shinseki,
26 Vet.App. 9, 15 (holding that fees
will not be awarded for "work spent solely on . . . unsuccessful claims"). At the same time, however,
the Court recognizes that the record before the agency in this case exceeded 1,900 pages.
Accordingly, the Court will reduce the number of paralegal hours to 16. See
id.
Second, Mr. Cline requests $1,196.60 in "travel expenses" related to oral argument, with no
further explanation of the nature of those expenses (i.e., airline tickets, taxi fare, accommodations,
etc.). Appl. at 11. The Court finds that this item lacks any justification and is not sufficiently
specific. Thus, because (1) Mr. Cline has not provided sufficient information to determine the
reasonableness of this expense; and (2) Mr. Cline has the burden of proving the validity of his
expenses and the nature of the "travel expenses" has not otherwise been specified, nor has he
provided the "[s]pecific documentation . . . necessary to support an application for fees under EAJA,"
Baldridge v. Nicholson,
19 Vet.App. 227, 234 (2005), the Court will deny any reimbursement for
2
The Court notes that there is an asterisk appended to each of the paralegal entries, but there is no
corresponding explanation provided. Application (Appl.) at 9.
7
travel expenses. As a result, the Court reduces the amount of expenses awarded to $88.03, which
Mr. Cline properly identified as the cost of United Parcel Service fees, postage, and copying.
In all, the Court will award 54.5 attorney hours at a rate of $177.95 per hour, for a total of
$9,698.28; 16 paralegal hours at a rate of $90 per hour, for a total of $1,440; and expenses in the
amount of $88.03. The total amount awarded is $11,226.31.
III. CONCLUSION
Upon consideration of the foregoing, it is
ORDERED that Mr. Cline's November 9, 2012, EAJA application is GRANTED, in part,
in the amount of $11,226.31.
DATED: August 30, 2013 PER CURIAM.
LANCE, Judge, dissenting: With due respect to my colleagues, I must dissent, as I would
hold that the Secretary's position was substantially justified, thereby precluding an EAJA award.
As the majority acknowledges, ante at 2, the Federal Circuit has "repeatedly made clear that
the substantial justification inquiry requires an analysis of the 'totality of the circumstances'
surrounding the government's adoption of a particular position." Patrick v. Shinseki,
668 F.3d 1325,
1332 (Fed. Cir. 2011); see Stillwell v. Brown,
6 Vet.App. 291, 302 (1994) ("VA must demonstrate
the reasonableness, in law and fact, . . . based upon the totality of the circumstances."). In its
opinion, the majority adopts the Stillwell factors as a kind of balancing test, finding—based on a
factor-by-factor analysis—that the Secretary, in this case, was not substantially justified. Although
I do not disagree that Stillwell is instructive as to the kinds of issues that the Court can and should
consider, I believe the majority overstates its importance. See ante at 2 ("Although '[t]he totality of
the circumstances, by its very description, does not exclude any valid issue from consideration,' this
Court in Stillwell outlined many of the essential factors" (emphasis added) (quoting White v.
Nicholson, 412 F.3d 1314, 1317 (2005))).
Rather than create a quasi-balancing test, as the majority does, I would instead adopt a
simpler test derived from the U.S. Supreme Court's opinion in Pierce v. Underwood: "[A] position
can be justified even though it is not correct, and we believe it can be substantially (i.e., for the most
part) justified if a reasonable person could think it correct, that is, if it has a reasonable basis in law
and fact."
487 U.S. 552, 566 n.2 (1988) (emphasis added). Under this formulation, the Court need
only inquire whether the government has "demonstrate[d] that it adopted a reasonable, albeit
incorrect, interpretation of a particular statute or regulation." Patrick, 668 F.3d at 1330. In other
words, the Court ultimately must "'look at the entirety of the government's conduct,' including the
agency actions that gave rise to the litigation, 'and make a judgment call whether the government's
overall position had a reasonable basis in both law and fact.'" Id. at 1333 (quoting Chiu v. United
States,
948 F.2d 711, 715 (Fed. Cir. 1991)).
8
For the reasons stated in my dissent on the merits of this case, I think that the government's
position was correct. Notwithstanding, I would hold that, based on the totality of the circumstances,
the government's overall position on this issue of first impression had a reasonable basis in both law
and fact and, therefore, that the Secretary's position was substantially justified.3 Pierce,
487 U.S. at
566 n.2; see Patrick, 668 F.3d at 1330; Chotta v. Shinseki, 23 Vet.App. at 77 (noting that Court
resolution of an issue in favor of the position advocated by an appellant is not dispositive on the
issue of substantial justification); Jandreau v. Shinseki,
23 Vet.App. 12, 14 (2009) ("Arguments
presented in a case of first impression are more likely to be considered substantially justified than
those where the Court determines that the Secretary ignored existing caselaw." (citing Johnson v.
Principi, 17 Vet.App. 436, 442 (2004)). Thus, I must respectfully dissent.
Finally, I note generally that I am troubled by the Secretary's failure to argue substantial
justification in response to the vast majority of applications for attorney fees and expenses filed
pursuant to the EAJA before this Court. As Chief Justice Roberts recently noted, there is a
perception that "[i]n litigating with veterans, the government more often than not takes a position
that is substantially unjustified[.]" Transcript of Oral Argument at 52, Astrue v. Ratliff,
130 S. Ct.
2521 (2010) (No. 08-1322). I find instructive the Court's observation in Stillwell that, although
"'EAJA redresses governmental abuse, it was never intended to chill the government's right to litigate
or to subject the public fisc to added risk of loss when the government chooses to litigate reasonably
substantiated positions, whether or not the position later turns out to be wrong.'" 6 Vet.App. at 303
(quoting Roanoke River Basin Ass'n v. Hudson,
991 F.2d 132, 139 (4th Cir. 1993)). In the future,
the Secretary would be well served to consider the consequences, both to VA's reputation and to the
taxpayer, of conceding that he is substantial unjustified when that may not actually be the case.
3
I note that, while the burden is on the government to demonstrate substantial justification both at the
administrative and ligation stages, see Chotta v. Shinseki,
23 Vet.App. 73, 76 (2009), the appellant argues only that VA
has not proven that its administrative position was substantially justified. See Appellant's Reply to the Secretary's
Response to Appellant's EAJA Application at 1-11.
9
