State v. Nichols , 8 Conn. 496 ( 1831 )

Hosmer, Ch. J.

By the 13th section of the act of May 1830, every person, who shall an assault make, with an intention to commit murder, shall suffer imprisonment during life, or for any time not less than ten years, at the discretion of the court; and by the 14th section, every person, who shall wilfully, and with actual violence, with an intention to kill, an assault make on another person, but without malice aforethought, shall suffer imprisonment for a term not less than two nor more than five years. The offence is charged to have been committed against the peace and contrary to the statute in such case provided.

1. The first objection in arrest is, that the offence found is different from the one on which the prisoner was indicted. The indictment charges the crime to have been committed with malice aforethought, and the verdict finds the commission of it to have been without malice. Now, if the expression malice aforethought is so essential in the description of the crime; that it may not be rejected, the judgment must be arrested. But the allegation of malice is not essential to the crime, and is mere matter of aggravation. The crime consists in the killing of a person, wilfully and intentionally. If this was done with malice aforethought, the prisoner is guilty within the 13th section of the law, and if without, within the 14th section. So that the crime defined, in legal contemplation, is the same in both sections of the law; and the only difference consists in its aggravation; the adjunct of malice rendering it more atrocious and of deeper dye, than it is perpetrated without malice. Hence an indictment for killing a person intentionally and with malice, is within one or the other section of the law, according as the fact is proved to have been committed with greater or with less aggravation,—that is, with malice or without it.

The principle advanced is not new, but has long been settled. In Holcroft’s case, cited 4 Co. 46. b. it was resolved: “That if a man commits murder, and is indicted and convicted or acquitted of manslaughter, he shall never answer to any indictment of the same death; for all is one and the same felony for one and the same death, although murder is, in respect of the circumstance of the forethought malice, more odious; and therefore, in an indictment or appeal of murder, he may be found guilty of manslaughter.” Sir Matthew Hale, in 2 P. C. 246. says, that a plea of auterfoits acquit of manslaughter, is a good bar to an indictment for murder; “for they differ only in degree, and the fact is the same.” And Sir Michael Foster, in his discourses on crown law, asserts, that murder and manslaughter are the same offence, differing only in the degree of malignity, when considered in relation to the same fact. Fost. C. L. 327. 329. Hence, it is unquestionably established, that on an indictment for murder, a person may be found guilty of manslaughter only. And in conformity with this principle of the common law, and declaratory of it, in the 137th section of the act concerning crimes and punishments, passed May session 1830, the legislature has enacted, that if a person be indicted for murder, the jury may find him guilty of manslaughter. Upon the same principle, if the indictment charge an attempt to commit the former crime, the delinquent may be convicted of the latter.

There exists no doubt, then, that the verdict of the jury has legally found the prisoner guilty of the offence specified in the 14th section of the above-mentioned law.

2. It is next objected in arrest of judgment, that the offence-alleged in the indictment, is not charged in the words of the 14th section of the law; but that the expression “with actual violence,” is omitted.

Undoubtedly, there are crimes, which in the indictment must be charged in certain technical phrases or terms, and this from the force of precedent long established. Thus, in an indictment, if for treason, the word traitorously; if for murder, the expression with malice aforethought; if for burglary, the word burgloriously, is indispensably necessary. 2 Swift’s Syst. 381. But with the exceptions founded on the basis of established precedent, all that is necessary is, to bring the act prohibited within all the material words of the law. The Commonwealth v. Morse, 2 Mass. Rep. 128. 131. Brown v. The Commonwealth, 8 Mass. Rep. 59.

The indictment charges the prisoner with making an assault on Rufus Newman, and with an intent to kill, and then and there stabbing, cutting and wounding him with a knife. These facts the jury have found by their verdict.

It is indisputably settled, that that which is apparent to the court, and appears from a necessary implication out of the record, is the same as if it were expressly averred. Co. Litt. 303. 7 Co. 40. Dyer 16.

Now, what is stabbing, cutting and wounding, but actual violence? These terms differ from the general expression just mentioned, only in this; the one is the genus, the other the species. The charge, then, is not only equivalent to the term actual violence, but it is more specific.

I would, therefore, advise, that judgment be not arrested.

The other Judges were of the same opinion, except Peters, J., who was absent.

Motion in arrest to be overruled.