Onsongo v. Republic of Sudan ( 2014 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
MARY ONSONGO, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v. Civil Action No. 08-1380 (JDB)
REPUBLIC OF SUDAN, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Over fifteen years ago, on August 7, 1998, the United States embassies in Nairobi, Kenya
and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were devastated by simultaneous suicide bombings that killed
hundreds of people and injured over a thousand. This Court has entered final judgment on
liability under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”) in this civil action and several
related cases—brought by victims of the bombings and their families—against the Republic of
Sudan, the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Sudan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the
Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps, and the Iranian Ministry of Information and Security
(collectively “defendants”) for their roles in supporting, funding, and otherwise carrying out
these unconscionable acts. The next step in the case is to assess and award damages to each
individual plaintiff, and in this task the Court has been aided by several special masters.
The fourteen plaintiffs in this case are Kenyan citizens injured and killed in the Nairobi
bombings and their immediate family members.1 Service of process was completed upon each
1
Two plaintiffs are listed in this case and in two other cases pending before this Court: the Wamai case
(No. 08-1349), and the Opati case (No. 12-1224). Of course, plaintiffs are entitled only to one award. Those
plaintiffs will thus be awarded damages in the Wamai case, and will not be awarded damages in this case or in the
1
defendant, but defendants failed to respond, and a default was entered against each defendant.
The Court has held that it has jurisdiction over defendants and that the foreign-national plaintiffs
who worked for the U.S. government are entitled to compensation for personal injury and
wrongful death under 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c)(3). See Owens v. Republic of Sudan, 826 F. Supp.
2d 128, 148-51 (D.D.C. 2011). The Court has also held that, although those plaintiffs who are
foreign-national family members of victims lack a federal cause of action, they may nonetheless
pursue claims under the laws of the District of Columbia. Id. at 153-57. A final judgment on
liability was entered in favor of plaintiffs. Nov. 28, 2011 Order [ECF No. 41] at 2. The
deposition testimony and other evidence presented established that the defendants were
responsible for supporting, funding, and otherwise carrying out the bombings in Nairobi and Dar
es Salaam. See Owens, 826 F. Supp. 2d at 135-47.
The Court then referred plaintiffs’ claims to two special masters2 to prepare proposed
findings and recommendations for a determination of damages. Feb. 27, 2012 Order Appointing
Special Masters [ECF No. 44] at 2. The special masters have now filed completed reports on
each plaintiff. See Special Master Reports [ECF Nos. 83, 114, 134]. In completing those reports
and in finding facts, the special masters relied on sworn testimony, expert reports, medical
records, and other evidence. The reports extensively describe the key facts relevant to each of the
plaintiffs and carefully analyze their claims under the framework established in mass tort
terrorism cases. The Court commends both of the special masters for their excellent work and
thorough analysis.
The Court hereby adopts all facts found by the special masters relating to all plaintiffs in
this case, including findings regarding the plaintiffs’ employment status or their familial
Opati case. Similarly, one plaintiff is listed in this case and in the Opati case. That plaintiff will be awarded damages
in this case but not in the Opati case.
2
Those special masters (together, “the special masters”) are Brad Pigott and C. Jackson Williams.
2
relationship necessary to support standing under section 1605A(a)(2)(A)(ii). See Owens, 826 F.
Supp. 2d at 149. The Court also adopts all damages recommendations in the reports, with the few
adjustments described below. “Where recommendations deviate from the Court’s damages
framework, ‘those amounts shall be altered so as to conform with the respective award amounts
set forth’ in the framework, unless otherwise noted.” Valore v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 700 F.
Supp. 2d 52, 82-83 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting Peterson v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 515 F. Supp. 2d
25, 53 (D.D.C. 2007) (“Peterson II”), abrogation on other grounds recognized in Mohammadi v.
Islamic Republic of Iran, 947 F. Supp. 2d 48, 65 (D.D.C. 2013)). As a result, the Court will
award plaintiffs a total judgment of over $199 million.
I. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
On November 28, 2011, the Court granted summary judgment on liability against
defendants in this case. Nov. 28, 2011 Order [ECF No. 41] at 2. The foreign national U.S.-
government-employee victims have a federal cause of action, while their foreign-national family
members have a cause of action under D.C. law.
a. The Government-Employee Plaintiffs Are Entitled To Damages On Their
Federal Law Claims Under 28 U.S.C. § 1605A
“To obtain damages in a Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) action, the plaintiff
must prove that the consequences of the defendants’ conduct were reasonably certain (i.e., more
likely than not) to occur, and must prove the amount of the damages by a reasonable estimate
consistent with application of the American rule on damages.” Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 83.
Plaintiffs here have proven that the consequences of defendants’ conduct were reasonably certain
to—and indeed intended to—cause injury to plaintiffs. See Owens, 826 F. Supp. 2d at 135-46.
As discussed by this Court previously, because the FSIA-created cause of action “does not spell
out the elements of these claims that the Court should apply,” the Court “is forced . . . to apply
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general principles of tort law” to determine plaintiffs’ entitlement to damages on their federal
claims. Id. at 157 n.3.
Survivors are entitled to recover for the pain and suffering caused by the bombings: acts
of terrorism “by their very definition” amount to extreme and outrageous conduct and are thus
compensable by analogy under the tort of “intentional infliction of emotional distress.” Valore,
700 F. Supp. 2d at 77 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46(1) (1965)); see also Baker v.
Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahriya, 775 F. Supp. 2d 48, 74 (D.D.C. 2011) (permitting
plaintiffs injured in state-sponsored terrorist bombings to recover for personal injuries, including
pain and suffering, under tort of “intentional infliction of emotional distress”); Estate of Bland v.
Islamic Republic of Iran, 831 F. Supp. 2d 150, 153 (D.D.C. 2011) (same). Hence, “those who
survived the attack may recover damages for their pain and suffering, . . . [and for] economic
losses caused by their injuries. . . .” Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 879 F. Supp. 2d 44, 55
(D.D.C. 2012) (“Oveissi II”) (citing Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 82-83); see 28 U.S.C.
§ 1605A(c). Accordingly, all plaintiffs who were injured in the 1998 bombings can recover for
their pain and suffering as well as their economic losses. Bland, 831 F. Supp. 2d at 153. In
addition, the estates of those who were killed in the attack are entitled to recover compensatory
damages for wrongful death. See, e.g., Valore, 700 F. Supp. at 82 (permitting estates to recover
economic damages caused to deceased victims’ estates).
b. Family Members Who Lack A Federal Cause Of Action Are Entitled To
Damages Under D.C. Law
This Court has previously held that it will apply District of Columbia law to the claims of
any plaintiffs for whom jurisdiction is proper, but who lack a federal cause of action under the
FSIA. Owens, 826 F. Supp. 2d at 153-57. This category includes only the foreign-national family
members of the injured victims from the 1998 bombings. Individuals in this category seek to
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recover solatium damages under D.C. law based on claims of intentional infliction of emotional
distress. To establish a prima facie case of intentional infliction of emotional distress under D.C.
law, a plaintiff must show: (1) extreme and outrageous conduct on the part of the defendant
which, (2) either intentionally or recklessly, (3) causes the plaintiff severe emotional distress.
Larijani v. Georgetown Univ., 791 A.2d 41, 44 (D.C. 2002). Acts of terrorism “by their very
definition” amount to extreme and outrageous conduct, Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 77; the
defendants in this case acted intentionally and recklessly; and their actions caused each plaintiff
severe emotional distress, see Owens, 826 F. Supp. 2d at 136-45; Murphy v. Islamic Republic of
Iran, 740 F. Supp. 2d 51, 74-75 (D.D.C. 2010). Likewise, D.C. law allows spouses and next of
kin to recover solatium damages. D.C. Code § 16-2701. Based on the evidence submitted to the
special masters, the Court concludes that the foreign-national family members of the victims of
the 1998 bombings have each made out claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress and
are entitled to solatium damages (with the few exceptions detailed below).
II. DAMAGES
Having established that plaintiffs are entitled to damages, the Court now turns to the
question of the amount of damages, which involves resolving common questions related to
plaintiffs with similar injuries. The damages awarded to each plaintiff are laid out in the tables in
the separate Order and Judgment issued on this date.
a. Compensatory Damages
1. Economic damages
Under the FSIA, injured victims and the estates of deceased victims may recover
economic damages, which typically include lost wages, benefits and retirement pay, and other
out-of-pocket expenses. 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c). Special Master Pigott recommended that the one
5
deceased plaintiff in this case, Evans Onsongo be awarded economic damages. To determine the
economic losses resulting from his death, Pigott relied on economic reports submitted by the
Center for Forensic Economic Studies (“CFES”), which estimated lost earnings, fringe benefits,
retirement income, and the value of household services lost as a result of the injuries sustained
from the bombing. In turn, CFES relied on information from the survivors as well as other
documentation, including country-specific economic data and employment records. See Report
of Special Master Brad Pigott Concerning Evans Onsongo [ECF No. 83] at 4-6 (further
explaining methodology employed in creating the economic loss reports). The Court adopts the
findings and recommendations of the special master as to economic losses to be awarded to the
estate of the deceased victim.
2. Awards for pain and suffering due to injury
Courts determine pain-and-suffering awards for survivors based on factors including “the
severity of the pain immediately following the injury, the length of hospitalization, and the extent
of the impairment that will remain with the victim for the rest of his or her life.” O’Brien v.
Islamic Republic of Iran, 853 F. Supp. 2d 44, 46 (D.D.C. 2012) (internal quotation marks
omitted). When calculating damages amounts, “the Court must take pains to ensure that
individuals with similar injuries receive similar awards.” Peterson II, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 54.
Recognizing this need for uniformity, courts in this district have developed a general framework
for assessing pain-and-suffering damages for victims of terrorist attacks, awarding a baseline of
$5 million to individuals who suffer severe physical injuries, such as compound fractures,
serious flesh wounds, and scars from shrapnel, as well as lasting and severe psychological pain.
See Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 84. Where physical and psychological pain is more severe—such
as where victims suffered relatively more numerous and severe injuries, were rendered
6
quadriplegic, partially lost vision and hearing, or were mistaken for dead—courts have departed
upward from this baseline to $7 million and above. See O’Brien, 853 F. Supp. 2d at 47.
Similarly, downward departures to a range of $1.5 to $3 million are warranted where the victim
suffers severe emotional injury accompanied by relatively minor physical injuries. See Valore,
700 F. Supp. 2d at 84-85.
Damages for extreme pain and suffering are warranted for those individuals who initially
survive the attack but then succumb to their injuries. “When the victim endured extreme pain and
suffering for a period of several hours or less, courts in these [terrorism] cases have rather
uniformly awarded $1 million.” Haim v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 425 F. Supp. 2d 56, 71
(D.D.C. 2006); see Peterson II, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 53-55. When the period of the victim’s pain is
longer, the award increases. Haim, 425 F. Supp. 2d at 72. And when the period is particularly
brief, courts award less. For instance, where an individual “survived a terrorist attack for 15
minutes, and was in conscious pain for 10 minutes,” a court in this district awarded $500,000.
See Peterson II, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 53. To the estates of those who are killed instantly, courts
award no pain-and-suffering damages. The Court adopts the special masters’ recommendation to
award no pain-and-suffering damages to the estate of the victim who was killed instantly.
The need to maintain uniformity with awards to plaintiffs in prior cases and between
plaintiffs in this case is particularly evident. A great number of plaintiffs were injured in the
bombings. Those injuries, and evidence of those injuries, span a broad range. In this case, the
special masters recommend awarding pain-and-suffering damages only to one plaintiff, Irene
Kung’u; Special Master Williams recommends an award of $3,000,000. Because this is
consistent with the guidelines discussed in this Court’s opinion in Wamai v. Republic of Sudan,
No. 08-1349 (D.D.C. July 25, 2014), the Court adopts that recommendation.
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3. Solatium
“In determining the appropriate amount of compensatory damages, the Court may look to
prior decisions awarding damages for pain and suffering, and to those awarding damages for
solatium.” Acosta v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 574 F. Supp. 2d 15, 29 (D.D.C. 2008). Only
immediate family members—parents, siblings, spouses, and children—are entitled to solatium
awards.3 See Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 79. The commonly accepted framework for solatium
damages in this district is that used in Peterson II, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 52. See Valore, 700 F.
Supp. 2d at 85; Belkin, 667 F. Supp. 2d at 23. According to Peterson II, the appropriate amount
of damages for family members of deceased victims is as follows: $8 million to spouses of
deceased victims, $5 million to parents of deceased victims, and $2.5 million to siblings of
deceased victims. 515 F. Supp. 2d at 52. The appropriate amount of damages for family
members of injured victims is as follows: $4 million to spouses of injured victims, $2.5 million
to parents of injured victims, and $1.25 million to siblings of injured victims. Id. Courts in this
district have differed somewhat on the proper amount awarded to children of victims. Compare
Peterson II, 515 F. Supp. 2d at 51 ($2.5 million to child of injured victim), with Davis v. Islamic
Republic of Iran, 882 F. Supp. 2d 7, 14 (D.D.C. 2012) ($1.5 million to child of injured victim).
The Court finds the Peterson II approach to be more appropriate: to the extent such suffering can
be quantified, children who lose parents are likely to suffer as much as parents who lose children.
Children of injured victims will thus be awarded $2.5 million and, consistent with the Peterson II
3
A few of the injured or deceased victims of the family-member plaintiffs in this case are plaintiffs not
here but in a related case before this Court. See 1st Amend. Compl., Wamai, No. 08-1349 (D.D.C. Sept. 5, 2008)
[ECF No. 5] at 1-12. The special masters found that each plaintiff in this case claiming solatium damages is related
to an injured or deceased victim entitled to pain-and-suffering damages; whether the Court found that victim to be
entitled to damages in this case or in Wamai is not important. The awards of those injured or deceased victims thus
support the family-member solatium awards in this case.
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approach of doubling solatium awards for relatives of deceased victims, children of deceased
victims will be awarded $5 million.
Although these amounts are guidelines, not rules, see Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 86, the
Court finds the distinctions made by the Valore court to be responsible and reasonable, and
hence it will adopt the same guidelines for determining solatium damages here. In the interests of
fairness and to account for the difficulty in assessing the relative severity of each family
member’s suffering, in this case and in related cases, the Court will not depart from those
guidelines here.
In one instance, a special master recommended that the spouse of a deceased victim
receive $10 million. See Report of Special Master Brad Pigott Concerning Evans Onsongo [ECF
No. 83] at 7. Because the Court adopts the Peterson II guidelines, that recommendation will be
adjusted and that plaintiff will be awarded $8 million. 515 F. Supp. 2d at 52. Similarly, in one
instance, a special master recommended that a parent of a deceased victim receive $3.5 million.
See Report Concerning Evans Onsongo [ECF No. 83] at 10-11. The Court will increase that
award to $5 million. 515 F. Supp. 2d at 52.
The special masters also recommended against awarding solatium damages to a deceased
victim’s child who was born after the bombings occurred. While the Court acknowledges that the
bombings’ terrible impact on the victims and their families continues to this day, in similar cases
courts have found that children born following terrorist attacks are not entitled to damages under
the FSIA. See Davis, 882 F. Supp. 2d 7, 15 (D.D.C. 2012); Wultz v. Islamic Republic of Iran,
864 F. Supp. 2d 24, 36 (D.D.C. 2012). In holding that a plaintiff must have been alive at the time
of an attack to recover solatium damages, the Davis court recognized the need to draw lines in
order to avoid creating “an expansive and indefinite scope of liability” under the FSIA—for
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example, liability to children born fifteen years after an attack (a real possibility in this drawn-
out litigation). 882 F. Supp. 2d at 15. The Court agrees with the special masters and with the
Davis court’s interpretation of the FSIA, and holds that a plaintiff not alive at the time of the
bombings cannot recover solatium damages. Hence, the Court dismisses the claim of Venice
Onsongo (born one month after the bombings). See Report Concerning Evans Onsongo [ECF
No. 83] at 9-10.
The Court finds that the special masters have appropriately applied the solatium damages
framework to most of the plaintiffs in this case, and will adopt their recommendations with the
few exceptions noted above.
b. Punitive Damages
Plaintiffs request punitive damages under section 1605A(c). Punitive damages “serve to
punish and deter the actions for which they are awarded.” Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 87. Courts
calculate the proper amount of punitive damages by considering four factors: “(1) the character
of the defendants’ act, (2) the nature and extent of harm to the plaintiffs that the defendants
caused or intended to cause, (3) the need for deterrence, and (4) the wealth of the defendants.”
Oveissi II, 879 F. Supp. 2d at 56 (quoting Acosta, 574 F. Supp. 2d at 30). In this case, the first
three factors weigh heavily in favor of an award of punitive damages: the character of
defendants’ actions and the nature and extent of harm to plaintiffs can accurately be described as
horrific. Scores were murdered, hundreds of families were torn asunder, and thousands of lives
were irreparably damaged. The need for deterrence here is tremendous. And although specific
evidence in the record on defendants’ wealth is scant, they are foreign states with substantial
wealth.
10
Previous courts in this district, confronted with similar facts, have calculated punitive
damages in different ways. See, e.g., Baker, 775 F. Supp. 2d at 85 (surveying cases). One
attractive method often used in FSIA cases is to multiply defendants’ annual expenditures on
terrorist activities by a factor of three to five. See, e.g., Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 88-90.
Unfortunately, there is not enough evidence in the record on defendants’ expenditures during the
relevant time period to adopt that approach here. Other courts have simply awarded families of
terrorism victims $150 million in punitive damages. See, e.g., Gates v. Syrian Arab Republic,
580 F. Supp. 2d 53, 75 (D.D.C. 2008), aff’d, 646 F.3d 1 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Using that approach
here would result in a colossal figure, given the number of families involved.
This case, when combined with the related cases involving the same bombings where
plaintiffs seek punitive damages,4 involves over 600 plaintiffs. Valore was a similar case,
involving another terrorist bombing sponsored by Iran: the bombing of the United States Marine
barracks in Beirut, Lebanon. Two hundred and forty-one military servicemen were murdered in
that bombing. A similar number of people, 224, died here, and hundreds more were injured. In
Valore, then-Chief Judge Lamberth used the expenditures-times-multiplier method. All told,
Judge Lamberth awarded approximately $4 billion in compensatory damages in cases involving
the Beirut bombing and about $5 billion in punitive damages. Estate of Brown v. Islamic
Republic of Iran, 872 F. Supp. 2d 37, 45 n.1 (D.D.C. 2012) (tallying awards). This case is quite
similar in magnitude: all told, including the judgments issued in Owens, Mwila, and Khaliq, and
the judgments to be issued in conjunction with this opinion and in Wamai, Amduso, and Opati,
the Court will have issued just over $5 billion in compensatory damages. Given that similarity,
the inability of this Court to employ the expenditure-times-multiplier method, and in light of the
4
Plaintiffs in Owens, Mwila, and Khaliq, cases (involving the same bombings) in which this Court
previously awarded damages, did not seek punitive damages. See, e.g., Khaliq v. Republic of Sudan, No. 10-356,
2014 WL 1284973, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 28, 2014).
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“societal interests in punishment and deterrence that warrant imposition of punitive sanctions” in
cases like this, the Court finds it appropriate to award punitive damages in an amount equal to
the total compensatory damages awarded in this case. Beer v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 789 F.
Supp. 2d 14, 17 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Flatow v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 999 F. Supp. 2d 1
(D.D.C. 1998)). Doing so will result in a punitive damage award consistent with the punitive
damage awards in analogous cases, particularly those involving the Beirut bombing, and will
hopefully deter defendants from continuing to sponsor terrorist activities. The Court will
apportion punitive damages among plaintiffs according to their compensatory damages. See
Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 90.
c. Prejudgment Interest
An award of prejudgment interest at the prime rate is appropriate in this case. See
Oldham v. Korean Air Lines Co., 127 F.3d 43, 54 (D.C. Cir. 1997); Forman v. Korean Air Lines
Co., 84 F.3d 446, 450-51 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Prejudgment interest is appropriate on the whole
award, including pain and suffering and solatium—although not including the punitive damage
award, as that is calculated here by reference to the entire compensatory award—with one
exception. See Reed v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 845 F. Supp. 2d 204, 214-15 (D.D.C. 2012)
(awarding prejudgment interest on the full award). But see Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran,
768 F. Supp. 2d 16, 30 n.12 (D.D.C. 2011) (declining to award prejudgment interest on solatium
damages). Because some of the economic loss figures recommended by the special master have
already been adjusted to reflect present discounted value, see District of Columbia v. Barritaeu,
399 A.2d 563, 568-69 (D.C. 1979), the Court will not apply the prejudgment interest multiplier
to the economic loss amounts except those calculated in 1998 dollars. See Doe, 943 F. Supp. 2d
at 186 (citing Oldham, 127 F.3d at 54); Report of Special Master Brad Pigott Concerning Evans
12
Onsongo [ECF No. 83] at 4-6 (explaining how to properly apply interest here without double-
counting). Awards for pain and suffering and solatium are calculated without reference to the
time elapsed since the attacks. Because plaintiffs were unable to bring their claims immediately
after the attacks, they lost use of the money to which they were entitled upon incurring their
injuries. Denying prejudgment interest on these damages would allow defendants to profit from
the use of the money over the last fifteen years. Awarding prejudgment interest, on the other
hand, reimburses plaintiffs for the time value of money, treating the awards as if they were
awarded promptly and invested by plaintiffs.
The Court will calculate the applicable interest using the prime rate for each year. The
D.C. Circuit has explained that the prime rate—the rate banks charge for short-term unsecured
loans to creditworthy customers—is the most appropriate measure of prejudgment interest, one
“more appropriate” than more conservative measures such as the Treasury Bill rate, which
represents the return on a risk-free loan. See Forman, 84 F.3d at 450. Although the prime rate,
applied over a period of several years, can be measured in different ways, the D.C. Circuit has
approved an award of prejudgment interest “at the prime rate for each year between the accident
and the entry of judgment.” See id. Using the prime rate for each year is more precise than, for
example, using the average rate over the entire period. See Doe, 943 F. Supp. 2d at 185 (noting
that this method is a “substantially more accurate ‘market-based estimate’” of the time value of
money (citing Forman, 84 F.3d at 451)). Moreover, calculating interest based on the prime rate
for each year is a simple matter.5 Using the prime rate for each year results in a multiplier of
5
To calculate the multiplier, the Court multiplied $1.00 by the prime rate in 1999 (8%) and added that
amount to $1.00, yielding $1.08. Then, the Court took that amount and multiplied it by the prime rate in 2000
(9.23%) and added that amount to $1.08, yielding $1.17968. Continuing this iterative process through 2014 yields a
multiplier of 2.26185.
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2.26185 for damages incurred in 1998.6 Accordingly, the Court will use this multiplier to
calculate the total award.7
CONCLUSION
The 1998 embassy bombings shattered the lives of all plaintiffs in this case. Reviewing
their personal stories reveals that, even more than fifteen years later, they each still feel the
horrific effects of that awful day. Damages awards cannot fully compensate people whose lives
have been torn apart; instead, they offer only a helping hand. But that is the very least that these
plaintiffs are owed. Hence, it is what this Court will facilitate.
A separate Order consistent with these findings has issued on this date.
/s/
JOHN D. BATES
United States District Judge
Dated: July 25, 2014
6
The Court calculated the multiplier using the Federal Reserve’s data for the average annual prime rate in
each year between 1998 and 2014. See Bd. of Governors of the Fed. Reserve Sys. Historical Data, available at
http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm (last visited July 25, 2014). As of the date of this opinion, the
Federal Reserve has not posted the annual prime rate for 2014, so the Court will conservatively estimate that rate to
be 3.25%, the rate for the previous six years.
7
The product of the multiplier and the base damages amount includes both the prejudgment interest and the
base damages amount; in other words, applying the multiplier calculates not the prejudgment interest but the base
damages amount plus the prejudgment interest, or the total compensatory damages award.
14