Argyle Systems Inc. v. Internal Revenue Service ( 2022 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ARGLYE SYSTEMS INC,
Plaintiff,
v.
Civ. Action No. 21-16
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, (EGS)
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This case arises out of Freedom of Information Act
(“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, requests Plaintiff Argyle Systems,
Inc. (“Argyle”) made to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”).
See generally Compl., ECF No. 1.
Pending before the Court are the IRS’s Motion for Summary
Judgment and Argyle’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. Upon
careful consideration of the motions, the oppositions and
replies thereto, the applicable law, the entire record, and for
the reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS the IRS’s Motion for
Summary Judgment, ECF No. 16, and DENIES Argyle’s Cross-Motion
for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 18.
I. Factual Background
The following facts are not in dispute. On or about October
9, 2020, Argyle submitted a FOIA request in which it sought
“[a]ny and all correspondence, communications, files, documents,
1
and records in any form, including hard copies and
electronically stored information, evidencing, reflecting or
pertaining to agency records” for nine categories of agency
records:
(1) Reporting Agent Authorization forms, set
forth in IRS form 8655, and submitted to IRS
between January, 2020 and the present.
(2) Reporting Agent’s Lists (“RAL”), as
described in Internal Revenue Manual (“IRM”)
Part 21, Section 21.3.9.3.1, created between
January 1, 2020 and the present.
(3) RAF0940I – RAF Snapshot Reports generated
between January 1, 2020 and the present.
(4) RAF41 listings, reports, and output files,
as described in IRM Part 21, Section
21.3.9.10.3, generated between January 1, 2020
and the present.
(5) RAFREPT AGTFIL01 – Agent File(s), as
described in IRM Part 21, Section 21.3.9.10.3,
generated between January 1, 2020 and the
present.
(6) RAFREPT AGTRPT01 – Agent File Report(s),
as described in IRM Part 21, Section
21.3.9.10.3, generated between January 1, 2020
and the present.
(7) Any and all RAF26 output files, as
described in IRM Part 21, Section 21.3.9.10.4,
generated between January 1, 2020 and the
present.
(8) Any and all RAF70 listings, reports, and
output files, as described in IRM Part 21,
Section 21.3.9.10.5, generated between
January 1, 2020 and the present
(9) Any and all RAF08 output files and
reports, as described in IRM Part 21, Section
2
21.3.9.10.6, generated between January 1, 2020
and the present.
Compl., ECF No. 1 ¶ 14. The request stated that it “specifically
does not include documents or information evidencing, reflecting
or pertaining to Taxpayer returns, income or payments of tax
liabilities.” Id.In response, the IRS provided records responsive to Item 3.
Def.’s Brief in Support of the IRS’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s
Mot.”), ECF No. 16-2 at 1. 1 The IRS contends that the records
sought in the remaining Items are categorically exempt from
disclosure pursuant to FOIA Exemption 3 in conjunction with 26
U.S.C. § 1603(a), and partially exempt based on FOIA exemption
6. See id.The parties do not dispute that the remaining items in
Argyle’s FOIA request can be categorized as follows: (1)
Reporting Agent (“RA”) Authorization, Form 8655; and (2) Reports
generated from an IRS database—the Reporting Agents File
(“RAF”)—containing information derived from the Form 8655. Pl.’s
Counter-Statement of Disputed Facts, ECF No. 18-1 ¶ 40. Revenue
Procedure 2012-32 defines a RA as “an accounting service,
franchiser, bank, service bureau, or other entity authorized to
perform on behalf of a taxpayer one or more of the acts
1 When citing electronic filings throughout this Opinion, the
Court cites to the ECF page number, not the page number of the
filed document
3
described in this revenue procedure.” I.R.S. Tax Form and
Instructions, Rev. Proc. 2012-13.
II. Standard of Review
FOIA cases are typically and appropriately decided on
motions for summary judgment. Gold Anti–Trust Action Comm., Inc.
v. Bd. of Governors of Fed. Reserve Sys., 762 F. Supp. 2d 123,
130 (D.D.C 2011) (citations omitted). Summary judgment is
warranted “if the movant shows [by affidavit or other admissible
evidence] that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A party opposing a summary judgment
motion must show that a genuine factual issue exists by “(A)
citing to particular parts of materials in the record . . . or
(B) showing that the materials cited do not establish the
absence . . . of a genuine dispute[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
Any factual assertions in the moving party's affidavits will be
accepted as true unless the opposing party submits his own
affidavits or other documentary evidence contradicting the
assertion. See Neal v. Kelly, 963 F.2d 453, 456 (D.C. Cir.
1992). However, “the inferences to be drawn from the underlying
facts . . . must be viewed in the light most favorable to the
party opposing the motion.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v.
Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
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An agency has the burden of demonstrating that “each
document that falls within the class requested either has been
produced, is unidentifiable, or is wholly [or partially] exempt
from the Act's inspection requirements.” Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d
339, 352 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (internal citation and quotation
omitted). In reviewing a summary judgment motion in the FOIA
context, the court must conduct a de novo review of the record,
see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); but may rely on agency
declarations. See SafeCard Servs. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200
(D.C. Cir. 1991). Agency affidavits or declarations that are
“relatively detailed and non-conclusory” are accorded “a
presumption of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by purely
speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of
other documents.” Id. (internal citation and quotation omitted).
“[T]he Court may award summary judgment solely on the basis of
information provided by the department or agency in declarations
when the declarations describe the documents and the
justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific
detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically
falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by
either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency
bad faith.” Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738
(D.C. Cir. 1981) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
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A. FOIA Exemptions
Congress enacted FOIA to “open up the workings of
government to public scrutiny through the disclosure of
government records.” Judicial Watch, Inc. 375 F. Supp. 3d at 97
(quoting Stern v. FBI, 737 F.2d 84, 88 (D.C. Cir. 1984)
(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)). Although
the legislation is aimed toward “open[ness] . . . of
government,” id.; Congress acknowledged that “legitimate
governmental and private interests could be harmed by release of
certain types of information,” Critical Mass Energy Project v.
Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 975 F.2d 871, 872 (D.C. Cir. 1992)
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). As such,
pursuant to FOIA's nine exemptions, an agency may withhold
requested information. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1)-(9). However,
because FOIA established a strong presumption in favor of
disclosure, requested material must be disclosed unless it falls
squarely within one of the exemptions. See Burka v. U.S. Dep't
of Health and Human Servs., 87 F.3d 508, 515 (D.C. Cir. 1996).
The agency bears the burden of justifying any withholding.
See Bigwood v. U.S. Agency for Int'l Dev., 484 F.Supp.2d 68, 74
(D.D.C. 2007). “Ultimately, an agency’s justification for
invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears logical or
plausible.” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Def., 715 F.3d
937, 941 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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III. Analysis
A. The IRS Conducted an Adequate Search as to Item 3 of the
FOIA Request
The IRS moves for summary judgment as to Item 3 of the FOIA
request on the ground that it conducted an adequate search for
this item and did not withhold any records. Def.’s Mot. for
Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 16-2 at 5. Argyle does not
challenge the adequacy of the search for the records sought in
Item 3 of the FOIA request. See generally Pl.’s Cross-Motion for
Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 18. Accordingly, the IRS’s
Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED as to Item 3 of the FOIA
request.
B. The IRS Properly Categorically Withheld Return
Information Under Exemption 3 in Conjunction with 26
U.S.C. § 6103(a)
The IRS invokes Exemption 3 in conjunction with 26 U.S.C. §
6103(a) to categorically withhold the remaining items in the
FOIA request. Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 61-2 at 6.
Exemption 3 allows an agency to withhold or redact records
that are “specifically exempted from disclosure by statute ...
provided that such statute (A) requires that the matters be
withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no
discretion on the issue, or (B) establishes particular criteria
for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be
withheld.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). “To invoke Exemption 3, the
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government ‘need only show . . . that the material falls
within’ a statute meeting the exemption’s conditions.” DiBacco
v. Dep’t of the Army, 926 F.3d 827, 835 (D.C. Cir. 2019)
(quoting Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 865 (D.C. Cir.
20009). “‘If an agency’s statements supporting exemption contain
reasonable specificity of detail as to demonstrate that the
withheld information logically falls within the claimed
exemption and evidence in the record does not suggest otherwise,
. . . the court should not conduct a more detailed inquiry to
test the agency’s judgment and expertise or to evaluate whether
the court agrees with the agency’s opinions.’” Id. (quoting
Larson, 565 at 865).
It is well-settled that “Section 6103(a) is an exemption 3
provision.” Electronic Privacy Information Center v. I.R.S., 910
F. 3d 1232, 1237 (D.C. Cir. 2018). Section 6103 provides that
“[r]eturns and return information shall be confidential . . .
except as authorized by this title.” 2 26 U.S.C. § 6103(a). It
further provides that no United States employee “shall disclose
any return or return information obtained by him in any manner
in connection with his service.” 26 U.S.C. § 6103(a).
Section 6103(b) broadly defines “return information” to
include
2 There is no dispute that the exceptions are inapplicable here.
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a taxpayer’s identity, the nature, source, or
amount of his income, payments, receipts,
deductions, exemptions, credits, assets,
liabilities, net worth, tax liability, tax
withheld, deficiencies, overassessments, or
tax payments, whether the
taxpayer’s return was, is being, or will be
examined or subject to other investigation or
processing, or any other data, received by,
recorded by, prepared by, furnished to, or
collected by the Secretary with respect to
a return or with respect to the determination
of the existence, or possible existence, of
liability (or the amount thereof) of any
person under this title for any tax, penalty,
interest, fine, forfeiture, or other
imposition, or offense.
26 U.S.C. § 6103(b)(2)(A). The phrase “with respect to” in
Section 6103(b)(2)(A) has an “extremely general character.”
Landmark Legal Found. v. IRS, 267 F.3d 1132, 1136 (D.C. Cir.
2001).
At dispute is whether the submitted Forms 8655 and the
reports are “return information.” Argyle contends that the
requested records are not return information because “by IRS’s
admission, none of the requested records constitutes a return or
a document derived from a return.” Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 18 at 13.
However, in Landmark, the Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia Circuit (“D.C. Circuit”) rejected this same argument
when it rejected the “argument that [§6103(b)(2)(A)] protects
only ‘return information,’ and thus can cover only information
that relates to an actual tax return,” Landmark, 267 F. 3d at
1138; observing that the plaintiff’s “rather wistful point
9
disregards the actual statutory definition, which plainly
reaches far beyond what the phrase ‘return information’ would
normally conjure up,” id.
Landmark arose out of a “public controversy over claims
that the [IRS] had selectively audited conservative non-profit
organizations in response to requests from outside parties.” Id.
at 1133. To investigate the allegations, the plaintiff submitted
a FOIA request for records of external requests to the IRS for
audits or investigations of 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organizations
including the names of the entities/individuals requesting the
audits or investigations, and the names of the 501(c)(3) tax-
exempt organizations for which audits or investigations were
requested. See id. at 1134. In concluding that the requested
records constituted “return information,” the D.C. Circuit
observed that Ҥ 6103 seems deliberately sweeping . . . reaching
data ‘received by, recorded by, prepared by, furnished to, or
collected by’ the Secretary. It appears to take no interest in
the Secretary’s actual use of the material.” Id. at 1136. The
court further concluded that “the term ‘data’ is correctly
understood to cover the identity of third parties who urge the
IRS to withdraw or reexamine an entity’s tax-exempt status.” Id.
at 1137.
Argyle argues that Landmark does not help the IRS here. As
an initial matter, in its Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for
10
Summary Judgment, and Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment, Argyle
failed to address the IRS’s arguments based on Landmark. See
generally Pl.’s Cross-Mot., ECF No. 18. After the IRS pointed
this out, see Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 20 at 7; Argyle argued that
“the Landmark Court determined only that the documents requested
in that case were exempt because they were submitted ‘with
respect to the determination of the existence, or possible
existence of liability . . . .” Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 21 at 10.
However, Argyle’s argument is unpersuasive because it entirely
fails to address the D.C. Circuit’s reasoning in Landmark. See
generally Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 21.
Argyle would have this Court disregard Circuit authority
and instead adopt the reasoning of the Court of Appeals for the
6th Circuit (“6th Circuit”) in In re United States v. NorCal Tea
Party Patriots (“NorCal”) 817 F.3d 953 (6th Cir. 2016). In
NorCal, the 6th Circuit held that the names, addresses, and
taxpayer-identification numbers of applicants for tax-exempt
status are not “return information.” 817 F. 3d at 965. In so
holding, the 6th Circuit recognized that the D.C. Circuit had
held that the names of applicants for tax exempt status are
“return information.” Id. at 964 (citing Landmark, 267 F. 3d at
1135). The 6th Circuit found the D.C. Circuit’s holding
unpersuasive because in their view the D.C. Circuit had so held
based on its understanding that “return information”
11
specifically covers ‘a taxpayer’s identity’ without taking into
consideration that the statute defines “taxpayer identity” as,
inter alia, “the name of the person with respect to whom a
return is filed.” Id. (citing § 6103(b)(2)(A)). However, as the
IRS points out, “the court in NorCal incorrectly assumed that a
‘taxpayer’s identity includes only names on a return, not on an
application.’” Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 20 at 8 (internal quotation
marks omitted). The Court concludes that NorCal is unpersuasive
in view of the D.C. Circuit authority in Landmark.
Argyle also argues that the plain language of section
6103(b)(2)(A) “limits ‘return information’ to information
prepared or received by the IRS ‘with respect to a return or
with respect to the determination of the existence, or possible
existence, of liability (or the amount thereof) . . .” Pl.’s
Reply, ECF No. 21 at 9 (emphasis added). Argyle argues that
since “[n]either of these conditions are present with respect to
the requested records” they are not exempt from disclosure.
However, this plain language argument ignores the D.C. Circuit
precedent in Landmark.
Argyle also points to authority from other circuits to
support its argument that the remaining items are not “return
information.” Under that authority, for information to
constitute “return information,” the immediate source of the
information must be a return or an internal IRS document based
12
on a return. In Thomas v. U.S., 890 F.2d 18 (7th Cir. 1989), the
question for the Court was “whether the issuance by the [IRS] of
a press release that contains information about a taxpayer’s
liability drawn from a Tax Court opinion is an unauthorized
disclosure of tax-return information, exposing the government to
liability . . .” 890 F. 2d at 19. The Court found that the
direct source of the information was not Mr. Thomas’s tax
return, but rather the Tax Court’s opinion. Id. at 20.
Accordingly, the Court stated its “belie[f] that the definition
of return information comes into play only when the immediate
source of the information is a return, or some internal document
based on a return, as these terms are defined in § 6103(b).” Id.
at 21; see also Rice v. U.S., 166 F.3d 1088, 1091 (1999)
(“whether information about a taxpayer may be classified as
‘return information’ invoking the application of § 6103 turns on
the immediate source of the information”). In view of Landmark,
however, the Court finds these non-binding opinions
unpersuasive.
Pursuant to Landmark, and its direction to broadly construe
“return information,” the Court concludes that the information
in Form 8655 falls within the definition of “return
information.” Item 1 of the FOIA request—Form 8655—as submitted
to the IRS, contains: (1) identifying information about the
taxpayer filing the form—the taxpayer’s name, EIN, address and
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telephone number; (2) information that identifies taxpayer’s RA—
the RA’s name, EIN, address, and telephone number; (3) which
types of returns the RA is authorized to sign and file on behalf
of the taxpayer; (4) which types of tax returns for which the RA
is authorized to make deposits and payments; and (5) whether the
RA is authorized to receive information about the taxpayer on
Forms Series W-2, 1099, or 3921/3922. Blank IRS Form 8655, ECF
No. 16-1 at 1. The taxpayer signs and dates the Form 8655 and
provides their title. Id. This data is “return information”
because it is provided to the IRS “with respect to the
determination of the existence, or possible existence, of
liability.” 26 U.S.C. § 6103(b)(2)(A).
Item 2 of the FOIA request is for RA’s Lists (“RAL”). The
RAL is submitted by an RA and, among other things, identifies
taxpayers for whom an RA will perform authorized services. 3
Argyle, relying on Ryan v. Bureau of A.T.F., 715 F.2d 644 (D.C.
Cir. 1983), argues that because an RAL is submitted by an RA
rather than a taxpayer, it is not exempt from disclosure. Pl.’s
3 Argyle disputes this statement only insofar as it includes the
word “taxpayer.” Pl.’s Counter-Statement of Disputes Facts, ECF
No. 18-1 ¶ 24. However, there can be no genuine dispute that the
Form 8655 solicits the name, identifying information, and
signature and title of the “Taxpayer.” See Blank IRS Form 8655,
ECF No. 16-6. Nor do the parties dispute that “[a]n RAL
typically contains or is accompanied by the Forms 8655 of a
[RA]. Pl.’s Counter-Statement of Disputes Facts, ECF No. 18-1 ¶
25.
14
Mot., ECF No. 18 at 15. The IRS responds—and the Court agrees—
that Argyle is mistaken in its reliance on Ryan, because in that
case, the D.C. Circuit was interpreting the flush language that
follows § 6103(b)(2)(A)’s definition of “return information”—the
“Haskell Amendment.” Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 20 at 13. The Haskell
Amendment “allows the IRS to ‘release for research purposes
statistical studies and compilations of data, such as the tax
model, which do not identify individual taxpayers.’ . . . and
does not apply to information that an agency simply transfers
from one document to another.” Judicial Watch v. S.S.A., 799 F.
Supp. 2d 91, 94 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Church of Scientology, 484
U.S. at 16)(emphasis added). This is not the case with the RAL
as it identifies taxpayers for whom an RA will perform
authorized services. Argyle failed to respond to this argument
in its Reply briefing. See generally Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 21.
The Court concludes that RALs are “return information” because
they provided to the IRS “with respect to the determination of
the existence, or possible existence, of liability.” 26 U.S.C. §
6103(b)(2)(A).
The parties do not dispute that the remaining items in the
FOIA request are reports generated from the RAF database, which
contains information derived from the Form 8655. Pl.’s Counter-
Statement of Disputed Facts, ECF No. 18-1 ¶ 40. Item 4 contains
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lists of taxpayer EINs associated with particular RAs. 4 Id. ¶ 28.
Items 5 and 6 also contain taxpayer EINs. 5 Id. ¶ 31. Item 7
contains information found on the Form 8655. Id. ¶ 35. Item 8
contains “listings and reports of the additions or deletions of
taxpayer/client information to the RAF database.” 6 Id. ¶ 35. Item
9 contains “a report for each RA whose clients (taxpayers) have
revoked the RA’s authorization.” 7 Id. ¶ 37. As with the Form 8655
and the RAL, the Court concludes Items 4 through 9 of the FOIA
request are “return information” because they are provided to
the IRS “with respect to the determination of the existence, or
possible existence, of liability.” 26 U.S.C. § 6103(b)(2)(A).
4
Argyle disputes this statement only insofar as it includes the
word “taxpayer.” Pl.’s Counter-Statement of Disputes Facts, ECF
No. 18-1 ¶ 28. However, there can be no genuine dispute that the
Form 8655 solicits the EIN of the “Taxpayer.” See Blank IRS Form
8655, ECF No. 16-6.
5
Argyle disputes this statement only insofar as it includes the
word “taxpayer.” Pl.’s Counter-Statement of Disputes Facts, ECF
No. 18-1 ¶ 31. However, there can be no genuine dispute that the
Form 8655 solicits the EIN of the “Taxpayer.” See Blank IRS Form
8655, ECF No. 16-6.
6
Argyle disputes this statement only insofar as it includes the
word “taxpayer.” Pl.’s Counter-Statement of Disputes Facts, ECF
No. 18-1 ¶ 31. However, there can be no genuine dispute that the
Form 8655 solicits the “Taxpayer” information described supra.
See Blank IRS Form 8655, ECF No. 16-6.
7
Argyle disputes this statement only insofar as it includes the
word “taxpayer.” Pl.’s Counter-Statement of Disputes Facts, ECF
No. 18-1 ¶ 31. However, there can be no genuine dispute that the
Form 8655 solicits the “Taxpayer” information described supra.
See Blank IRS Form 8655, ECF No. 16-6.
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For all these reasons, the IRS’s Motion for Summary
Judgment is GRANTED as to Items 1-2 and 4-9 of the FOIA request.
The Court need not reach the IRS’s argument that Argyle’s FOIA
request is unduly burdensome and overly broad on its face
because it would result in millions of pages of responsive
records, see Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 16-2 at 14; nor whether Argyle
conceded that argument, see Def.’s Reply, ECF No. 20 at 4.
Additionally, the Court need not address whether the records are
also exempt under FOIA exemption 6. See Landmark Legal
Foundation (“Landmark”) v. I.R.S., 267 F. 3d 1132, 1134 (D.C.
Cir. 2001)(noting that the Court need not reach whether the
records were properly withheld under Exemption 6 after
determining that Exemption 3 was applicable to the records).
C. The Foreseeable Harm Standard Does Not Apply
In 2016, Congress passed the FOIA Improvement Act (“FIA”),
Pub. L. No. 114-185, 130 Stat. 538, which, among other things,
codified the “foreseeable harm” standard established by the
Department of Justice in 2009 and used to defend an agency's
decision to withhold information. See S. Rep. No. 114-4, at 3 &
n.8 (2015) (citing Office of Att'y Gen., Memorandum for Heads of
Executive Departments and Agencies, Subject: Freedom of
Information Act (Mar. 19, 2009)); S. Rep. No. 114-4, at 7–8.
Accordingly, as amended by the FIA, the statutory text now
provides that: “An agency shall ... withhold information under
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this section only if ... (I) the agency reasonably foresees that
disclosure would harm an interest protected by [a FOIA]
exemption; or (II) disclosure is prohibited by law[.]” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(8)(A). Stated differently, “pursuant to the [FIA], an
agency must release a record—even if it falls within a FOIA
exemption—if releasing the record would not reasonably harm an
exemption—protected interest” or if the law does not prohibit
the disclosure. Rosenberg v. U.S. Dep't of Def., 342 F. Supp. 3d
62, 72 (D.D.C. 2018) (citation omitted).
Argyle argues that the IRS has failed to comply with the
foreseeable harm standard. See Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 18 at 7.
Argyle is mistaken. “‘[T]he foreseeable harm standard only
applies to those FOIA exemptions under which discretionary
disclosures can be made.’” Rosenberg v. U.S. Department of
Defense, 342 F. Supp. 3d 62, 73 n.1 (D.D.C. 2018)(quoting S.
Rep. No. 114-4, at 8). “Information that is prohibited from
disclosure or exempt from disclosure by law ‘is not subject to
discretionary disclosure and is therefore not subject to the
foreseeable harm standard.’” Id. (quoting S. Rep. No. 114-4, at
8). Here, as explained supra, disclosure is prohibited by law.
Accordingly, the IRS was not required to comply with the
foreseeable harm standard.
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D. Segregability
Argyle contends that the IRS has failed to segregate non-
disclosable portions of the information. Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 18
at 15-17. Under FOIA, “even if [the] agency establishes an
exemption, it must nonetheless disclose all reasonably
segregable, nonexempt portions of the requested record(s).” Roth
v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 642 F. 3d 1161, 1167 (D.C. Cir. 2001)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “[I]t has long
been the rule in this Circuit that non-exempt portions of a
document must be disclosed unless they are inextricably
intertwined with exempt portions.” Wilderness Soc'y v. U.S.
Dep't of Interior, 344 F. Supp. 2d 1, 18 (D.D.C. 2004) (quoting
Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Air Force, 566 F. 2d 242,
260 (D.C. Cir. 1977)). However, where return information is
exempt from disclosure under Section 6103(b), the IRS has no
duty under FOIA to undertake redactions. See Church of
Scientology of California v. I.R.S., 484 U.S. 9 (1987).
Accordingly, there are no segregable portions of the records.
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IV. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the IRS’s Motion for
Summary Judgment, ECF No. 16 is GRANTED and Argyle’s Cross-
Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 18, is DENIED. An
appropriate order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
SO ORDERED.
Signed: Emmet G. Sullivan
United States District Judge
September 25, 2022
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