Elkins v. Federal Aviation Administration , 65 F. Supp. 3d 194 ( 2014 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DAVID J. ELKINS,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 14-476 (JEB)
FEDERAL AVIATION
ADMINISTRATION,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Motivated by his belief that the government is investigating him through unlawful aircraft
surveillance, Plaintiff David Elkins has repeatedly submitted Freedom of Information Act
requests to the Federal Aviation Administration asking for records of specific airplane flights.
Although at first glance this might appear to be tinfoil-hat material, the history of the case
reveals some basis for Elkins’s theory. In the FOIA request at issue here, Plaintiff sought
records pertaining to a flight he observed near St. Petersburg, Florida, in July 2013. In response
to this request, the FAA conducted a search and released some responsive voice transmissions
that were partially redacted under FOIA Exemption 7(E). Dissatisfied with the FAA’s response,
Plaintiff brought this suit. The agency has now filed a Motion for Summary Judgment. Because
Defendant has neither established that it conducted an adequate search for the requested records
nor clearly explained its withholdings, the Court will deny the Motion.
I. Background
Since 2005, Plaintiff has filed numerous FOIA requests with the FAA, seeking to obtain
records of certain aircraft he has observed flying overhead. See Compl. at 2-6. Plaintiff’s stated
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purpose in seeking those records is to expose and document unlawful government surveillance.
Id. at 3. His FOIA requests have met with varying levels of success, and this suit marks the third
occasion that Elkins has turned to the courts in order to obtain release of withheld records. See
Elkins v. FAA, No. 12-2009 (M.D. Fl. filed Sept. 5, 2012); Elkins v. FAA., No. 08-1073, 2010
WL 23319 (D. Or. Jan. 4, 2010).
Plaintiff submitted the particular FOIA request in contention here on July 19, 2013. See
Opp., Exh. B. He alleges that on that same day at 7:40 a.m., he observed an aircraft circling over
his private residence in St. Petersburg/Lealman, Florida, which then followed him for some time.
Compl. at 5. Plaintiff’s original request asked the FAA to provide the following information:
The N number, [t]he law enforcement agency op[]erating the
aircraft, the inflight radio communications between Tampa ATC or
Saint Petersburg/Clearwater and this aircraft, pre filed flight plan
allowing it to fly in this area, all records of court authority
(warrant) showing cause to FAA to conduct surv[e]illance, all
records of Department of Justice or Pinallas County sheriff
participation, all records of who has tactical of this aircraft. All
records of DOJ agreement with FAA to withhold a determination
of release of these requested records, all records of non-
privile[]ge[d] communications between DOJ and FAA Tracon
Tampa, College Park FAA.
Opp., Exh. B. On July 23, 2013, Plaintiff amended his initial request to include:
1. All records of agreement between the entity operating this
aircraft and the FAA allowing [it] to either not turn on it[]s
transponder or the FAA agreeing not to track the plane.
2. All records of radio contact between the commercial jet and
Tampa ATC warning the jet of aircraft in the vicinity (in-flight
radio communications)
3. All records of agreement between “passurslive” and the FAA
to allow interruption of live feeds (end taps) to their public web
site if any.
4. All records if any, presented to the FAA by this entity showing
that they have cause of action (warrant) to pursue this
surveillance
5. All records how long actually the plane was in flight
6. All records from w[h]ere it departed, and w[h]ere it landed . . .
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7. ALL RECORDS OF WHAT ENTITY HAD TACTICAL
CONTROL OVER THIS AIRCRAFT.
Opp., Exh. C.
The FAA responded to Plaintiff’s request in a letter dated November 5, 2013, notifying
him that “[a] records search was conducted at Tampa Airport Traffic Control Tower” and
releasing a “compact disc containing voice re-recordings pertaining to [his] request.” Compl.,
Exh. 1. The letter further informed Plaintiff that the “Aircraft Registration Number” had been
redacted pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(E). Id.
Plaintiff administratively appealed the FAA’s response to his request on December 6,
2013. See Compl., Exh. 2. On March 20, 2014, after more than three months had passed
without a determination of his appeal by the agency, Plaintiff filed suit in this Court. Because
Elkins waited more than 20 days after his administrative appeal before filing suit, he is deemed
to have exhausted his administrative remedies. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6).
On July 16, 2014, the FAA filed this Motion for Summary Judgment, claiming that it
conducted a search reasonably designed to uncover records responsive to Plaintiff’s requests,
produced all responsive, non-exempt records, and properly withheld certain records pursuant to
Exemption 7(E). A declaration describing the agency’s search efforts and withholdings
accompanied its Motion. See Mot., Exh. A (Declaration of Patricia A. Facey). Plaintiff contests
the Motion, arguing that the FAA failed to address the whole of Plaintiff’s FOIA request, that it
did not demonstrate that its search was adequate, that the descriptions of the FAA’s withholdings
are insufficient, and that the agency improperly withheld certain records.
II. Legal Standard
Summary judgment may be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
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56(a). A genuine issue of material fact is one that would change the outcome of the litigation.
See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986) (“Only disputes over facts that
might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of
summary judgment.”). In the event of conflicting evidence on a material issue, the Court is to
construe the conflicting evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See
Sample v. Bureau of Prisons, 466 F.3d 1086, 1087 (D.C. Cir. 2006).
FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.
See Brayton v. Office of U.S. Trade Rep., 641 F.3d 521, 527 (D.C. Cir. 2011). In FOIA cases,
the agency bears the ultimate burden of proof. See Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S.
136, 142 n.3 (1989). The Court may grant summary judgment based solely on information
provided in an agency’s affidavits or declarations when they describe “the documents and the
justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information
withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary
evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Military Audit Project v. Casey,
656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). Such affidavits or declarations are accorded “a presumption
of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by ‘purely speculative claims about the existence and
discoverability of other documents.’” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C.
Cir. 1991) (quoting Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. CIA, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir. 1981)).
III. Analysis
Congress enacted FOIA “to pierce the veil of administrative secrecy and to open agency
action to the light of public scrutiny.” Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976)
(citation omitted). “The basic purpose of FOIA is to ensure an informed citizenry, vital to the
functioning of a democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold the
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governors accountable to the governed.” John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493 U.S. 146,
152 (1989) (citation omitted). The statute provides that “each agency, upon any request for
records which (i) reasonably describes such records and (ii) is made in accordance with
published rules . . . shall make the records promptly available to any person.” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(3)(A). Consistent with this statutory mandate, federal courts have jurisdiction to order
the production of records that an agency improperly withholds. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B);
Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 755 (1989).
“Unlike the review of other agency action that must be upheld if supported by substantial
evidence and not arbitrary or capricious, the FOIA expressly places the burden ‘on the agency to
sustain its action’ and directs the district courts to ‘determine the matter de novo.’” Reporters
Comm., 489 U.S. at 755 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)). “At all times courts must bear in
mind that FOIA mandates a ‘strong presumption in favor of disclosure’ . . . .” Nat’l Ass’n of
Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26, 32 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502
U.S. 164, 173 (1991)).
The FAA maintains that summary judgment is proper both because it conducted an
adequate search for responsive records and because any records not released were properly
withheld under Exemption 7(E). The Court cannot concur.
A. Adequacy of the Search
“An agency fulfills its obligations under FOIA if it can demonstrate beyond material
doubt that its search was ‘reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.’” Valencia-
Lucena v. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897
F.2d 540, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1990)); see also Steinberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C.
Cir. 1994). “[T]he issue to be resolved is not whether there might exist any other documents
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possibly responsive to the request, but rather whether the search for those documents was
adequate.” Weisberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C. Cir. 1984). The adequacy
of an agency’s search for documents requested under FOIA “is judged by a standard of
reasonableness and depends, not surprisingly, upon the facts of each case.” Id. To meet its
burden, the agency may submit affidavits or declarations that explain the scope and method of its
search “in reasonable detail.” Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C. Cir. 1982). Absent
contrary evidence, such affidavits or declarations are sufficient to show that an agency complied
with FOIA. See Perry, 684 F.2d at 127. On the other hand, if the record “leaves substantial
doubt as to the sufficiency of the search, summary judgment for the agency is not proper.”
Truitt, 897 F.2d at 542.
To demonstrate the adequacy of its search in this case, the FAA offers a declaration by
Patricia A. Facey, an FAA Management and Program Analyst whose responsibilities include
processing and responding to FOIA requests. See Facey Decl., ¶¶ 1-2. Facey explains that
Plaintiff’s FOIA request sought “various records” pertaining to an aircraft circling in the St.
Petersburg, Florida, area on July 19, 2013. Id., ¶ 8. According to her declaration, Facey
“requested all responsive records from the Tampa Airport Traffic Control Tower/Terminal Radar
Approach Control (‘ATCT/TRACON’), . . . the only facility with records that would be
responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA request.” Id., ¶ 9. Plaintiff counters that the FAA failed to
individually address each of the records enumerated in his request and to properly search all
relevant databases. See Opp. at 11.
Ordinarily, an agency’s attestation that it has searched all offices likely to contain
responsive records is sufficient justification for its decision to limit its search to certain locations.
See Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990); Am. Immigration Council
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v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. 12-856, 2014 WL 842311, at *4 (D.D.C. Mar. 5, 2014).
Here, however, after reviewing the FAA’s summary-judgment briefing and the Facey
Declaration, the Court is left with distinct uncertainty as to whether the agency appreciated the
whole of Plaintiff’s FOIA request. Facey’s declaration refers only to “various records” sought
by Plaintiff, without further elaboration. See Facey Decl., ¶ 8. And the FAA’s Reply indicates
that the agency understood Plaintiff’s request as limited in scope to records likely to be housed at
an airport traffic-control tower. See Reply at 3 (voice recordings uncovered in FAA’s search are
the “type of communications between the airplane and air traffic controllers that Plaintiff is
seeking”); see also Facey Decl., ¶ 5 (“Official agency records of the FAA related to the Air
Traffic Control day-to-day operations are generally kept at the Air Traffic Control facility in
which they were generated.”).
Plaintiff’s request, however, also itemized records likely to be housed elsewhere. For
example, Elkins sought “[a]ll records of DOJ agreement with FAA to withhold a determination
of release of these requested records”; “[a]ll records of agreement between the entity operating
this aircraft and the FAA allowing [it] to either not turn on it[]s transponder or the FAA agreeing
not to track the plane”; and “[a]ll records if any, presented to the FAA by [the entity operating
the aircraft] showing that they have cause of action (warrant) to pursue this surveillance.” Mot.,
Exhs. B, C. Common sense dictates that some of these records, should they exist, are unlikely to
be located at an aircraft-control tower.
Under these circumstances, and in light of the FAA’s across-the-board failure to provide
the requisite level of detail in justifying its response to Plaintiff’s FOIA request, see infra Part
III.B, the Court is reluctant to accept the blanket attestation in the Facey Declaration as
definitively establishing the adequacy of the FAA’s search. It will therefore deny the FAA’s
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Motion for Summary Judgment with respect to this issue. The FAA must make clear in any
future declaration that the Tampa Airport Traffic Control Tower is the only location that might
house records responsive to each one of Plaintiff’s enumerated requests.
B. The FAA’s Withholdings
After sorting through the responsive voice recordings identified by the Tampa Airport
Traffic Control Tower, the FAA redacted “certain information” under FOIA Exemption 7(E).
Reply at 3. This exemption permits the withholding of records “compiled for law enforcement
purposes” if production “would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement
investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations
or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the
law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). In its Motion, the FAA asserts that it properly invoked 7(E) for
any withheld information and that it properly segregated releasable material from withheld
material. See Mot. at 4-8.
Plaintiff asserts that the agency’s withholdings are deficient in three respects. First,
Elkins takes issue with the FAA’s failure to provide a Vaughn Index or otherwise detail each
specific withholding or redaction under Exemption 7(E). See Opp. at 11. Second, he maintains
that the FAA has not satisfied the requirements of Exemption 7(E) for any of the redacted or
denied records. See id. at 3-10. Third and finally, Plaintiff contends that the FAA has failed to
establish that no reasonably segregable material exists in the withheld records. See id. at 12.
Because the Court agrees with Plaintiff’s first contention – namely, that the declaration proffered
by the FAA does not meet the requisite level of specificity – it need not proceed further. Put
another way, the Court cannot discern precisely what material was redacted and, as a result,
cannot evaluate the correctness of the FAA’s invocation of Exemption 7(E) or engage in the
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necessary segregability analysis.
FOIA was drafted with the objective of affording the public maximum access to most
government records. See Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 823 (D.C. Cir. 1973). The
government, as a result, bears the burden of demonstrating that at least one exemption applies.
See id. In order to assist a court in its de novo review of the withholdings and to allow the party
seeking access to documents to engage in effective advocacy, the government must furnish
“detailed and specific information demonstrating ‘that material withheld is logically within the
domain of the exemption claimed.’” Campbell v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 30 (D.C.
Cir. 1998) (quoting King v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 830 F.2d 210, 217 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). This
allows for “as full a public record as possible, concerning the nature of the documents and the
justification for nondisclosure.” Hayden v. Nat’l Sec. Agency/Cent. Sec. Serv., 608 F.2d 1381,
1384 (D.C. Cir. 1979). An agency’s explanations will not suffice if they “‘are conclusory,
merely recit[e] statutory standards, or if they are too vague or sweeping.’” Campbell, 164 F.3d
at 30 (quoting Hayden, 608 F.2d at 1387).
While FOIA’s individual exemptions impose their own tailored evidentiary burden, as a
starting point, the government must meet five overarching requirements for each withholding.
See King, 830 F.2d at 224. The government must:
(1) [I]dentify the document, by type and location in the body of
documents requested; (2) note that [a particular exemption] is
claimed; (3) describe the document withheld or any redacted
portion thereof, disclosing as much information as possible without
thwarting the exemption’s purpose; (4) explain how this material
falls within one or more of the categories . . . ; and [if the
exemption requires a showing of harm] (5) explain how disclosure
of the material in question would cause the requisite degree of
harm . . . .
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Id. In circumstances where an in-depth description of a withholding would risk disclosure of
sensitive information, and particularly where a confidential source might be compromised, the
government may supplement its explanations with non-public affidavits and other documents for
in camera review by the court. See Simon v. Dep’t of Justice, 980 F.2d 782, 784 (D.C. Cir.
1992) (“[I]n camera review . . . is the best way to assure both that the agency is entitled to the
exemption it claims and that the confidential source is protected.”).
In this case, the FAA has fallen substantially short of meeting its obligations. Its briefing
is replete with vague and conflicting references to redacted material. See Mot. at 2, 7 (indicating
that only the airplane’s “N” number was redacted); Mot. at 6-7 (alluding to broader redactions);
Mot., Attach. 1 (Defendant’s Statement of Material Facts), ¶ 4 (indicating again that only the
airplane’s “N” number was redacted); Reply at 3 (noting redaction of “certain information”).
The Facey Declaration only adds to the confusion. See Facey Decl., ¶ 13 (stating that the “call
sign” was redacted), id., ¶ 14 (suggesting broader withholding of audio recordings), id.
(acknowledging “N” number redaction). As Plaintiff points out, the FAA failed to provide a
Vaughn Index or anything comparable that explains with reasonable specificity which records
were released, which records were withheld, and what material was redacted. See Gallant v.
NLRB, 26 F.3d 168, 173 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (“The materials provided by the agency may take any
form” but it must “give the reviewing court a reasonable basis to evaluate the [agency’s] claim of
privilege.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In light of the FAA’s failure to provide the requisite level of clarity and detail, summary
judgment on its withholdings under Exemption 7(E) is unwarranted at this juncture, as is any
determination on the propriety of the agency’s segregability determination.
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IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will deny the FAA’s Motion for Summary Judgment
in full. Before renewing its Motion, the agency is advised to submit new documentation to
Elkins that demonstrates the adequacy of its search for each requested record and provides a full
explanation of its withholdings for any records and redacted portions not made available to him.
If Plaintiff remains dissatisfied, the parties may return with further briefing. An Order
accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
/s/ James E. Boasberg
JAMES E. BOASBERG
United States District Judge
Date: August 28, 2014
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