Amador County, California v. Kempthorne ( 2016 )


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  •                            UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
    FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
    AMADOR COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
    Plaintiff,
    Civil Action No. 05-00658 (BJR)
    v.
    ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S
    S.M.R. JEWELL, Secretary of the UNITED
    MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
    STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE
    AND GRANTING THE UNITED STATES’
    INTERIOR, et al.,
    CROSS-MOTION FOR SUMMARY
    JUDGMENT
    Defendants.
    I.      INTRODUCTION
    At the center of this dispute is a proposed gaming operation on the Buena Vista
    Rancheria of the Me-Wuk Tribe located in Amador County, California. In 2000, pursuant to the
    Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (“IGRA”), 
    25 U.S.C. §§ 2701-2721
    , the Secretary of the United
    States Department of the Interior (the “Secretary”), approved a gaming compact between the Me-
    Wuk Tribe and the State of California. The gaming compact was later amended in 2004 to
    provide for an expanded gaming operation. Although it had not challenged the 2000 gaming
    compact, Plaintiff, Amador County, challenges the Secretary’s approval of the amended
    compact, claiming that the Buena Vista Rancheria does not qualify as “Indian land”—a
    requirement under the IGRA.
    Currently before the Court are cross-motions for summary judgment. The Secretary
    argues that her approval of the amended gaming compact must be upheld because it is in
    accordance with the IGRA. First, the Secretary contends that Amador County is barred from
    contesting the Rancheria’s reservation status under the IGRA because the County stipulated to
    the Rancheria’s status as such in a settlement judgment in an earlier lawsuit between the County
    1
    and the Me-Wuk Tribe. Second, the Secretary argues that even if this Court were to determine
    that the stipulated judgment does not have preclusive effect in this lawsuit, her approval of the
    amended compact still must be upheld because Congress granted her the authority to determine
    what lands qualify as reservations for purposes of the IGRA.
    Amador County, on the other hand, requests that this Court declare that the Buena Vista
    Rancheria is not Indian land under the IGRA and set aside the Secretary’s approval of the
    amended compact. The County contends that it did not, and indeed could not, stipulate to the
    Rancheria’s reservation status. It further argues that even if it did stipulate to the Rancheria’s
    reservation status, the stipulation does not have preclusive effect on the present litigation. Lastly,
    the County argues the term “reservation” as it is used in the IGRA is narrowly defined and the
    Buena Vista Rancheria does not fit within that narrow definition.
    Having reviewed the parties’ submissions, the record of the case, and the relevant legal
    authority, the Court concludes that: (1) Amador County stipulated that it would treat the Buena
    Vista Rancheria as a reservation; (2) Amador County is barred from arguing in this litigation that
    the Rancheria is not a reservation; and, alternatively, (3) the Secretary is authorized to declare
    that the Rancheria is a reservation for purposes of the IGRA. Therefore, the Court will DENY
    Amador County’s motion for summary judgment and GRANT the Secretary’s cross-motion. The
    reasoning for the Court’s decision is set forth below.
    II.     BACKGROUND
    This case is another small chapter in the continuing protean history of the relationship
    between Native American entities and the federal, state, and county governments with which
    they interact. In 1927 the United States purchased 67.5 acres of land in Amador County and held
    it in trust for the Me-Wuk Tribe. Amador Cnty, Cal. v. Salazar, 
    640 F.3d 373
    , 375 (D.C. Cir.
    2
    2011). 1 This land is commonly referred to as the Buena Vista Rancheria. However, in 1958, in
    keeping with the “then-popular policy of assimilating Native Americans into American society,
    Congress enacted the California Rancheria Act, which authorized the Secretary to terminate the
    federal trust relationship with several California tribes, including the Me-Wuk Tribe, and to
    transfer tribal lands from federal trust ownership to individual fee ownership.” 
    Id.
     (citing Act of
    Aug. 18, 1958, Pub. L. No. 85-671, 
    72 Stat. 619
    ). Pursuant to the Act, the Secretary transferred
    title to the Buena Vista Rancheria to two Me-Wuk Tribe members. 
    Id.
     In doing so, the Secretary
    “stripped the [Rancheria] of its reservation status.” 
    Id. at 383
    .
    Twenty years later, members of the Me-Wuk Tribe joined members of sixteen other
    California rancherias and filed a class action lawsuit against the United States and several
    California counties to undo the effect of the California Rancheria Act. See Hardwick v. United
    States, No. C-79-1710 (N.D.Ca. 1979). The tribes sought equitable relief requiring the Secretary
    to: (1) “unterminate” each of the seventeen rancherias and (2) restore plaintiffs’ “rights,
    privileges and immunities” as Native Americans under the United States Constitution. 
    Id.,
    Second Amended Complaint at 26-27. The Hardwick lawsuit ended in a settlement between the
    tribes and the federal government and, subsequently, in a series of separate stipulated judgments
    between the individual tribes and the counties in which the tribes’ rancherias are located.
    Amador Cnty, 
    640 F.3d at 376
    .
    1
    In 1851, as a result of rapid settlement in California due to the discovery of gold, federal agents negotiated several
    treaties with California Indian tribes, each providing for the surrender of the tribes’ native land holdings in return for
    smaller plots of land elsewhere in California. The California state legislature objected to the federal government’s
    proposed land acquisitions and, as a result, Congress rejected the treaties. However, the Indians tribes had already
    surrendered their homes and started their journey to the proposed new lands (having been reassured by the federal
    agents that Congress would confirm the treaties). Therefore, the tribes became homeless. Nearly sixty years later,
    California citizens sympathetic to the economic and physical distress of the homeless Indians urged Congress to
    pass legislation to acquire isolated parcels of land for the Indians. As a result of this lobbying, between 1906 and
    1927, Congress passed several land acquisition acts that provided funding for the purchase of the land. The land
    acquisitions resulted in what is referred to as the Rancheria System in California. See Cohen’s Handbook of Fed.
    Indian Law at § 1.03[5], 58-59 (2012).
    3
    In the first settlement—the August 2, 1983 settlement between the tribes and the federal
    government—the federal government agreed to: (1) restore Indian status to the Hardwick
    plaintiffs and confirm that these individuals and/or communities are entitled to the benefits and
    services provided by the federal government, (2) confirm that the distribution plans for the
    seventeen rancherias had “no further force and effect” and would not be further implemented,
    and (3) accept the assets of the seventeen rancherias if any of the plaintiffs elected “to restore
    such interest to trust status” with the United States. Dkt. No. 76, Ex. 4 at ¶¶ 3-10.
    In the sequent stipulated judgment—the May 14, 1987 settlement between the Me-Wuk
    Tribe and Amador County—the parties agreed that: (1) the Buena Vista Rancheria had not been
    “lawfully terminated under the California Rancheria Act,” (2) the original boundaries of the
    Rancheria would be restored, it would be considered “Indian Country,” and treated “as any other
    federally recognized Indian Reservation,” (3) “all of the laws” that pertain to federally
    recognized Indians and/or Indian tribes would also apply to the Rancheria, and (4) if any Indian
    owned Rancheria land was returned to trust status with the United States by the end of 1988, the
    County would refund previously paid property taxes and refrain from assessing further taxes (so
    long as proper exemption forms were filed each tax year). Hardwick v. United States, No. C–79–
    1710, Dkt. No. 214 at ¶¶ 2, C-E, G.
    Thereafter, the Me-Wuk Tribe began planning a gaming operation on the Buena Vista
    Rancheria. Amador Cnty., 
    640 F.3d at 376
    . In 1999, the Tribe completed its initial round of
    negotiations with the State of California and, in 2000, the Secretary approved the resulting
    gaming compact pursuant to the IGRA. 
    Id. at 377
    . Amador County did not object to the 2000
    gaming compact. In 2004, the Tribe began a second round of negotiations with the State of
    California, which resulted in an amended compact that provided for the construction of a casino.
    4
    
    Id.
     When the Tribe submitted the amended compact for approval to the Secretary, the Secretary
    took “no-action,” which, as provided in the IGRA, meant that the amended compact was deemed
    approved after forty-five days. 
    Id.
     The Secretary published a notice of approval in the Federal
    Register on December 20, 2004. 
    69 Fed. Reg. 76,004
    .
    Amador County filed the instant lawsuit in 2005. The matter was originally assigned to
    the Honorable Richard W. Roberts. The Secretary moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that
    Amador County had failed to state a claim for relief because the Secretary’s “no-action” decision
    is not reviewable under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). Judge Roberts accepted the
    Secretary’s argument and dismissed the lawsuit. Amador County appealed and the D.C. Circuit
    reversed, holding that the Secretary’s “no-action” approval of the gaming compact is reviewable
    under the APA. 
    Id. at 383
    .
    Having determined that the Secretary’s “no-action” approval is reviewable, the D.C.
    Circuit turned to the merits of the case. First, the Circuit Court observed that the “sole question at
    issue” in this case is whether the Buena Vista Rancheria qualifies as “Indian land” for purpose of
    the IGRA. 
    Id.
     “[I]f it does,” the Circuit Court noted, the parties agree that “the Secretary had
    authority to approve the compact.” 
    Id. at 383
    . The Circuit Court further observed that the parties
    agree that, under the facts of this case, the Buena Vista Rancheria “can qualify as ‘Indian land’
    only if it is an ‘Indian Reservation.’” 
    Id.
     Finally, the Court stated, whether the Buena Vista
    Rancheria is a reservation “turns, and again the parties agree about this, on the effect” that the
    May 14, 1987 stipulated judgment between the Me-Wuk Tribe and Amador County in the
    Hardwick case has on the present lawsuit. 
    Id.
     The Court stated:
    [A]lthough the California Rancheria Act stripped the [Buena Vista Rancheria] of
    its reservation status, the County agreed in the Hardwick Judgment that the
    [Buena Vista] Rancheria and the [Me-Wuk Indians] were never and are not now
    lawfully terminated under the California Rancheria Act, that the original
    5
    boundaries of the [] Rancheria ... are hereby restored, that all the land within these
    restored boundaries…is declared “Indian Country,” that the [Buena Vista]
    Rancheria shall be treated by the County of Amador and the United States of
    America, as any other federally recognized Indian Reservation, and [that] all of
    the laws of the United States that pertain to federally recognized Indian Tribes
    and Indians shall apply to the [Buena Vista] Rancheria and the Me-Wuk Tribe.
    These provisions, the Secretary argues, preclusively establish that the Rancheria
    qualifies as “Indian land.” Disagreeing, the County contends that these sweeping
    provisions must be construed and interpreted in light of the issue[] being
    litigated—the County’s ability to assess property taxes on the former Rancheria
    lands. The Hardwick Judgment, the County insists, is therefore of no consequence
    in the context of this litigation challenging the Secretary’s approval of the
    compact.
    
    Id. at 383-384
     (internal quotations omitted).
    The Circuit Court recognized that the 1987 Hardwick judgment is a stipulated judgment
    (i.e., the parties reached judgment through consent rather than litigation). 
    Id. at 384
    . Nonetheless,
    the Circuit Court observed, “‘[p]reclusion is appropriate when the stipulation clearly manifests
    the parties’ intent to be bound in future actions.’” 
    Id. at 384
     (quoting Otherson v. Dep’t of
    Justice, INS, 
    711 F.2d 267
    , 274 n. 6). “[T]he scope of preclusion by settlement arises from
    contract,” and courts “measur[e] intent by ordinary contract principles.” 
    Id.
     (quoting Charles
    Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 4443, n. 21). Therefore, the
    Circuit Court concluded, because Judge Roberts “never considered the scope of the County’s
    intent to be bound” by the 1987 Hardwick judgment, and because “intent is a question of fact
    that may turn not only on the language of the agreement, but also on extrinsic evidence not yet in
    the record,” the Circuit Court remanded the case “to give the district court an opportunity to
    assess the merits in the first instance.” Id.
    On remand, the matter was reassigned to this district court judge. Thereafter, the Me-
    Wuk Tribe filed a motion to intervene for the limited purpose of moving to dismiss this lawsuit.
    Dkt. No. 59. This Court denied the motion; the Tribe appealed to the D.C. Circuit, which
    6
    affirmed this Court’s order. Amador Cnty., Cal. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, 
    772 F.3d 901
     (D.C.
    Cir. 2014). The parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment are now fully briefed and ready for
    review.
    III.    STANDARD OF REVIEW
    Amador County brings this lawsuit pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act
    (“APA”). Generally, claims brought pursuant to the APA are appropriately decided on summary
    judgment based solely upon the administrative record that existed at the time of the agency’s
    decision. Florida Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 
    470 U.S. 729
    , 743-44 (1985). The reviewing
    court does not resolve factual issues, but instead determines whether, as a matter of law and
    based on the administrative record, the agency was permitted “to make the decision it did.”
    Sierra Club v. Mainella, 
    459 F. Supp. 2d 76
    , 90 (D.D.C. 2006) (quoting Occidental Eng’g Co. v.
    INS, 
    753 F.2d 766
    , 769 (9th Cir. 1985)). However, this is not a typical APA case. Here, as
    discussed above, the D.C. Circuit remanded this matter specifically for a factual determination
    with respect to the parties’ intent in executing the 1987 Hardwick stipulated judgment. Amador
    Cnty, 
    640 F.3d at 384
    . It is not the administrative record that is determinative of this issue;
    rather, this Court must consider documents outside the administrative record and judicially
    noticeable matters that are germane to the remand question.
    IV.    DISCUSSION
    The D.C. Circuit’s remand mandate is clear: this Court must “consider[] the scope of
    [Amador] County’s intent to be bound by” the May 14, 1987 Hardwick stipulated judgment with
    the Me-Wuk Tribe (hereinafter, “the Hardwick Judgment”). Amador, 
    640 F.3d at 384
    .
    Specifically, did Amador County stipulate that it would treat the Buena Vista Rancheria as a
    7
    reservation, and if so, did the County intend to be bound by that stipulation in future actions.
    This Court concludes that the answer to both questions is yes.
    A.       Amador County Agreed to Treat the Buena Vista Rancheria as a
    Reservation
    As noted above, the Hardwick Judgment is a stipulated judgment. In other words, the
    judgment was reached through agreement by the parties rather than litigation. Generally, “when
    an issue of fact or law is actually litigated and determined by a valid and final judgment, the
    determination is conclusive in a subsequent action. . .whether on the same or a different claim.
    Amador Cnty, 
    640 F.3d at 384
     (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgment § 27). There can be
    preclusion in a stipulated judgment “when the stipulation clearly manifests the parties’ intent to
    be bound in future actions.” Id. (quoting Otherson, 711 F.2d at 274 n. 6).
    A settlement agreement is a contract and is, therefore, governed by the legal principles
    that apply to contracts. Gorman v. Holte, 
    164 Cal. App. 3d 984
    , 988 (1985) (compromise
    settlements are governed by the legal principles applicable to contracts generally); see also,
    Weddington Productions, Inc. v. Flick, 
    60 Cal. App. 4th 793
    , 810–811(1998) (same). 2 “The
    fundamental rules of contract interpretation are based on the premise that the interpretation of a
    contract must give effect to the ‘mutual intention’ of the parties.” Canaan Taiwanese Christian
    Church v. All World Mission Ministries, 
    211 Cal. App. 4th 1115
    , 1124 (2012). Such intent is
    inferred, if possible, solely from the written provisions of the contract. Waller v. Truck Ins.
    Exchange, Inc., 
    11 Cal. 4th 1
    , 18 (1995). However, if the contract is ambiguous, the court may
    consider extrinsic evidence. Nish Noroian Farms v. Agricultural Labor Relations Bd., 
    35 Cal. 3d 2
     The D.C. Circuit interprets settlement agreements under the local law of the jurisdiction where the settlement
    agreement is to be enforced. See Makins v. District of Columbia, 
    277 F.3d 544
    , 548 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (“[W]e adopt
    local law in determining whether a settlement agreement should be enforced.”). As such, California law governs
    here.
    8
    726, 735 (1984) (“The factual context in which an agreement was reached is also relevant to
    establish its meaning unless the words themselves are susceptible to only one interpretation.”).
    The following are the relevant terms of the Hardwick Judgment with respect to whether
    Amador County agreed to treat the Buena Vista Rancheria as a reservation:
    1.      The Rancheria was “never and [is] not now lawfully terminated under the
    California Rancheria Act.”
    2.      The original boundaries of the Rancheria are “hereby restored.”
    3.      All land within the Rancheria is “declared to be ‘Indian Country.’”
    4.      The Rancheria shall be treated by the County and the United States “as any other
    federally recognized Indian Reservation.”
    5.      “[A]ll of the laws of the United States that pertain to federally recognized Indian
    Tribes and Indians shall apply to” the Rancheria.
    Hardwick Judgment at 4 ¶¶ 2-3, C-D (underline in original). The Judgment further defines
    “Indian Country,” in relevant part, as “all land within the limits of any Indian reservation under
    the jurisdiction of the United States Government” and “all Indian allotments, the Indian titles to
    which have not been extinguished.” 
    Id.
     at 2 ¶ G (citing 
    18 U.S.C. § 1151
     (ed. 1986)).
    The Secretary argues that these provisions unambiguously establish that the Hardwick
    Judgment restored the Buena Vista Rancheria to its pre-termination status and that the County
    agreed to treat the Rancheria as any other federally recognized reservation. Dkt. No. 77 at 34-35.
    The County, on the other hand, interprets the Hardwick Judgment as an attempt to “create or
    authorize [a] new Indian reservation[].” Dkt. No. 76 at 21. The County argues that the Hardwick
    Judgment fails to “create” a new Indian reservation on the Buena Vista Rancheria for the
    following reasons. First, the County claims that it and the Me-Wuk Tribe lacked the authority to
    create reservation status for the Rancheria simply by stipulating to such in the Hardwick
    Judgment. Second, in the County’s view, because the United States was not a party to the
    9
    Hardwick Judgment, any attempt by the parties to the Judgment to declare that the Rancheria is a
    reservation is void. 
    Id.
     Lastly, the County argues that whether the Rancheria is a reservation is a
    “[c]onclusion of law,” and as such, can only “be reached by the courts” (as opposed to stipulated
    to by private parties) and thus the stipulation is not a binding agreement. 
    Id.
    Because the parties dispute the meaning of the Hardwick Judgment, this Court must
    consider the plain language of the parties’ agreement and determine whether the words, given
    their ordinary meaning, create an ambiguity. See American Alternative Ins. Corp. v. Superior
    Court, 
    135 Cal. App. 4th 1239
    , 1245 (2006). “A contract is ambiguous if it is susceptible of two
    different and reasonable interpretations, each of which is found to be consistent with the contract
    language.” Community Heating & Plumbing Co., Inc. v. Kelso, 
    987 F.2d 1575
    , 1579 (Fed. Cir.
    1993). Here, the Judgment unambiguously states that the: (1) boundaries of the Buena Vista
    Rancheria “are hereby restored,” (2) the Rancheria “is declared…‘Indian Country,’” (3) it will be
    treated “as any other federally recognized Indian Reservation,” and (4) that all of the federal laws
    that apply to Indians will also apply to the Rancheria. Hardwick Judgment at 4 ¶¶ C-D (underline
    in original). Further, the Judgment defines “Indian Country” as “all land within the limits of any
    Indian reservation under the jurisdiction of the United States Government” and “all Indian
    allotments, the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished[.]” 
    Id.
     at 2 ¶ G (citing 
    18 U.S.C. § 1151
    ) (emphasis added). Considering the ordinary meaning of these words—as this Court must
    do—it is clear that the County intended to treat the Rancheria as a reservation. There is simply
    no ambiguity in the Hardwick Judgment.
    However, as noted above, the County does not read the Hardwick Judgment as simply
    agreeing to treat the Rancheria as a reservation; rather, the County argues that the Judgment is an
    attempt to “create [or] authorize” a new Indian reservation by “confer[ing]” reservation status on
    10
    the Rancheria. Dkt. No. 76 at 21. As such, the County argues, the Judgment is “fatally flawed”
    because “a stipulated judgment, which is essentially a contract [] is an entirely inappropriate
    vehicle to confer that legal status which can only be designated pursuant to the [Indian
    Reorganization Act].” 
    Id. at 22, 21
    . In making this argument, the County expends a tremendous
    amount of energy discussing whether the Buena Vista Rancheria is or ever was an Indian
    reservation (analyzing, among other legal authority, the California Four Reservations Act of
    1864, the Mission Indians Relief Act of 1861, the Land Appropriations Acts of 1907-1927, and
    the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934), Congress’ and the Secretary’s authority to designate
    reservation status, and the definition “reservation” as the term is used in the IGRA.
    However, none of this is relevant to the impact the Hardwick Judgment has on this
    litigation. First, because the Hardwick Judgment is unambiguous, the Court cannot consider such
    extrinsic evidence. Nevertheless, even if the Court were to consider such evidence, the County’s
    argument misses the point. While the Court agrees with the County’s general assertion that
    private parties cannot stipulate to the creation of a new Indian reservation, that is not what the
    parties did. In executing the Hardwick Judgment, the parties were not usurping the Secretary’s
    authority and creating a new reservation—indeed, nowhere in the Judgment do the parties
    declare that the Rancheria is a reservation. The parties do declare that the Rancheria is “Indian
    County” (as “defined by 
    18 U.S.C. §1152
    ”), but as the County points out, that definition
    encompasses more than reservations. 
    Id. at 2
    , ¶ G, 4, ¶ C; Dkt. No. 76 at 23 (noting that
    [r]eservations are but one type of land status of several composing ‘Indian County’”). Instead, in
    executing the Hardwick Judgment, the parties simply agreed that the County will treat the
    Rancheria “as any other federally recognized Indian Reservation.” Hardwick Judgment at 4, ¶¶
    C-D. Therefore, whether the fact that the Rancheria was purchased with funds appropriated
    11
    under the Land Appropriations Act of 1914 means that the Rancheria is an “Indian community”
    as opposed to a reservation, or whether the Rancheria is held in trust status by the United States,
    is not relevant to the question of whether the County agreed to treat the Rancheria as a
    reservation.
    Next, the County argues that the Hardwick Judgment is not enforceable because it
    “purports to bind the United States of America, a co-Defendant in the Hardwick litigation but a
    non-party to the [Hardwick Judgment].” Dkt. No.76 at 23. According to the County, the United
    States “may not avoid its own statutory and regulatory obligations by now purporting to consider
    itself legally and administratively bound” by the Hardwick Judgment. 
    Id.
     This argument, as set
    forth by the County in its brief, is not entirely clear. It appears that the County is arguing that the
    United States cannot ignore the process for creating a reservation under the Indian
    Reorganization Act by simply agreeing to be bound by a stipulation that purports to create a
    reservation. However, in making this argument, the County once again misinterprets the
    Hardwick Judgment and the Secretary’s contention regarding the same. Again, the Secretary is
    not arguing that the Judgment created a reservation; she is arguing that the County is bound by
    its agreement with the Me-Wuk Tribe to treat the Rancheria as a reservation. For the reasons set
    forth above, this Court agrees with the Secretary,
    Lastly, the County argues that the Hardwick Judgment is not enforceable because
    whether the Buena Vista Rancheria is a reservation is a “legal conclusion” that cannot be
    stipulated to by private parties. Once again, this argument misses the point. The parties did not
    stipulate, as a matter of law, that the Rancheria is an Indian reservation, the County simply
    agreed to treat it as such. For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that the Hardwick
    12
    Judgment unambiguously sets forth the parties’ intent that the County would treat the Buena
    Vista Rancheria as a reservation.
    B.      The Parties Intended the Hardwick Judgment to Bind Them in Future
    Actions
    Next, Amador County argues that even if this Court concludes that it did stipulate that it
    would treat Buena Vista Rancheria as a reservation, the “County did not intend…to be bound by
    [the stipulation] for gaming-related purposes.” Dkt. No.76 at 25. Instead, the County argues, its
    intent in entering the Hardwick Judgment was simply to resolve outstanding real property tax
    issues between it and the individual property owners of the land within the Rancheria’s
    boundaries. 
    Id.
     (stating that paragraphs E-G of the Hardwick Judgment are the “only substantive
    obligations undertaken by the County and they are each related to the collection of taxes by the
    County”) (emphasis in original). The County also once again argues that reservation “status
    cannot simply be stipulated to in civil litigation[.]” 
    Id. at 24
    .
    Once more, this Court is not persuaded by the County’s arguments. First, the Hardwick
    Judgment does not state that the County will treat the Rancheria as a reservation for tax purposes
    only. In fact, there is nothing in the structure of the Judgment that indicates any limitation to the
    scope of the provisions relating to the County’s treatment of the Rancheria as a reservation. To
    the contrary, the Judgment states that “all of the laws of the United States that pertain to
    federally recognized Indian Tribes and Indians shall apply” to the Rancheria. Hardwick
    Judgment at 4 ¶ D (emphasis added). As to the County’s second argument—that the Judgment
    cannot be read to create reservation status because private parties cannot create reservation
    status—the Court has already rejected this argument. Again, the issue here is not whether the
    Hardwick Judgment created, as a matter of law, reservation status for the Buena Vista Rancheria,
    but whether the County is precluded from treating it as anything other than a reservation. The
    13
    Court finds that the County is so precluded. As the D.C. Circuit observed “[p]reclusion is
    appropriate when the stipulation clearly manifests the parties’ intent to be bound in future
    actions.” Amador Cnty, 
    640 F.3d at 384
    . Here, the parties unambiguously stipulate that the
    Rancheria “shall be treated by the County . . . as any other federally recognized Indian
    reservation” and that “all” federal laws that apply to Indians and Indian Tribes will also apply to
    it. Hardwick Judgment, at 4, ¶ D.
    C.      The Extrinsic Evidence Does Not Support the County’s Interpretation of the
    Hardwick Judgment
    Even if this Court were to find the Hardwick Judgment ambiguous and consider extrinsic
    evidence as the County urges the Court to do, such evidence demonstrates that the County
    intended to treat the Rancheria as a reservation and that the parties intended the Hardwick
    Judgment to cover future agreements. First, the Court notes that the County listed as an
    affirmative defense to the Second Amended Complaint in the Hardwick litigation that it has “at
    least since 1970” (before which no official County records exist) “recognized the Buena Vista
    Rancheria as ‘Indian Country.’” Hardwick v. United States, No. C-79-1710, Dkt. No. 179 at 6 ¶
    21. Second, the County did not object to the Secretary’s approval of the original gaming compact
    in 2000. It was only after the gaming compact was amended in 2004 to accommodate the
    construction of a casino that the County claimed that the Rancheria does not constitute Indian
    lands under the IGRA, a requirement that also existed in 2000. Finally, in 2001, the County
    entered into an intergovernmental services agreement with the Me-Wuk Tribe regarding the 2000
    gaming compact. In this agreement, the parties repeatedly refer to the Buena Vista Rancheria as
    a reservation. Dkt. No. 77 at 1-2, 4 (“the Tribe intends to open a Class III gaming facility and
    entertainment facility on Indian lands within the Reservation”; “The Project consists of the
    construction and operation of a Class III gaming and entertainment facility [and other related
    14
    structures] on approximately 30 acres located inside the Tribe’s Reservation”; “The Tribe has
    taken appropriate action to determine whether the project will have any significant adverse
    impacts on the off-reservation environment”; “Buena Vista Road is the access route to the
    Reservation”).
    Nor is the Court persuaded by the County’s contention that when it executed the
    Hardwick Judgment, it “could not have intended, or even contemplated” that the Judgment
    “would impact whether the Rancheria would qualify as “Indian lands” under the IGRA because
    the IGRA was not enacted until seventeen months after the County entered into the Hardwick
    Judgment. Id. at 26. While it is true that the IGRA was not enacted by Congress until seventeen
    months after the County executed the Hardwick Judgment, the debate surrounding gaming on
    Indian lands was well underway by the time the County signed the Judgment. The IGRA was
    enacted as a result of the Ninth Circuit’s holding in Cabazon Band of Mission Indians v. County
    of Riverside that California and Riverside County lacked authority to regulate gaming on two
    Indian reservations, and this decision was reached fifteen months before the County entered into
    the Hardwick Judgment. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians v. County of Riverside, 
    783 F.2d 900
    (9th Cir. 1986); see also, Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community, 
    134 S.Ct. 2024
    , 2034 (2014).
    In addition, this Court presumes that the County was aware that the United States Supreme Court
    affirmed the Cabazon decision in February 1987, three months before the County executed the
    Hardwick Judgment. California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, 
    480 U.S. 202
    , 221–222
    (1987). Thus, there is simply no basis to carve out gaming operations from the “all laws”
    provision in the Judgment.
    15
    D.     The Secretary Has the Authority to Determine Whether the Buena Vista
    Rancheria Is a Reservation for Purposes of the IGRA
    While the language of the Circuit Court opinion necessitated that this Court focus ab
    initio on the preclusive effect of the Hardwick Judgment, even if this Court were to determine
    that the Judgment does not have preclusive effect on this litigation, the Secretary would still be
    entitled to summary judgment. This is because Congress specifically delegated to the Secretary
    the authority to determine whether a track of land is a “reservation” for purposes of the IGRA.
    See Pub. L. No. 107-63, § 134 (2001), 
    115 Stat. 414
     (“The authority to determine whether a
    specific area of land is a “reservation” for purposes of [the IGRA], was delegated to the
    Secretary of the Interior on October 17, 1988.”); see also, City of Rosenville v. Norton, 
    348 F.3d 1020
    , 1029 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (Congress has enacted legislation delegating to the Secretary “the
    authority to determine whether land is a ‘reservation’” for purposes of the IGRA).
    Here, the parties agree that if the Buena Vista Rancheria qualifies as an “Indian
    reservation” under the IGRA, the Secretary had the authority to approve the amended gaming
    compact. Amador Cnty, 
    640 F.3d at 383
    . It is beyond dispute that the Secretary has, at least since
    June 12, 1935, considered the Rancheria a reservation. 3 On that date, the Secretary facilitated a
    vote among the Me-Wuk Tribe members of the Buena Vista Rancheria pursuant to the Indian
    Reorganization Act’s mandate that a vote be conducted on each “reservation” to give the adult
    tribe members an opportunity to reject the Act. 
    25 U.S.C. § 478
    ; Theodore H. Haas, Ten Years
    of Tribal Government under I.R.A., U.S. Indian Service Tribal Relations Pamphlets 1 (1947) at
    15. The vote was held precisely because the Secretary considered the Rancheria a reservation.
    Indeed, the Secretary’s own regulations define “reservation” for purposes of Section
    2703(4) of the IGRA, in pertinent part, as: “[l]and of Indian colonies and rancherias (including
    3
    With the exception, of course, of the short time that the Rancheria was unlawfully terminated under the California
    Rancheria Act.
    16
    rancherias restored by judicial action) set aside by the United States for the permanent settlement
    of the Indians as its homeland.” This definition demonstrates that the Department considered the
    Buena Vista Rancheria a reservation for purposes of the IGRA. 4
    But, of course, the gold star evidence that the Secretary considered the Rancheria a
    reservation under the IGRA is the fact that it approved the gaming compact in 2000 and the
    amended compact in 2004. The IGRA permits gaming only on “Indian Lands.” Amador Cnty,
    
    640 F.3d at 377
     (quoting 
    25 U.S.C. § 2710
    (d)(1) (“Class III gaming activities shall be lawful on
    Indian Lands…” (emphasis added)). The IGRA defines “Indian Lands” as either lands held in
    trust by the United States for the benefit of an Indian or Indian tribe or lands “within the limits of
    any Indian reservation.” 
    25 U.S.C. § 2703
    (4). The parties do not dispute that the Buena Vista
    Rancheria is not held in trust; therefore, the Secretary necessarily must have determined that the
    Rancheria is a reservation. Given that Congress has unambiguously delegated to the Secretary
    the authority to determine whether land is a reservation for purposes of the IGRA (something the
    County does not dispute), the Secretary is entitled to summary judgment on this matter.
    V.       CONCLUSION
    For the foregoing reasons, the Court HEREBY GRANTS the United States’ cross-motion
    for summary judgment and DENIES Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment.
    Dated this 16th day of March, 2016.
    A
    Barbara Jacobs Rothstein
    U.S. District Court Judge
    4
    This regulatory definition is not precisely implicated in this case because the Buena Vista Rancheria was a
    reservation at the time of IGRA’s enactment, rendering Section 2719 of the Act inapplicable to the present dispute.
    Nevertheless, the definition is strong evidence of the Buena Vista Rancheria’s reservation status in the eyes of the
    Department.
    17
    18