Gerhard v. Federal Bureau of Prisons , 258 F. Supp. 3d 159 ( 2017 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
JASON GERHARD,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 16-1090 (RDM)
FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Jason Gerhard, proceeding pro se, brought this action against the Bureau of
Prisons (“BOP”) to compel the production of records pursuant to the Freedom of Information
Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552. In response to Gerhard’s lawsuit, the BOP located and released
additional responsive records. The BOP now moves for summary judgment, Dkt. 9, and Gerhard
requests an award of costs, Dkt. 13 at 3–4. Because the BOP has discharged its FOIA
obligations, but appears to have done so only because Gerhard filed this lawsuit, the Court will
grant the BOP’s motion for summary judgment and will award Gerhard his reasonable costs.
I. BACKGROUND
Gerhard is a federal prisoner and a self-described “researcher/news reporter . . . who
writes articles about the . . . BOP.” Dkt. 1 at 1–2 (Compl. ¶ 3). He runs a website where he
posts the results of his various FOIA requests and maintains a political blog. Id. At the times
relevant here, Gerhard was incarcerated at Federal Correctional Institution Fairton (“FCI
Fairton”). See Dkt. 9-1 at 8, 11.
On January 12, 2015, Gerhard submitted the FOIA request at issue. See id. at 3 (Wallace
Decl. ¶ 5a); id. at 8. He sought three categories of records:
(1) “[t]he contract for the copier (photocopier) machine at FCI Fairton’s library
that is for inmate use;”
(2) “the quarterly reports detailing donations made to FCI Fairton (per [BOP
Program Statement] 1350.02)” from October 2009 to December 2010; and
(3) the same quarterly reports for the period of “April 2012 to the present time.”
Id. at 8. BOP attorney John E. Wallace handled the request. See id. at 1–7 (Wallace Decl.).
To locate the copier contract, Wallace reached out to FCI Fairton’s “Trust Fund
Supervisor,” who “was the sole curator of documents concerning the inmate copier service.” Id.at 4–5 (Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 7, 10). The supervisor explained that “there is no formal written
contract concerning inmate copiers.” Id. at 4 (Wallace Decl. ¶ 7). Although “[the inmate]
[c]opier service is provided by an outside contractor,” id. at 18 (BOP Program Statement
4500.11 at 52 (Apr. 9, 2015)), the BOP does not pay for those services directly. Instead, the
BOP purchases “copy cards” from the contractor in bulk, and then sells those cards to inmates at
a mark-up. See id. at 4 (Wallace Decl. ¶ 7); id. at 17–18 (BOP P.S. 4500.11 at 38, 52). At FCI
Fairton, “[t]he sale/purchase of the cards was handled with invoices and purchase orders,” rather
than “a fixed, traditional government contract.” Id. at 4 (Wallace Decl. ¶ 7).
Wallace also searched for the quarterly donation reports. Id. at 5 (Wallace Decl. ¶ 8).
Under BOP Program Statement 1350.02, prison wardens may accept donations to BOP
institutions if the donation is valued at $250 or less and (1) is religious or educational in nature
and from a religious or educational source, or (2) is from a prisoner leaving federal custody or
being transferred between prisons. See id. at 24–25 (BOP Program Statement 1350.02 at 2–3,
§§ 5–6 (June 29, 1998)). Wardens must submit quarterly reports of such donations to the BOP’s
Ethics Officer. Id. In response to Gerhard’s request, Wallace contacted FCI Fairton’s warden,
but not the BOP’s Ethics Officer. Id. at 5–6 (Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 8, 11). The warden’s secretary
informed Wallace that the chaplain kept records of the quarterly reports. Id. She then requested
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the reports from the chaplain, and later relayed them to Wallace. Id. None of the reports
Wallace received covered the period between October 2009 and December 2010. Id.
On April 30, 2015, the BOP responded to Gerhard’s request. See id. at 3 (Wallace Decl.
¶ 5b); id. at 9–10. With respect to the copier contract, the BOP informed Gerhard that it located
no responsive records. Id. at 10. With respect to the donation reports from October 2009
through December 2010, the BOP merely referred Gerhard to his March 2012 request for the
same records, to which the BOP had already responded (although the BOP’s earlier search had
also come up empty). See id. at 9, 14 n.1. With respect to the donation reports from April 2012
to January 2015, the BOP released 17 pages of records, 5 of which included redactions pursuant
to 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6) and (b)(7)(C). See id. at 3, 5 (Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 5b n.2, 9); id. at 9.
Gerhard lost his administrative appeal on September 4, 2015, id. at 3 (Wallace Decl.
¶ 5e); id. at 14–15, and several months later commenced this action, Dkt. 1 at 3. Service was
effected on June 24, 2016. Dkt. 7 at 1. On August 23, 2016, Wallace uncovered eight new
pages of responsive records, comprising the missing quarterly donation reports for the period
October 2009 to December 2010. Dkt. 9-1 at 6 (Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 12–13). Wallace found the
missing reports by asking the Ethics Branch of the BOP’s Office of General Counsel to provide
them—a step he had not taken during his initial search. See id. at 5–6 (Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 8, 11,
12). The BOP then released those eight additional pages to Gerhard in full. Id. at 6 (Wallace
Decl. ¶ 13).
The BOP now contends that it has discharged its FOIA obligations and moves for
summary judgment. Dkt. 9. Gerhard opposes the entry of summary judgment with respect to the
copier contract and the quarterly donation reports from October 2009 to December 2010. Dkt.
13. His opposition brief also requests an award of his costs of brining this action. Id. at 3–4.
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II. ANALYSIS
A. Motion for Summary Judgment
In FOIA cases, “an agency is entitled to summary judgment if no material facts are in
dispute and if it demonstrates that each document that falls within the class requested” has been
produced in full, has been produced with redactions authorized under FOIA, or is “wholly
exempt from [FOIA’s] inspection requirements.” Students Against Genocide v. U.S. Dep’t of
State, 257 F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The
agency may meet its burden by submitting “relatively detailed and non-conclusory” declarations.
SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). The Court reviews the agency’s decision de novo, and the agency bears the
burden of sustaining its action. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).
1. Contract for the Copier
The BOP defends its failure to produce the requested “contract for the copier,” Dkt. 9-1
at 8, on the ground that “the contract sought does not exist,” Dkt. 9 at 9. Wallace’s declaration
and the BOP’s official program statement confirm that conclusion. See Dkt. 9-1 at 4–5 (Wallace
Decl. ¶¶ 7, 10); id. at 18 (BOP P.S. 4500.11 at 52). These documents demonstrate that, rather
than relying on an overarching contract for copier services, the BOP pays the contractor through
itemized purchases of “copy cards,” which it then re-sells to inmates at a marked-up price. In
other words, there is no written “contract for the copier.” Gerhard does not contend that his
FOIA request should be construed as a request for the itemized copy card invoices. 1 See Dkt. 13
at 2–3. As a result, because the BOP “d[oes] not violate the disclosure requirements of the FOIA
1
To the contrary, the BOP has produced examples of such invoices, see Dkt. 9-1 at 19–21, and
Gerhard appears to consider them unresponsive to his request, see Dkt. 13 at 2–3.
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by failing . . . to disclose a record it does not have,” DeBrew v. Atwood, 792 F.3d 118, 123 (D.C.
Cir. 2015), the BOP has discharged its obligations with respect to the requested contract.
In opposition, Gerhard argues that a contract must exist, given the BOP’s statement that
“[c]opier service is provided by an outside contractor.” Dkt. 9-1 at 18 (BOP P.S. 4500.11 at 52).
The word “contractor,” he says, means “‘one that contracts or is a party to a contract.’” Dkt. 13
at 3 (quoting Contractor, MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2003)). He
then argues that “a contract, or similar document, must exist where a contractor exists.” Id.The word “contractor,” however, is not limited to the narrow meaning that Gerhard
posits. To be sure, Black’s Law Dictionary defines the word as “[a] party to a contract.”
Contractor, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014). But it also defines the word “more
specif[ically]” as “one who contracts to do work for or supply goods to another.” Id. It is in this
latter sense, at least, that the BOP appears to use the term: the third-party company has agreed to
sell the BOP “copy cards,” and those sales are memorialized in a series of itemized invoices.
The BOP has provided examples of these invoices, see Dkt. 9-1 at 19–21, and Gerhard may
request further examples through FOIA if he so desires. There is no dispute, however, that the
FOIA request at issue did not seek the copy card invoices, but rather sought “[t]he contract for
the copier (photocopier) machine at FCI Fairton’s library.” Id. The BOP has demonstrated
through a detailed declaration that no such written contract exists. Accordingly, the BOP is
entitled to summary judgment on this aspect of Gerhard’s claim.
2. Quarterly Donation Reports
Gerhard’s FOIA request also sought certain “quarterly reports detailing donations made
to FCI Fairton.” Dkt. 9-1 at 8. The BOP contends that it has now conducted an exhaustive
search for those records and released 25 responsive pages, 5 of which contained redactions. See
id. at 5–6 (Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 8, 9, 11–14). Gerhard does not challenge the appropriateness of the
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redactions or offer any basis on which to question the adequacy of the search that the BOP
ultimately conducted. See Dkt. 13 at 3.
Instead, Gerhard opposes the entry of summary judgment in favor of the BOP on the
ground that the BOP released eight of those pages only after Gerhard filed this lawsuit, thereby
“forcing an indigent prisoner to pay a prohibitive filing fee in order to obtain the requested
documents.” Id. “[T]o grant a motion for summary judgment in the [BOP]’s favor,” Gerhard
says, “would embolden the [BOP]’s practice of improperly withholding information from
prisoners until they file a civil complaint.” Id.Gerhard’s concern is understandable, but it is best directed at his request for costs; it has
no bearing on summary judgment. Summary judgment is not a punishment or reward, but a
determination of the merits of a case or claim. The BOP is entitled to summary judgment if it
has produced “each document that falls within the class requested.” Students Against Genocide,
257 F.3d at 833. There is no dispute that it has done so here. The Court, accordingly, will grant
summary judgment in favor of the BOP.
B. Request for Costs
Gerhard’s brief in opposition to the BOP’s motion for summary judgment also requests
that the Court award him his costs of the litigation. See Dkt. 13 at 3–4. As an initial matter, the
BOP objects that this request “is premature” and “should be appropriately styled as a motion.”
Dkt. 14 at 3. As to the first point, the BOP would be correct but for the fact that the Court has
just determined that it will enter judgment for the BOP. That objection, therefore, is moot. As to
the second point, the BOP is correct that this request should formally be styled as a motion. See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(b)(1). But, because the substance of Gerhard’s request complies with the rules
governing motions, see id.; LCvR 7, because the BOP has submitted a brief opposing the request
on the merits, see Dkt. 14 at 3–4, and because Gerhard will not be prejudiced by the Court
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deciding his motion without a final reply brief, the Court will liberally construe Gerhard’s pro se
opposition brief as a cross-motion for an award of costs other than attorney’s fees. 2 See Pinson
v. Lappin, 806 F. Supp. 2d 230, 235–37 (D.D.C. 2011) (awarding costs to pro se FOIA plaintiff
who made his request as part of his summary judgment opposition brief).
Under FOIA, the Court “may assess against the United States . . . litigation costs
reasonably incurred in any case . . . in which the complainant has substantially prevailed.” 5
U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(i). This test has two components: eligibility and entitlement. “The
eligibility prong asks whether a plaintiff has ‘substantially prevailed’ and thus ‘may’ receive
[costs]. If so, the court proceeds to the entitlement prong and considers a variety of factors to
determine whether the plaintiff should receive [costs].” Brayton v. Office of the U.S. Trade
Representative, 641 F.3d 521, 524 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). The BOP disputes only
the eligibility prong. See Dkt. 14 at 3–4.
1. Eligibility
As relevant here, a FOIA plaintiff “substantially prevails”—and is thus eligible for an
award of costs—if he obtains relief through “a voluntary or unilateral change in position by the
agency, if the [plaintiff’s] claim is not insubstantial.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii). Courts have
read this provision “essentially [to] codif[y] the so-called ‘catalyst theory’ for determining a fee
request against the United States, under which a plaintiff is deemed to have ‘substantially
prevailed’ for purposes of § 552(a)(4)(E) if the ‘litigation substantially caused the requested
records to be released.’” N.Y.C. Apparel F.Z.E. v. U.S. Customs & Border Prot. Bureau, 563 F.
2
Although Gerhard also requests an award of “fees,” Dkt. 13 at 3, that phrase appears to refer to
“the filing fee” for this action, id. at 4 (emphasis added), as opposed to attorney’s fees. To the
extent Gerhard means to request attorney’s fees, that request must be denied. Pro se litigants are
not eligible for FOIA attorney’s fees. Burka v. HHS, 142 F.3d 1286, 1290 (D.C. Cir. 1998).
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Supp. 2d 217, 221 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting Chesapeake Bay Found., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric.,
11 F.3d 211, 216 (D.C. Cir. 1993)); see also, e.g., Brayton, 641 F.3d at 524, 526–27; Pinson, 806
F. Supp. 2d at 235. 3 Gerhard expressly invokes the catalyst theory here. See Dkt. 13 at 4. To
prevail on it, he “‘must show that prosecution of the action could reasonably be regarded as
necessary to obtain the information and that a causal nexus exists between that action and the
agency’s surrender of the information.’” Harvey v. Lynch, 178 F. Supp. 3d 5, 7 (D.D.C. 2016)
(quoting Church of Scientology of Cal. v. Harris, 653 F.2d 584, 588 (D.C. Cir. 1981)).
“Whether a party has made such a showing in a particular case is a factual determination that is
within the province of the district court to resolve.” Church of Scientology of Cal., 653 F.2d at
588 (quoting Cox v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 601 F.2d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 1979)).
In this case, there is ample basis to conclude that Gerhard’s lawsuit “substantially
caused” the release of the missing eight pages of records. The BOP had twice before
attempted—and failed—to locate the missing documents. Dkt. 9-1 at 5–6 (Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 8,
11); id. at 14 n.1. Only after Gerhard filed this lawsuit did the BOP search for the quarterly
reports at the BOP’s Ethics Office—i.e., at the office designated to receive them. See id. at 6(Wallace Decl. ¶ 12); id. at 24–25 (BOP P.S. 1350.02 at 2–3, §§ 5–6). The BOP has offered no
explanation as to why it did not take this obvious step during its earlier searches. See id. at 6
(Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 12, 13). And, given that the BOP considered Gerhard’s request resolved as of
September 2015, see id. at 14–15, it strains credulity to imagine that the BOP would have
3
The Court has previously noted that the “literal terms of the statute” do not on their face
require a causal nexus between the lawsuit and the release of documents. See Sai v. TSA, 155 F.
Supp. 3d 1, 6 n.4 (D.D.C. 2016). But, given the D.C. Circuit’s statement that that “[t]he purpose
and effect” of § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii) was “to change the ‘eligibility’ prong back to . . . the days of the
catalyst theory,” Brayton, 641 F.3d at 525, and given that the same type of causation analysis
factors into the “entitlement” prong in any event, see Sai, 155 F. Supp. 3d at 6 n.4, the Court
concludes that § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii) incorporates a causal nexus requirement.
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undertaken this new search in August 2016 had Gerhard not filed this lawsuit a few months
before that.
Although the BOP concedes that it conducted its new search “[i]n response to Gerhard’s
complaint,” Dkt. 9 at 6, it nonetheless argues that Gerhard has “fail[ed] to show that his
complaint caused the BOP’s release of the additional eight pages of documents” because
“‘[t]iming in itself . . . does not establish causation as a matter of law,’” Dkt. 14 at 4 (quoting
Pub. Law Educ. Inst. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 744 F.2d 181, 184 n.5 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). It is of
course true that “an allegedly prevailing complainant must assert something more than post hoc,
ergo propter hoc.” Church of Scientology of Cal., 653 F.2d at 588 (quoting Cox, 601 F.2d at 6).
But, for several reasons, the Court’s finding of a causal nexus is based on more than the mere
fact that the release of the missing eight pages post-dated the filing of the lawsuit.
For one, the relative sizes of the gaps in response times support a finding of causation.
Almost twelve months passed between the close of Gerhard’s administrative appeal and
Wallace’s new search for the missing documents. See Dkt. 9-1 at 14–15 (appeal closed on
September 4, 2015); id. at 6 (Wallace Decl. ¶ 12) (new search on August 23, 2016). By contrast,
only two months elapsed between the service of the complaint in this lawsuit and Wallace’s new
search. See Dkt. 7 at 1 (service effected on June 24, 2016). It stands to reason that the lawsuit
was the likely cause of the August 2016 search, rather than, say, the BOP’s “lack of actual notice
of [the] request” (it had been on notice since January 2015) or “an unavoidable delay
accompanied by due diligence in the administrative processes” (which closed in September
2015). Church of Scientology of Cal., 653 F.2d at 588 (quoting Cox, 601 F.2d at 6). The BOP,
moreover, offers no explanation for its failure to locate the records during its pre-litigation
searches, leaving Gerhard’s lawsuit as the only apparent candidate for what prompted the new
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search. See Dkt. 9-1 at 5–6 (Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 11–12). And, finally, the fact that the BOP
initially failed to search for the missing records in the office designated to receive them suggests
that the BOP needed additional prodding—and not just additional time—to comply with
Gerhard’s request. Cf. Church of Scientology of Cal., 653 F.2d at 588 (causation analysis
depends on, among other things, the quality of the agency’s initial search). The Court therefore
finds that Gerhard’s lawsuit was the “catalyst” for the release of the missing eight pages of
documents.
Separately, the BOP also asserts that Gerhard “has failed to demonstrate that his claims
were ‘not insubstantial’” within the meaning of § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii). Dkt. 14 at 4 (citing Sai, 155
F. Supp. 3d at 6). Because the BOP provides no further analysis on this point, see id., it is
difficult to know what the BOP means by this. But, in any event, to the extent that this statutory
language imposes requirements beyond those of the catalyst theory, those requirements are
“lenient” and demand less than “that a plaintiff’s claim be correct on the merits.” Brayton, 641
F.3d at 526. That standard is easily met here: At the time Gerhard filed suit, the BOP had yet to
release eight pages of responsive documents. And the BOP has offered no basis by which the
Court could conclude that this omission was justified. As a result, Gerhard’s claim with respect
to the quarterly reports was “not insubstantial,” and he, accordingly, is eligible for an award of
costs.
2. Entitlement
Eligibility, however, does not end the inquiry—the Court must still decide whether
Gerhard is entitled to costs. Brayton, 641 F.3d at 524. Courts typically consider four factors in
assessing entitlement: “‘(1) the public benefit derived from the case; (2) the commercial benefit
to the plaintiff; (3) the nature of the plaintiff's interest in the records; and (4) the reasonableness
of the agency’s withholding’ of the requested documents.” McKinley v. Fed. Hous. Fin. Agency,
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739 F.3d 707, 711 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Tax Analysts, 965 F.2d at 1093). But see Morley v.
CIA, 719 F.3d 689, 690 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (Kavanaugh, J., concurring) (“We should ditch the four-
factor standard.”). Courts “often combine[] the second and third factors into a single factor
assessing whether a plaintiff ‘has sufficient private incentive to seek disclosure’ of the
documents without expecting to be compensated for it.” McKinley, 739 F.3d at 711 (quoting
Davy v. CIA, 550 F.3d 1155, 1160 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). “No one factor is dispositive.” Davy, 550
F.3d at 1159.
Here, Gerhard’s filings touch on all four of the factors, see Compl. ¶ 3; Dkt. 13 at 3–4,
but the BOP fails to address the entitlement prong at all, see Dkt. 14 at 4. In any event, the
Court’s own assessment of the factors shows that the balance favors Gerhard.
The public benefit weakly counsels for an award of costs. This factor “requires
consideration of both the effect of the litigation for which fees [or costs] are requested and the
potential public value of the information sought.” Davy, 550 F.3d at 1159. The “effect of the
litigation” here was the release of eight pages of records reflecting donations to FCI Fairton of
$250 or less that were made by educational or religious groups or by BOP prisoners leaving
custody or being transferred. See Dkt. 9-1 at 5–6 (Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 9, 11, 13); id. at 8; id. at 24–
25 (BOP P.S. 1350.02 at 2–3, §§ 5–6). It appears that these records “w[ere] not previously
available to the public,” Davy, 550 F.3d at 1159, but now may be available on Gerhard’s
website, see Compl. ¶ 3. Although the “potential public value of the information sought” does
not clearly support an award of costs, it is conceivable that information about BOP donors could
“add to the fund of information that citizens may use in making vital political choices.” Cotton
v. Heyman, 63 F.3d 1115, 1120 (D.C. Cir. 1995). At the very least, the public benefit from these
documents is more than “minimal” and does more than “subsidize a matter of [Gerhard’s] private
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concern or curiosity.” Pinson, 806 F. Supp. 2d at 236 (internal quotation mark omitted) (quoting
Blue v. BOP, 570 F.2d 529, 533–34 (5th Cir. 1978)). This factor at least marginally favors
Gerhard.
As to whether Gerhard “has sufficient private incentive to seek disclosure” without
expecting compensation, McKinley, 739 F.3d at 711, the answer is plainly “no.” Gerhard
represents, and the Court has no reason to doubt, that he “derives no commercial benefit from the
articles he writes based off of FOIA documents.” Dkt. 13 at 4. And, although Gerhard’s website
may not attract a substantial readership, his purpose in requesting the documents does resemble
that of “a journalist who ‘gathers information of potential interest to a segment of the public,
uses [his] editorial skills to turn the raw materials into a distinct work, and distributes that work
to an audience.’” Davy, 550 F.3d at 1161–62 (alteration in original) (quoting Tax Analysts, 965
F.2d at 1095). Congress intended persons acting on such motivations “to be favorably treated
under FOIA’s fee provision.” Id. Finally, given Gerhard’s indigent status, see Dkts. 3 & 4, this
case seems to present the type of situation in which court costs impose substantial barriers to the
FOIA requestor’s access to the documents, 4 see Tax Analysts, 965 F.2d at 1095. The second and
third factors, accordingly, favor Gerhard.
Lastly, “the reasonableness of the agency’s withholding of the requested documents”
favors Gerhard most of all. As the Court has explained, the BOP should have realized from the
outset that responsive records might be kept at the Ethics Branch of the BOP’s Office of General
Counsel. After all, the BOP Program Statement expressly states that the requested records “must
be reported quarterly to the [BOP’s] Ethics Officer.” Dkt. 9-1 at 24–25 (BOP P.S. 1350.02 at 2–
4
Although Gerhard is proceeding in forma pauperis, see Dkt. 4, as a prisoner, he must still pay
the full $400 filing fee over time, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b).
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3, §§ 5–6). The BOP has offered no explanation for its failure to seek documents from the Ethics
Officer until faced with Gerhard’s lawsuit. See id. at 5–6 (Wallace Decl. ¶¶ 11–12). The Court
thus agrees with Gerhard that he, as “an indigent prisoner,” should “[not have needed] to pay a
[nearly] prohibitive filing fee in order to obtain the [missing] documents.” Dkt. 13 at 3.
The Court, accordingly, finds that Gerhard is entitled to his reasonable costs of litigation
pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E).
CONCLUSION
The Court will GRANT the BOP’s motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 9, and will allow
Gerhard to file a bill of costs in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1) and
Local Civil Rule 54.1(a) on or before August 1, 2017.
A separate order will issue.
/s/ Randolph D. Moss
RANDOLPH D. MOSS
United States District Judge
Date: July 11, 2017
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