Baker v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( 2018 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
JOSHUA BAKER,
Plaintiff
v. Civil Action No. 18-2403(CKK)
CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION
BUREAU,
Defendant
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(November 1, 2018)
This is a Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) action, in which Plaintiff Joshua Baker
seeks records from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) regarding its
investigation of Zillow Group, Inc. (“Zillow”). Before the Court is Plaintiff’s [2] Motion for a
Preliminary Injunction, which is opposed. Upon consideration of the pleadings,1 the relevant
legal authorities, and the record for purposes of this motion, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s [2]
Motion. The Court concludes that Plaintiff has not made the requisite showing for a preliminary
injunction.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff is an attorney employed by The Rosen Law Firm, P.A. (“Rosen”). Pl.’s Mot.,
ECF No. 2, 1. Plaintiff submitted a FOIA request on behalf of Rosen in connection with a
securities class action in which Rosen is lead counsel. Id. In the class action, Rosen represents
purchasers of Zillow securities, alleging violations of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Id. at
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The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents:
• Pl.’s Mot. for a Prelim. Inj. (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 2;
• Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for a Prelim. Inj. (“Def.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 5;
• Pl.’s Reply Statement of Points and Authorities in Support of Pl.’s Mot. for a Prelim.
Inj. (“Pl.’s Reply”), ECF No. 7.
In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would
not be of assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).
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2. On October 2, 2018, the judge presiding over the class action dismissed the amended
complaint “without prejudice and with leave to amend.” Compl., ECF No. 1, ¶ 17. The judge
directed plaintiffs to file a second amended complaint by November 16, 2018. Id. Plaintiff
contends that the documents he seeks in his FOIA request are critical to supporting the
allegations in the second amended complaint, as Defendant has previously investigated Zillow
for misconduct similar to that alleged in the class action but did not take any enforcement action.
Id. at ¶¶ 16-18.
On July 26, 2018, Plaintiff filed a FOIA request with Defendant seeking access to the
following:
Any documents and/or correspondence related to the Civil Investigative Demand issued
in 2015 by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to Zillow Group, Inc., including
any documents and/or correspondence pertaining to the subsequent investigation.
Exhibit 1, ECF No. 2-2, 3. In response to Plaintiff’s FOIA request, on July 24, 2018, Defendant
sent an email attaching a letter dated June 27, 2018 acknowledging receipt of Plaintiff’s request
and assigning the request a case number. Exhibit 2, ECF No. 2-3, 2-3. That same day, Defendant
sent another email containing a fee estimate for plaintiff’s request. Exhibit 3, ECF No. 2-4, 3-4.
Defendant estimated that the fee to search for documents responsive to Plaintiff’s FOIA request
would be $35,160 and required Plaintiff to make an advance payment before Defendant would
start to process Plaintiff’s request. Id. On July 25, 2018, Rosen sent a check to Defendant for the
full amount. Weeks later, Plaintiff noticed that the check had never been cashed and contacted
Defendant by email to inquire. Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 2, 4. On August 17, 2018, Plaintiff contacted
by telephone the FOIA analyst assigned to his case, who explained that Defendant had not
cashed the check because it was likely that Defendant would withhold or redact the vast majority
of documents requested. Prior to cashing the check, Defendant wanted to give Plaintiff an
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opportunity to narrow his request. Declaration of Joshua Baker, ECF No. 2-1, ¶ 6. On October 2,
2018, Plaintiff emailed Defendant confirming that Plaintiff still wanted to proceed with the
unaltered request. Exhibit 4, ECF No. 2-5, 2. On October 4, 2018, Plaintiff again spoke with the
FOIA analyst assigned to his case who informed Plaintiff that his request would fall into the
“complex” que and that there were approximately twenty “complex” requests ahead of
Plaintiff’s, so it would likely take six to nine months to process Plaintiff’s request. Declaration of
Joshua Baker, ECF No. 2-1, ¶ 8.
On October 18, 2018, Plaintiff filed a Complaint in this Court, and on October 19, 2018,
Plaintiff filed his Motion for a Preliminary Injunction. Compl., ECF No. 1; Pl.’s Mot., ECF No.
2. In his motion, Plaintiff argues that Defendant failed to comply with FOIA’s mandated time
frame of twenty working days to respond to a FOIA request. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i).
Accordingly, Plaintiff asks this Court to issue a preliminary injunction ordering Defendant to
release all responsive records by a date certain. Initially, Plaintiff requested that the Court order
Defendant to release all responsive records by November 2, 2018. Given that briefing on
Plaintiff’s motion completed on October 30, 2018, this date for release would allow only two
days for the Court to consider the matter and issue a decision and for Defendant to process over
630,000 potentially responsive documents. And, as Defendant previously informed Plaintiff,
processing these records will be a substantial task as many of the documents will need to be
withheld or redacted “given their nature as confidential business information produced to a law
enforcement agency as part of an investigation and internal, predecisional, deliberative work
product by attorneys and others engaged in a law enforcement investigation.” Declaration of
Raynell Lazier, ECF No. 5-1, ¶ 16. Accordingly, Plaintiff has reconsidered his initial deadline. If
the Court finds Plaintiff’s initial deadline infeasible, Plaintiff instead asks the Court to order
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Defendant to produce all responsive documents within ninety days, with some productions
occurring after thirty days and some occurring after sixty days. See Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 7, 2.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
“A preliminary injunction is ‘an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a
clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.’” Sherley v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 392
(D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 22 (2008)); see also
Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997) (“[A] preliminary injunction is an
extraordinary and drastic remedy, one that should not be granted unless the movant, by a clear
showing, carries the burden of persuasion.” (emphasis in original; quotation marks omitted)). “A
plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must establish [1] that he is likely to succeed on the
merits, [2] that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, [3] that
the balance of equities tips in his favor, and [4] that an injunction is in the public interest.”
Aamer v. Obama, 742 F.3d 1023, 1038 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Sherley, 644 F.3d at 392
(quoting Winter, 555 U.S. at 20) (alteration in original; quotation marks omitted)). “‘When
seeking a preliminary injunction, the movant has the burden to show that all four factors, taken
together, weigh in favor of the injunction.’” Abdullah v. Obama, 753 F.3d 193, 197 (D.C. Cir.
2014) (quoting Davis v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d 1288, 1292 (D.C. Cir. 2009)).
The Court notes that where, as here, the preliminary injunction would be a mandatory one,
meaning that its terms would alter rather than preserve the status quo, the Court’s power to issue
a preliminary injunction “should be sparingly exercised.” Dorfmann v. Boozer, 414 F.2d 1168,
1173 (D.C. Cir. 1969).
“The four factors have typically been evaluated on a ‘sliding scale.’” Davis, 571 F.3d at
1291 (citation omitted). Under this sliding-scale framework, “[i]f the movant makes an
unusually strong showing on one of the factors, then it does not necessarily have to make as
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strong a showing on another factor.” Id. at 1291-92. But, it is not clear whether this Circuit’s
sliding-scale approach to assessing the four preliminary injunction factors survives the Supreme
Court’s decision in Winter. See Save Jobs USA v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 105 F. Supp. 3d
108, 112 (D.D.C. 2015). Several judges on the D.C. Circuit court have “read Winter at least to
suggest if not to hold ‘that a likelihood of success is an independent, free-standing requirement
for a preliminary injunction.’” Sherley, 644 F.3d at 393 (quoting Davis, 571 F.3d at 1296
(concurring opinion)). However, the Court of Appeals has yet to hold definitively that Winter
has displaced the sliding-scale analysis. See Id.; see also Save Jobs USA, 105 F. Supp. 3d at 112.
In any event, this Court need not resolve the viability of the sliding-scale approach today as the
Court determines that “a preliminary injunction is not appropriate even under the less demanding
sliding-scale analysis.” Sherley, 644 F.3d at 393.
III. DISCUSSION
The Court begins by noting that Plaintiff did not request expedited processing of his
FOIA request. Def.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 5, 1. Seeking expedited processing is the normal
administrative procedure for requesting and obtaining prioritized resolution of a FOIA request.
See Declaration of Raynell Lazier, ECF No. 5-1, ¶ 7. If such processing is not sought, Defendant
considers the complexity of the request and other factors in deciding where in the processing
queue the request falls. Id. In this case, having failed to request expedited processing
administratively, Plaintiff asks this Court to help him jump from his position as approximately
twentieth in the “complex” que and have his request processed before those of all of the other
individuals waiting, including those approved for expedited processing. But even ignoring
Plaintiff’s failure to request expedited processing, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to
establish a likelihood of success on the merits, to show irreparable harm, or to demonstrate that
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the balance of hardships and the public interest weigh in favor of injunctive relief. For these
reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion is DENIED.
A. Plaintiff Fails to Establish a Likelihood of Success on the Merits
First, Plaintiff has not established a likelihood of success on the merits of his claim.
Plaintiff argues that he has an “extremely high” likelihood of success on the merits because
Defendant failed to comply with the statutory time limits imposed by FOIA. Pl.’s Mot., ECF No.
2, 7. Accordingly, Plaintiff argues that he is entitled to the immediate processing of his request
and the release of responsive documents. But, Plaintiff’s argument rests on a misunderstanding
of FOIA’s deadlines.
Plaintiff is correct that FOIA generally requires agencies to make a determination as to its
anticipated response to an incoming FOIA request within twenty days. 5 U.S.C. §
552(a)(6)(A)(i) (giving an agency twenty days to decide “whether to comply with such request”).
But, Plaintiff misunderstands the consequences that follow when an agency fails to meet this
twenty-day deadline. Plaintiff argues that Defendant’s failure to comply with the twenty-day
deadline means that “Plaintiff is entitled to the immediate processing of his request and the
release of the requested records.” Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 2, 7. But, an agency’s violation of the
twenty-day deadline does not entitle the requester to immediate processing and release of
responsive documents. Instead, “this twenty-day deadline serves primarily as a means to obtain
immediate judicial supervision over an agency’s response to an outstanding FOIA request.”
Daily Caller v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 152 F. Supp. 3d 1, 10 (D.D.C. 2015). As the D.C. Circuit
explained in the seminal case Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington v. Federal
Election Commission, 711 F.3d 180 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (“CREW”), generally a FOIA requester is
“required to exhaust administrative appeal remedies before seeking judicial redress.” 711 F.3d at
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184. But, when an agency fails to make an initial determination within twenty days, “the
‘penalty’ is that the agency cannot rely on the administrative exhaustion requirement to keep
cases from getting into court.” Id. at 189. Rather, the requester is deemed to have exhausted his
administrative remedies and can seek immediate judicial review of the agency’s processing of
the request. In sum, “CREW makes clear that the impact of blowing the 20-day deadline relates
only to the requester’s ability to get into court.” Electronic Privacy Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of
Justice, 15 F. Supp. 3d 32, 41 (D.D.C. 2014) (emphasis in original) (“EPIC II”).
In his reply, Plaintiff argues that Defendant has not shown the “exceptional
circumstances” required under CREW before the agency is allowed to continue processing the
request under the supervision of the court’s authority, rather than immediately processing the
request and releasing the documents. CREW, 711 F.3d at 189. The D.C. Circuit has explained
that “exceptional circumstances exist when the agency is deluged with a volume of requests for
information vastly in excess of that anticipated by Congress, when the existing resources are
inadequate to deal with the volume of such requests within the time limits …, and when the
agency can show that it is exercising due diligence in processing the requests.” Open America v.
Watergate Special Prosecution Force, 547 F.2d 605, 611 (D.C. Cir. 1976) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
The Court concludes that Defendant has shown that exceptional circumstances exist.
First, during the 2017 to 2018 fiscal year, Defendant experienced a significant increase in FOIA
requests. According to Plaintiff, the number of FOIA requests received by CFPB “grew each
fiscal year by an average of 25%.” Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 7, 4. But, from fiscal year 2017 to 2018,
the number of requests increased dramatically by 47%. Declaration of Raynell Lazier, ECF No.
5-1, ¶ 6. Currently, Defendant has 174 pending FOIA requests, 75 of which are complex. Id.
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Second, resources are not sufficient to deal with every FOIA request within the deadline. Until
August of 2018, Defendant’s FOIA Office had only three full-time staff. Defendant has recently
increased that number to five full-time staff to deal with the increased workload. Id. Plaintiff
faults Defendant for not doing more to meet the increased number of FOIA requests, such as
detailing other CFPB employees to work on FOIA requests. Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 7, 5-6. But,
Plaintiff points to no authority which would require Defendant to take such steps before the
Court can consider Defendant’s “existing resources inadequate to deal with the volume of …
requests.” Open America, 547 F.2d at 611 (emphasis added). Moreover, Plaintiff has provided no
indication of whether or not it would be feasible, under current conditions, for CFPB to take
employees away from their normal tasks to process FOIA requests. Finally, Defendant has
shown due diligence in processing the FOIA requests. Defendant has a system for prioritizing
and processing FOIA requests and has five full-time staff working on those requests. Declaration
of Raynell Lazier, ECF No. 5-1, ¶¶ 6-9. Considering only Plaintiff’s FOIA request, Defendant
has already assigned a FOIA analyst to Plaintiff’s case and identified over 630,000 potentially
responsive documents. Id. at ¶ 12. The fact that Defendant has not been able to review and
release those responsive documents due to the approximately 100 FOIA requests ahead of
Plaintiff’s, twenty of which are complex, does not show a lack of diligence. Id. at ¶ 21.
Despite the D.C. Circuit’s stance in CREW, Plaintiff relies on a prior district court
decision, Electronic Privacy Information Center v. Department of Justice, 416 F. Supp. 2d 30
(D.D.C. 2006) (“EPIC I”), for the proposition that Defendant’s breach of the twenty-day
deadline entitles him to the immediate processing and release of his requested records. Pl.’s
Mot., ECF No. 2, 7. But, Plaintiff’s reliance on EPIC I is misplaced for at least two reasons.
First, EPIC I was decided before CREW and as a district court decision has no precedential
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effect. The EPIC I court did not have the benefit of the D.C. Circuit’s later conclusion that the
penalty for violating the twenty-day deadline is entry to court, not immediate processing and
release of documents. See EPIC II, 15 F. Supp. 3d at 42. Second, the court in EPIC I ordered the
release of the documents in large part because the agency had not presented any evidence
regarding the impracticability of responding to the plaintiff’s FOIA request within the twenty-
day deadline. EPIC I, 416 F. Supp. 2d at 39-40. Here, Defendant has filed a declaration from
Raynell Lazier, the FOIA Manager for CFPB, explaining the cause for the delay. According to
Mr. Lazier, Defendant could not meet the twenty-day deadline due to the complexity of
Plaintiff’s FOIA requests, which yielded over 630,000 potentially responsive documents, and the
approximately twenty other complex FOIA requests in the que ahead of Plaintiff’s request.
Declaration of Raynell Lazier, ECF No. 5-1, ¶ 21. According to Mr. Lazier, “[i]t is simply not
feasible to process Plaintiff’s FOIA request in 20 days, or even 30 days.” Id.
In sum, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has not shown a likelihood of success on the
merits. Defendant’s failure to meet the twenty-day deadline entitled Plaintiff only to access to
this Court, not to the immediate processing and release of the requested documents.
B. Plaintiff Fails to Show Irreparable Harm
Plaintiff has also not made a sufficient showing that he will suffer irreparable harm if a
preliminary injunction is not issued. To show that a preliminary injunction is warranted, Plaintiff
must demonstrate that there is a likelihood of irreparable harm. See Chaplaincy of Full Gospel
Churches v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 297 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“A movant’s failure to show any
irreparable harm is therefore grounds for refusing to issue a preliminary injunction, even if the
other three factors entering the calculus merit such relief.”). The D.C. Circuit “has set a high
standard for irreparable injury.” Id. “First, the injury must be both certain and great; it must be
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actual and not theoretical.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “Second, the injury must be
beyond remediation.” Id.
Here, as the Court reads Plaintiff’s argument, Plaintiff asserts two grounds for irreparable
harm. First, Plaintiff asserts that, if he is not granted swift access to the requested materials, he
will not be able to include certain allegations in the amended complaint for his firm’s securities
class action against Zillow. Second, Plaintiff argues that the Zillow investigation concerns a
matter of substantial societal attention, and a delay in the release of documents related to the
investigation would render the information of little value. The Court is persuaded by neither
argument.
First, Plaintiff argues that “[t]he fruits of Plaintiff’s FOIA request will be critical to
alleging the additional facts needed to support the class action plaintiff’s claims[, and] [a]ny
further delay in processing Plaintiff’s request will cause irreparable injury to the public
shareholders.” Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 2, 8. Plaintiff’s asserted harm concerns only the shareholder-
plaintiffs in the class action. This is not the type of harm that FOIA was created to address.
Congress enacted FOIA as a means to “open agency action to the light of public scrutiny.” Dep’t
of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976) (internal quotation marks omitted). While
Plaintiff’s rights under FOIA are not diminished by the personal reason for his request, neither is
FOIA concerned with the effect disclosure or lack thereof will have on Plaintiff’s lawsuit. See
N.L.R.B. v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 242 n.23 (1978).
Moreover, there is not a clear causal connection between Plaintiff obtaining the requested
documents and Plaintiff being able to craft a more successful complaint in the class action.
Plaintiff may be able to draft a more effective complaint using the requested documents, but
Plaintiff falls far short of demonstrating that that this outcome is “certain,” as opposed to
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“theoretical.” Chaplaincy, 454 F.3d at 297. And, Plaintiff has pointed to no case law supporting
his proposition that the inability to draft a more effective complaint is a legally recognized
irreparable harm.
Second, Plaintiff argues that “any further delay in processing Plaintiff’s FOIA request
will irreparably harm Plaintiff’s and the public’s abilities to obtain important information in a
timely fashion.” Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 2, 8. Certainly, the “timely disclosure of information of
potential public interest was among Congress’s central aims in enacting FOIA.” Daily Caller,
152 F. Supp. 3d at 13. And, as the D.C. Circuit has noted “stale information is of little value.”
Payne Enters., Inc. v. U.S., 837 F.2d 486, 494 (D.C. Cir. 1988). But, mindful of Plaintiff’s
interest in the timely disclosure of documents concerning matters of public interest, the Court is
not convinced that Plaintiff will be irreparably harmed if the preliminary injunction is not
granted. Besides his own pleading deadline, Plaintiff has not presented evidence of any time-
sensitive need for the documents. And, the two cases cited by Plaintiff provide little support for
his argument. First, EPIC I concerned the release of documents pertaining to the government’s
ongoing warrantless surveillance program, about which there was much more public interest and
debate than that surrounding the Zillow investigation, which ended over four months ago. See
EPIC I, 416 F. Supp. 2d at 40-41 (finding irreparable injury, in part, because “President Bush has
invited meaningful debate about the warrantless surveillance program”). Second, Leadership
Conference on Civil Rights v. Gonzales, 404 F. Supp. 2d 246 (D.D.C. 2005), concerned a request
for expedited processing rather than a motion for a preliminary injunction. 404 F. Supp. 2d at
259-60. Ignoring this obvious distinguishing factor, the Gonzales court found that the plaintiff
had a compelling need for an expedited release of the information because the information was
needed in plaintiff’s campaign to re-authorize provisions of the Voting Rights Act which were
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set to expire shortly. Id. at 260. In this case, Plaintiff has not demonstrated why the public
requires the requested documents by a date certain.
Based on the above, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has not shown that the Court’s
denial of his motion for a preliminary injunction would result in irreparable harm.
C. The Balance of Hardships and the Public Interest Weigh Against Plaintiff
Finally, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not shown that the balance of hardships or the
public interest weigh in favor of granting injunctive relief. “‘These factors merge when the
Government is the opposing party.’” FBME Bank Ltd. v. Lew, 125 F. Supp. 3d 109, 127 (D.D.C.
2015) (quoting Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 435 (2009)). When balancing the equities, the
Court must “consider the effect on each party of the granting or withholding of the requested
relief.” Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Moreover, “courts of equity should [have] particular regard for the public
consequences in employing the extraordinary remedy of injunction.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted).
By asking the Court to issue a preliminary injunction ordering the immediate processing
and release of the requested records, Plaintiff is in effect asking the Government to expend
resources to process quickly his request for documents needed for his clients’ lawsuit, before
processing the records of other requesters. Granting the type of request made by Plaintiff would
harm the approximately 100 other requesters, 20 of whom have complex requests, in line ahead
of Plaintiff and would erode the proper functioning of the FOIA system. As Mr. Lazier
explained, immediate processing of Plaintiff’s FOIA request “would disadvantage other requests
that were filed prior to Plaintiff’s or those requests that sought and were granted expedited
processing.” Declaration of Raynell Lazier, ECF No. 5-1, ¶ 21.
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Despite this inequity, Plaintiff argues that the public interest would be served by the
issuance of a preliminary injunction because “‘there is an overriding public interest … in the
general importance of an agency’s faithful adherence to its statutory mandate,’” which in this
case required Defendant to meet the twenty-day deadline. Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 2, 9 (alteration in
original) (quoting Jacksonville Port Auth. v. Adams, 556 F.2d 52, 59 (D.C. Cir. 1977)). But, this
interest must be balanced against the potential that “legitimate governmental and private interests
could be harmed by release of certain types of information.” FBI v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 621
(1982). Ordering Defendant to process and release documents according to Plaintiff’s timeline
risks that, in its haste, Defendant will inadvertently release records which fall under a FOIA
exception and Congress has decided should not be released. See Declaration of Raynell Lazier,
ECF No. 5-1, ¶ 21 (explaining that determining “whether any FOIA exemptions apply” to the
over 630,000 records potentially responsive to Plaintiff’s request “is a massive undertaking”).
The Court is likewise not convinced by Plaintiff’s argument that a preliminary injunction
is in the public interest because “‘[t]here is a public benefit in the release of information that
adds to citizens’ knowledge’ of government activities.” Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 2, 10 (alteration
added) (quoting Ctr. To Prevent Handgun Violence. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 49 F. Supp. 2d 3, 5
(D.D.C. 1999)). The Court finds that, as the core purpose of FOIA is to provide citizens with
knowledge about what their government is up to, “[t]his explanation does nothing to distinguish
[P]laintiff’s FOIA request from any other FOIA request” and does not merit a preliminary
injunction. Wadelton v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 941 F. Supp. 2d 120, 124 (D.D.C. 2013).
Accordingly, the Court finds that both the balance of the hardships and the public interest
weigh against granting a preliminary injunction.
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IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons Plaintiff’s [2] Motion for a Preliminary Injunction is DENIED.
Plaintiff failed to show that he has a likelihood of success on the merits, that he will face irreparable
harm, or that the balance of the hardships and the public interest weigh in Plaintiff’s favor. An
appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Dated: November 1, 2018
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge
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