United States v. Butler , 275 F. Supp. 3d 7 ( 2017 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v. Criminal No. 70-cr-1717 (BAH)
DENNIS T. BUTLER, Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
Petitioner/Defendant
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Forty seven years ago, on the evening of September 29, 1970, Jesse Mears was brutally
murdered. His body was found lying on the bathroom floor of a vacant apartment in the building
in which he worked, with his hands bound behind his back, a wet stocking stuffed in his mouth,
and a telephone wire wrapped around his neck. Paint was found on his clothing and on a bottle
of water found next to him, and his keys and wallet were missing. He appeared to have struggled
before he died. By the next day, the police had arrested the defendant, Dennis Butler, whom
testimony placed near the building the day of the murder accompanied by the victim. Later that
day, two of the defendant’s associates, to whom he sometimes supplied heroin, provided
generally consistent statements to the police that, shortly after the murder, the defendant had
confessed he had done it. At trial, the prosecution presented an array of evidence linking the
defendant to the crime, including testimony from witnesses who saw the defendant and victim on
the day of the murder and from the defendant’s two associates recounting the details of the
confession the defendant made to them. Expert testimony was also presented by two Federal
Bureau of Investigations (“FBI”) agents that paint residue on the victim, items at the crime scene
and on the defendant’s clothing appeared to be from the same source, as well as that three hairs
found on the victim’s clothing “matched” characteristics of hairs from the defendant. The jury
found the defendant guilty of felony murder, murder in the first degree, and robbery, for which
convictions the defendant was sentenced, in 1972, to two terms of 20 years to life imprisonment
on the first-degree murder and felony murder counts, and 5 to 15 years in prison for the robbery
count, to be served concurrently.
Following review of the defendant’s case by the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and the
FBI, the government conceded, in September 2015, that the hair-related expert testimony
presented at the defendant’s trial was false and misleading and that the government knew or
should have known this at the time of the trial. The defendant then filed, in September 2016, his
first habeas petition, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, forty-four years after he was sentenced to life
in prison, challenging his conviction on the ground that the government’s knowing use of the
false hair testimony materially affected the outcome of his trial, in violation of the Fifth
Amendment and Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264 (1959). Pet’r’s Mot. Vacate Under 28 U.S.C. §
2255 (“Pet’r’s Mot.”), ECF No. 2. For the reasons explained below, the defendant’s motion is
denied.
I. BACKGROUND
The government reports that its files, “which presumably included reports, grand jury
transcripts, witness statements, photographs, and trial exhibits” as well as “all physical evidence
recovered in this case . . . no longer exist[].” Gov’t’s Opp’n Pet’r’s Mot. (“Gov’t’s Opp’n”) at
3. 1 Consequently, the Court relies on the trial transcript, which is available in paper format.
1
At the time of the defendant’s conviction, the United States Attorney’s Office had a 15-year retention
policy for its files, while the D.C. Metropolitan Police Department had a 25-year retention policy. Id. at 3 n.1.
2
The evidence presented at the defendant’s criminal trial and pertinent procedural history are
reviewed below, followed by an overview of issues with forensic hair matching evidence.
A. THE TRIAL
The prosecution’s theory of the case was outlined in its opening statement: on September
29, 1970, the victim caught the defendant “selling narcotics to two boys” in Apartment 9 at 1312
East Capitol Street NE, a building managed by the victim. Trial Tr. 7/7/71 at 16–17. After the
boys fled, the defendant “thereupon commenced to tie up [the victim]” and stuffed “a wad of
what appeared to be toilet paper” and “a woman’s nylon stocking” in the victim’s mouth. Id. at
15–16. While trying to strangle the victim, the belt broke and the defendant continued strangling
the victim with a telephone cord he found in the apartment. Id. at 14–16. The defendant then
filled a cola bottle with water and “shoved [the] water down the throat of the victim . . . to make
sure he was dead.” Id. at 17. The defendant took the victim’s ring of keys to facilitate his later
return to take some of the victim’s belongings. Id. at 18.
In summarizing the evidence that would support this narrative, the prosecutor referenced
the following anticipated evidence: (1) the testimony of the defendant’s friends, Dennis Butler
and Phyllis “Gail” Robinson, who were dating at the time and to whom the defendant had
confessed a detailed account of the commission of the murder, id. at 16–17; (2) witnesses who
observed the defendant both alone and with the victim on and near the premises of the building
where the murder occurred “at various times on that same afternoon in question,” id. ; (3) the
finding of the victim’s keys “a period of days” after the murder on a roof “two or three doors
adjacent to where the defendant resided at the time,” id. at 18; and (4) “various scientific
3
evidence” linking the defendant to the scene of the crime, id. The government did not mention
in its opening that this scientific evidence would include forensic hair analysis.
1. The Scene of the Crime
The only issue at trial was the identity of the person who killed the victim. Trial Tr.
7/13/71 at 481 (“The issue in this case is not what happened to Mr. Mears, but who did it.”). The
manner of the victim’s death was not disputed, id. at 480 (“Defense . . . will not contest the fact
that Mr. Mears was killed or that he was killed in the way the Government has described it.”),
and as a result, the defense “made no attempt to cross-examine” any witnesses on issues of how
the victim died or the condition of the crime scene, id. The uncontested circumstances and
manner of the victim’s death, which were established by the testimony of a number of law
enforcement personnel, are as follows:
On the evening of September 29, 1970, Jesse Mears was found dead in the bathroom of
Apartment 9 on the third floor at 1312 East Capitol Street NE. Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 31–33
(testimony of Dr. William Brownlee, Deputy Medical Examiner); Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 289–90
(testimony of Officer John Lightford). After someone called 911, the first police arrived at the
building around 4:52 P.M., and were joined by the homicide squad “[a]bout 5:30.” Id. The
police found the door of the apartment unlocked as it did not have a complete door handle on it,
and it “appeared as though someone” had been “repairing the lock.” Trial Tr. 7/12/71 at 436
(testimony of Detective Robert Murray).
The victim was found in the bathroom of the apartment with “his hands . . . tied behind
his back,” with “a garrote around his neck,” mouth, and face, and with “a wad of toilet paper
tissue paper and a stocking” inside his mouth. Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 32–33 (testimony of Dr.
Brownlee). Blood was coming “from the [victim]’s nose and about the mouth,” and the area
around the victim’s left eye “was bruised as if it had been struck some blow.” Trial Tr. 7/12/71
4
at 441 (testimony of Detective Murray). The garrote was in fact a telephone cord that appeared
to come from a telephone found inside the vacant apartment. Id. at 443–44. The toilet paper and
stocking “were wet” and “the garrote about the neck and face was of sufficient tightness . . . to
create grooves within the skin.” Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 34 (testimony of Dr. Brownlee). The
contents of his mouth were soggy, “not dripping,” and subsequent testing revealed that the
wetness had not been caused by saliva. Id. at 36, 51.
The police found “a Pepsi cola bottle that was lying near [the victim’s] head” with water
in it, and “water staining the floor underneath his head and [his] left shoulder.” Id. at 37. Paint
was found on the victim’s clothing and on the bottle, which paint appeared to come from the
same source. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 518 (testimony of Special Agent David Nichols). The victim
was not found wearing a belt, but a belt that may have fit him was found in two pieces in the
kitchen of the apartment. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 524 (testimony of Special Agent Myron
Scholberg). Of sixteen “partial latent” fingerprints found at the crime scene, none of them
matched the defendant or the victim. Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 204 (testimony of Officer Donald
Cherry).
The time of the victim’s murder was placed as likely between 2 P.M. and 3 P.M. on
September 29, 1970, Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 37–38, 60 (testimony of Dr. Brownlee), and his cause of
death was “asphyxiation second to garroting,” or “strangulation,” id. at 38.
2. The Day of the Murder
Seven witnesses testified that they saw the victim, the defendant, or both, on the day of
the murder. James Hill, who had known the defendant for “about three years,” and Phyllis
“Gail” Robinson, who had been dating Hill, testified that on the day the victim’s body was found
the defendant had visited them and confessed to the murder, including details of the crime.
Lawrence Robertson and John Taylor, who were performing maintenance at the building where
5
the murder occurred on the day of the murder, saw the victim at various times during the
morning and afternoon at the building. Two relatives of the defendant’s girlfriend, Mary Dean,
testified about when they saw the defendant the day of the murder: Wilson Dean, the girlfriend’s
brother, saw the defendant at various times throughout the day near the apartment building where
the murder occurred, and Ellen Johnson (née Dean), the girlfriend’s sister, saw the victim the day
of the murder, both before and after his death. 2 Charles Barber, who lived nearby, testified that
he saw both the victim and the defendant together on the day of the murder. The examinations
of these seven witnesses are summarized below.
i. James Hill
On direct examination, Hill testified that on the day of the murder, he contacted the
defendant by phone “[a]bout 3:00 or 3:30,” and the defendant volunteered that he was leaving
the apartment building of Ellen Johnson, his girlfriend’s sister, where “[h]e had just killed . . .
Ellen[]’s rent man.” Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 66–67. The defendant said that “the old man caught him
selling narcotics to two boys,” so “[the defendant] tied the old man up, . . . put a stocking or
something in his mouth,” and began to choke him with a belt. Id. at 67. After the belt that he
was using broke, “he started choking him with a telephone cord,” and when the defendant was
finished, “he poured some water down [the victim’s] throat to make sure that he was dead.” Id.
Hill further testified the defendant said that he killed the victim in “[t]he bathroom” of the
“[u]pstairs apartment.” Id. at 73.
The defendant came to Hill’s house around 4:00 P.M. and told Hill “about the keys he
had got” to the victim’s apartment or car, and that “[h]e was going back up there later.” Id. at 68.
2
At the trial, Mary Dean (the defendant’s girlfriend), Wilson Dean, (her brother), Marnette Dean (her sister),
Ellen Johnson (her sister), and Catherine Johnson (no relation) all testified. Given the multiple witnesses with the
same last name “Dean” and “Johnson” in this case, these witnesses are referred to by their first names.
6
Soon after, Hill went upstairs to his girlfriend Robinson’s apartment, and called for the defendant
and Robinson to come upstairs. Id. at 69. Once all three were upstairs, Hill told Robinson, with
the defendant’s permission, that the defendant “had just killed a man,” after which the defendant
“told Gail he was choking a man with a belt, and the belt broke, and he started choking him with
a telephone cord.” Id. at 69–70. Neither the defendant nor Hill told Robinson any other details
about the murder. Id. at 70.
On cross examination, Hill admitted to his significant heroin use, including on the day of
the murder, as well as the fact that the defendant was his heroin supplier. After first denying
having a “specific reason” for calling the defendant the day of the murder, id. at 77–78, Hill,
when pressed by defense counsel, admitted that he “was calling [the defendant] because of
narcotics,” to get heroin, id. at 79. Hill admitted that he had used “two caps” of heroin the day of
the murder, supplied to him by the defendant after they met at Hill’s house, id. at 108, and that,
prior to the murder, he regularly used heroin, averaging “four caps per day,” Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at
146. Hill also denied using drugs since the day of the murder, Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 112–13, or
using methadone for a number of months prior to trial, id. at 113, but then testified, when
pressed, that he was in fact using methadone at the time of the trial and had been using
methadone for some time, Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 141–42. He further testified that Robinson used
heroin as well and had snorted some the evening of the confession in front of the defendant and
Hill. Id. at 93–95. In addition to these admitted inconsistencies in his testimony about his drug
use, Hill’s testimony was also inconsistent as to whether, on the day of the murder, he had called
the defendant or the defendant had called him first after the murder. Id. at 147–49.
The cross-examination of Hill illuminated additional details about the police investigation
the day after the murder. Hill testified that the police “came to [his] house” the morning after the
7
murder because, the police told Hill, the victim’s keys were “supposed to be upstairs underneath
[his] mattress.” Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 160–61. The police unsuccessfully searched Hill’s apartment
for the keys and then took Hill, along with his girlfriend Robinson, and the defendant’s
girlfriend, Mary Dean, to “No. 1,” the police station, where they were interviewed separately. Id.
at 161–63. Hill was aware at the time that the defendant “had already been charged and locked
up for th[e] homicide” and, at the station, “told [the police] what [the defendant] had told him.”
Id. at 172–75. Hill could not remember if the police threatened “to lock [him] up if [he] didn’t
tell the truth” or if he had told the defense investigator the police had threatened to punish him if
he did not tell the truth, id. at 173, but admitted to having spoken to the defense investigator
“several months after” the murder, id. at 174–75. Hill denied that the police had threatened to
prosecute him for homicide in connection with the murder. Id. at 174–75. 3
On re-direct, Hill confirmed that “the statement he made to the police was true and
accurate to the best he could remember.” Id. at 185. Hill also denied any motive to lie or
inculpate the defendant, including denying ever seeing the defendant and Hill’s girlfriend
Robinson behaving intimately with one another. Id. at 191–92. Hill told the police what he
knew because he found out he “could get in trouble” for not being honest about what he knew as
a witness to the confession. Id. at 187.
ii. Phyllis “Gail” Robinson
Hill’s girlfriend, Phyllis “Gail” Robinson, testified on direct examination that on the day
of the murder, September 29, 1970, she arrived at Hill’s house at 4:30 P.M. and found the
defendant and Hill injecting heroin into their arms. Id. at 235–36. Robinson was given some
3
Officer Otis Fickling, who interviewed Hill and Robinson, testified at trial that he did not believe they were
under the influence of narcotics at the time they gave their statements, Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 494, and on cross-
examination he denied “pressur[ing] anyone in[t]o giving” their statements, id. at 508.
8
heroin as well “but [she] didn’t take it right then.” Id. at 236. She did, however, admit to some
use of heroin beginning in June 1970 before the murder, and claimed to have stopped four
months later. Id. at 233–34. After receiving the defendant’s permission, Hill told her that
“Dennis just killed a man,” id. at 236–37, and the defendant himself explained that “he was
choking the man with a belt and the belt broke and then he started choking him with the
telephone cord,” id. at 238–39. Hill told her that the defendant killed the victim because he
“caught [the defendant] selling narcotics in the bathroom to two boys.” Id. at 239. The
defendant and Hill did not tell Robinson “anything else.” Id. at 239. Robinson denied any
“animosity ill-will, or hatred” between the defendant and her or between Hill and the defendant.
Id. at 243.
Nevertheless, on cross-examination, Robinson admitted that she used drugs on the day of
the murder, but stated that she used them “after [the defendant] left.” Id. at 249. She testified
that she never received drugs from the defendant, only from Hill, and that she “only took drugs
on weekends.” Id. at 248. In response to cross examination questions implying that Robinson
would exchange sex with the defendant for drugs, Robinson made clear that she did not “know
[the defendant] that good” and that she and the defendant were only friends. Id. at 245–47, 260–
62.
Robinson admitted that she initially lied to the police twice, first telling the police she
knew nothing about the murder and later “telling the police” she had learned about the murder
from Hill only. Id. at 252–60. She explained that she had lied because she “was scared,” and
9
having “never been in trouble,” she did not want to “have [any]thing to do with [the murder
investigation].” Id. at 257–59, 262–63.
On-redirect, Robinson testified that, after the police noted inconsistencies between her
and Hill’s statements, she told the police the “complete truth” that she had spoken to the
defendant directly after the murder. Id. at 266–69.
iii. Robertson, Taylor, and Barber
Both Lawrence Robertson and John Taylor were at 1312 East Capitol Street NE
“installing a water meter” on the day of the murder. Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 272. Robertson saw the
victim in the morning, when the victim came out of the building to check on what Robertson and
Taylor were doing. Id. at 272–73. Later, around 1:30, Robertson saw the victim with “a middle-
aged man,” whom he “wouldn’t be able to recognize” and whose physical characteristics he did
not describe. Id. Robertson also testified that he did not “see anybody running out of the
apartment that afternoon.” Id. at 276.
Taylor first saw the victim in the morning at the same time as Robinson, saw him again
“around lunch time,” when he “came over to the truck and wanted to know the exact time,” and
again at “approximately 1:30 or 1:45,” when he “and some other guy walk[ed] out to the street
[to] look[] in a car.” Id. at 277–78. Taylor saw the victim a fourth time, “at around 2:30,” when
he saw the victim “standing in the hall talking to another fellow,” whom Taylor “didn’t get a
good look at” and whom Taylor likely would not be able to recognize. Id. at 278, 283. Taylor
finished work “somewhere around 3:20 or 3:25.” Id. at 282.
Charles Barber testified briefly that on the day of the murder, he was walking home “up
13th to East Capitol” when he went “past 1312 East Capitol Street . . . around 12:30 or 1:00
o’clock.” Id. at 284–86. Near the building, he saw the defendant and “another man under the
10
hood of [a] car.” Id. at 285. Barber identified the unnamed man as “the man who owned the
place,” noting that he was “old,” “white,” and “thin.” Id. at 284–86. He further testified that “it
looked like they were working on the car” together. Id. at 287.
iv. Ellen Johnson
At the time of the murder, Ellen Johnson, the sister of the defendant’s girlfriend, lived at
1312 East Capitol Street NE, the building where the victim’s body was found. Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at
293. Ellen knew the victim as “her rent man.” Id. Ellen testified that she saw the victim in the
morning, when he “knocked on [her] door,” and again “when [she] got home” that day, after a
man “knocked on [her] door and told [her] to come up to the apartment and see [the victim’s]
body.” Id. at 294–95. She went to the apartment and saw that the victim had “something white
stuffed in his mouth and a cord around his neck and his hands were tied behind his back.” Id. at
295. Later that day, she spoke to Hill on the phone and told him that “someone just killed [the]
rent man,” id. at 297, but denied telling him “any details of what [she] saw” and did not
“describe the body” to him, id. at 298. 4 At the end of the trial, Ellen was called back for brief
rebuttal testimony and confirmed that she did not speak with anyone other than Hill and people
at the crime scene before midnight that evening. Trial Tr. 7/14/71 at 685–86.
v. Wilson Dean
Wilson Dean, the brother of the defendant’s girlfriend, worked for the victim “for about
three weeks” prior to his murder. Trial Tr. 7/12/71 at 375–77. Wilson testified that three days
4
The government asserts that the jury heard testimony from Ellen Johnson concerning a robbery that had
occurred twelve days earlier. Gov’t’s Opp’n at 5–6 (citing Trial Tr. 7/21/ 71 at 331–70). As the defendant correctly
notes, however, “the judge precluded the witness from providing th[is] testimony to the jury.” Pet’r’s Reply Supp.
Mot. Vacate (“Pet’r’s Reply”) at 7, ECF No. 53. The government did not address or correct this portion of its brief,
even after the defendant pointed out the error, despite the government filing, without leave, a surreply. See Gov’t’s
Surreply Pet’r’s Mot (“Gov’t’s Surreply”), ECF No. 10. See Ki Sun Kim v. United States, 840 F. Supp. 2d 180, 191
(D.D.C. 2012) (“The Local Rules of this Court contemplate that there ordinarily will be at most three memoranda
associated with any given motion, [but] the non-movant may seek the district court's leave to file a surreply.”).
11
before the murder, he had been painting the apartment in which the victim’s body was later
found, and that the defendant “came up” to the apartment that day as it was being painted. Id. at
382–83, 393. Wilson was painting the apartment “green” or “turquoise,” and “left a paint pan,”
“a roller,” and “a bucket of paint . . . in the sink.” Id. at 383–84. At this time, Wilson found a
dog leash and collar, like the one used to bind the victim, and a woman’s “white stocking” in the
apartment, which he “did not take” with him. Id. at 386–89.
On the day of the murder, Wilson testified that he saw the defendant “between two and
three o’clock . . . coming up C street.” Id. at 377–79. Wilson did not “know where [the
defendant] was coming from,” id. at 380, but noted that Wilson’s house, where the defendant
often stayed with Wilson’s sister, Mary Dean, was somewhere “around the corner” from 1312
East Capitol Street NE, where the murder occurred, id. at 378. 5 Wilson saw the defendant again
on the day of the murder “between five and five-thirty” in Wilson’s house. Id. at 381.
On cross-examination, Wilson confirmed that he had seen the defendant “between two
and three o’clock” the day of the murder, and testified that he had spoken with the police the
next day and told them he had seen the defendant “about two o’clock.” Id. at 395. He also
acknowledged that he had seen the defendant earlier in the morning when he gave the defendant
a haircut, id. at 394–95, and on a brief redirect, described that he had “trimmed the sides and
evened it up on the top,” id. at 397–98.
3. Victim’s Key Ring Testimony
The government called four witnesses to testify regarding a ring of keys that belonged to
the victim and were found approximately thirteen days after the murder on the roof of a house
5
This part of the transcript contains a dialogue between the prosecutor and Wilson about the location of
1312 East Capitol Street NE “in relation to [Wilson’s] block,” but Wilson’s responses were given demonstratively
instead of orally, leaving the details of Wilson’s testimony unclear.
12
two or three doors down from the house where the defendant’s girlfriend lived and the defendant
often stayed. Trial Tr. 7/12/71 at 405. Alonzo Syndor testified that on October 12, 1970, he and
some friends were playing in an alley “on the 1200 block of C Street, Northeast,” when “[a] man
threw some keys” to one of his friends “off the roof” of a nearby building. Trial Tr. 7/12/71 at
399–403. Vance Dean, a second brother to the defendant’s girlfriend, testified that he was
playing with Syndor, who gave him the keys, after which Vance gave them to James Johnson.
Id. at 406–08; 410. Vance also testified that the keys were thrown from the roof of “1213” and
that he lived at “1219” on that same street. Id. at 407.
James Johnson lived in the apartment building where the victim was found and testified
that after receiving the keys from Vance, he gave the keys to “Bob [Robert] Taylor, the manager
of the house.” Id. at 419-B. James Johnson also testified that it was possible to access the
apartment building at 1312 East Capitol Street NE through his backyard, and that on the day of
the murder, his dogs had been let out of his backyard by an unidentified individual. Id. at 419-D.
He further testified that one of his dogs “would bite anybody that didn’t know him” if they tried
to enter the yard, and that the dogs knew the defendant. Id. at 417–19-A.
Robert Taylor testified and confirmed that the keys given to him by James belonged to
the victim. Id. at 431–33. He also testified that the victim, the building’s “rent man,” had “a
small black wallet that he carried all the time,” that it was the victim’s “practice to carry money”
in his wallet, and that the victim also “ke[pt] money in the trunk of his car.” Id. at 433.
4. Expert Paint Testimony
The government presented the expert testimony of FBI Special Agent David W. Nichols,
a specialist in “instrumental analysis,” which involved conducting examinations “on such items
as paint, plastics, and metals,” regarding paint found on multiple items at the scene of the crime
as well as on the defendant’s clothing. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 514–15. As part of the investigation,
13
Nichols “removed . . . two specimens of paint . . . from two articles of clothing that were
submitted to the FBI Laboratory,” a pair of pants owned by the defendant’s and the coat the
victim was wearing when he was found, and one from the “pepsi cola bottle” found at the scene
of the crime. Id. at 515–17. Nichols “found blue-green colored paint on each of the items,” and
testified that the paint was “similar to one another or the same as one another in color, texture,
and type of paint.” Id. at 517–18. Based on this examination, he “concluded that the[] three
paint deposits could have come from the same source.” Id. at 518. He further testified that
“[t]he paint that was on each of the[] items was applied while wet,” and that it “wasn’t smeared
on the clothing or the bottle,” but merely adhered to the items. Id. at 518–19. This witness was
not asked to make a definitive conclusion about whether the paint samples came from the same
source, and he was not cross examined. Id. at 519.
5. Forensic Hair Testimony
On the third day of trial, as the penultimate witness in the government’s case-in-chief, the
government called FBI Special Agent Myron Scholberg, who was “assigned to the FBI
Laboratory in Washington, D.C.” and specialized in hair and fiber analysis, to testify about two
issues at trial: first, how the belt found at the scene of the crime likely broke, and second, the
findings of comparative hair analysis that he performed on hair samples found on the clothing of
the victim and hair samples from the defendant. Id. at 521–23. Agent Scholberg’s testimony
accounts for no more than twenty pages of a 200-page transcript for this trial day. After
recounting his qualifications and experience, id. at 522, as well as the process by which he
acquired the evidence for inspection, id. at 523–24, Agent Scholberg turned to the substance of
his testimony. Regarding the belt, he testified that “the[] two pieces of belt” found in the kitchen
of the apartment, “were once one belt” and that “the ends were torn, which would indicate that
14
some pressure or force was applied in order to sever th[e] belt,” that the “edges of th[e] belt were
not cut,” but “were torn apart.” Id. at 524.
As to the hair evidence, Agent Scholberg first explained the process by which he
compared hair samples he had received, id. at 525–26, which included “a direct microscopic
comparison test on the hairs” by means of “a comparison type microscope,” which allowed him
to “view two slides simultaneously,” id. at 527. Agent Scholberg further explained that his
analysis involved comparing “approximately 16 different characteristics” of each hair, and based
on comparison of these sixteen different characteristics, he determined that the hair taken from
the victim’s clothing “were microscopically the same or alike the hairs that were identified” as
having come from the defendant, meaning that the hairs from the victim’s clothing “could have
come from the head of the defendant.” Id. at 528–30.
Agent Scholberg went on to testify that of the roughly 10,000 hair examinations he had
performed, “there ha[d] been four or five times when the hair of the suspect and the hair of the
victim was so nearly alike” that he “was unable to come to a conclusion as to” whether the hair
originated from the suspect or from the victim. Id. at 531 (emphasis added). He specifically
qualified his testimony that the hairs were “the same” by saying that “hairs do not contain
enough identifying characteristics to be positively identified to the exclusion of all other
individuals,” id. at 530, and emphasized that his testimony was that “the [hairs] are the same or
alike in all microscopic characteristics that were available to [him],” id. at 530.
On cross examination, Agent Scholberg confirmed that he could not say “positively . . .
that the[] hairs originated from the head of the defendant.” Id. at 531–32. When defense counsel
asked Agent Scholberg to provide a number for “how many other people have the same
microscopic characteristics” as the defendant, Agent Scholberg responded that he “ha[d] no idea
15
whether anyone would have the same [set of] microscopic characteristics” as the defendant, and
that the number could “be no one or it could be someone” and that he had “no basis to . . . assign
a number to it.” Id. at 536.
6. The Defense
Defense counsel called five witnesses, whose testimony largely focused on challenging
the credibility of Hill and Robinson, who had recounted the defendant’s confession. 6
i. Joel Goodman
Joel Goodman worked as an investigator for the Public Defender Service in Washington,
D.C. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 566. Goodman met with James Hill on two occasions to discuss Hill’s
knowledge of the murder and the alleged subsequent confession by the defendant. Id. at 566–67.
Goodman testified that, contrary to Hill’s testimony at trial, Hill had originally said that the
defendant had called Hill on the night of the murder, rather than Hill calling the defendant. Id. at
570. He further testified that, contrary to Hill’s testimony that the defendant was present at
Hill’s house for roughly ninety minutes on the night of the murder, Hill had told him that the
defendant was at the house for only fifteen minutes. Id. at 571. Hill had told Goodman that the
police threatened to “put [Hill and Robinson] in jail” if they “did not talk.” Id. at 575. On cross-
examination, Goodman admitted that he did not record or transcribe his first meeting with Hill,
but took notes of his recollections after the meetings had occurred, and further admitted that he
did not have Hill review or sign his notes from either meeting. Id. at 580–83.
ii. John Stevenson
John Stevenson testified that he knew both the defendant and Hill, and that he
recognized, but did not personally know, Robinson. Id. at 591–92. Stevenson testified that he
6
At the close of evidence, the defendant confirmed that he did not wish to testify and defense counsel
informed the Court that he had advised the defendant not to testify. Trial Tr. 7/14/71 at 674–75.
16
twice saw the defendant and Robinson together, without Hill, when he left Robinson and the
defendant alone at his home. Id. at 593, 596–97. He disclaimed personal knowledge as to what
the defendant and Robinson did in his house while he was gone. Id. at 594–97. On cross-
examination, Stevenson explained that he considered the defendant a friend, but was closer to
Hill. Id. at 599–600, 603–04. He testified that he had never been to Hill’s house, but Hill had
been to his house an unspecified number of times. Id. at 609–10.
iii. Mary Dean and Marnette Dean
Mary Dean, the defendant’s girlfriend and mother of his child, testified that she saw the
defendant some time “between 12:30 and 3:30” P.M. on the day of the murder, soon after she
woke up. Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 621–23. She testified that Hill had called for the defendant before
3:30, but that she did not tell the defendant about the call. Id. at 624–25. Later that evening,
between 6:15 and 6:45, Mary received a call from her sister, Lillian Harring, who told her about
the murder. Id. at 627–29. According to Mary, Harring had learned the details from Ellen
Johnson, Mary’s other sister, and after the conversation Mary discussed the murder with
everyone who was in the room: Marnette Dean, another of Mary’s sisters, Wilson Dean, Mary’s
brother, and Hill. Id. at 628–30. This discussion included “the details of how [the victim’s]
body was found,” but Mary did not elaborate as to what those details were. Id. at 631. The
defendant arrived home a short time later, around 7:00 P.M. Id. at 627.
On cross examination, Mary Dean admitted that she did not give a statement to the police
the day after the murder when she was brought in for questioning. Id. at 634. She denied,
however, that she had “refus[ed] to give a statement to the police” and maintained that the police
“told [her] they didn’t need to take a statement from [her].” Id. 7 She testified that she once
7
Metropolitan Police Officer Fickling was briefly recalled for rebuttal and testified that he had “asked her”
17
observed the defendant and Robinson “hugging or kissing” on the street, but she was “not sure
which” and did not know if they were “playing a joke on [her].” Id at 643. She further testified
that this “made her mad” and so she went “directly” to the store, but she noted that Hill may have
been in a position to see them. Id.
Marnette Dean, the defendant’s girlfriend’s sister, briefly testified that she saw the
defendant three times on day of the murder at her home where she lived with the defendant’s
girlfriend and other family members, at “fifteen after nine,” around noon, and again “late in the
afternoon” around sunset. Id. at 616–18.
iv. Catherine Johnson
Catherine Johnson, a friend of the defendant, testified that the defendant’s girlfriend’s
sister, Ellen Johnson—no relation to the witness—told her about the murder “around five
o’clock” on the day that it occurred, Trial Tr. 7/14/71 at 663–65, and “ten minutes later,” she ran
into the defendant “over Lincoln Park” and she asked him if he “had []heard about Mr. Mears
being killed,” id. at 666. The defendant “acted surprised when [she] told him” and they “sat on
the steps in the park” and talked for “about fifteen minutes.” Id. at 667–68.
7. Closing Arguments and Verdict
At the close of evidence, defense counsel orally “move[d] for acquittal on all counts” at a
bench conference. Id. at 688. The defendant did not explain on what grounds the motion was
made, and the government summarily argued that “it is a jury question.” Id. at 688. The Court,
after discussing the sufficiency of the evidence to prove premeditation on the part of the
defendant, “den[ied] the motion with respect to” the felony murder and robbery charges,” and
reserved ruling on the murder in the first degree charge. Id. at 688–90. The trial then proceeded
to give a statement that day, but that she had refused to give “any statement” after “talk[ing] to her lawyer.” Trial
Tr. 7/14/71 at 686–87.
18
to closing arguments.
i. Prosecutor’s Summation
The prosecutor’s summation summarized how the victim had been murdered and robbed,
id. at 714–19, and then reviewed in the evidence presented at the trial, id. at 719–735,
emphasizing Hill and Robinson’s testimony, id. at 719–722, and the evidence that corroborated
their accounts, id. at 722–35. While acknowledging these witnesses’ drug use, the prosecutor
emphasized that Hill and Robinson had no motive to lie about their “friend’s” actions, and
pointed out that the crime scene corroborated their statements of the defendant’s confession,
especially given the details Hill and Robinson provided but would not be established until later
forensic testing, such as what made the stocking in the victim’s mouth wet and that the murder
occurred before 3:30 P.M. Id. at 722–23. The prosecutor also highlighted the three witnesses
who saw the defendant and/or the victim near the apartment building around the time of the
crime, emphasizing the witness who saw the two together, id. at 723–26, as well as the fourth
witness, Wilson Dean, the defendant’s girlfriend’s brother, who testified that he saw the
defendant coming down the street from the direction of the building where the murder occurred
between two and three o’clock, id. at 727. In addition, he noted that the location where the
victim’s keys were found corroborated Hill and Robinson’s testimony. Id. at 729.
The government next briefly discussed the expert paint evidence, id. at 730–31, and
Agent Scholberg’s hair testimony, id. at 731–32. Regarding the latter, the prosecutor began by
posing the question: “Now what did he testify to? He testified to certain hair that was found on
the victim’s clothing: on his shirt and on his jacket and on his pants.” Id. at 731. The prosecutor
reminded the jury about the limitations of the hair analysis, stating that Agent Scholberg
“couldn’t say whose hair it was. No, the FBI, unless they are positive and can say without any
19
qualification, they will not say that is someone’s hair. But he did say that hair is not capable of
exact identification, that he can’t’ say for sure, he can’t be positive it is that person.” Id. Next,
the prosecutor summarized the conclusions that were drawn from the hair analysis, stating,
“However, he said out of all the combinations that are possible, the sixteen characteristics and
the lack thereof, and you heard about the cortex and the various types of the cortex and the
direction of the fibers and so forth. Out of all these factors, what did he find? He said when he
compared the hairs that were found on the victim’s clothing with the defendant’s hairs that were
taken by Detective Fickling from him at the infirmary, when he compared those two, what were
they? They were the same in every microscopic detail, the same.” Id. In assessing the probative
value of that finding, the prosecutor stated, “I said, how often, Agent Scholberg, does it happen?
You can’t be positive, yes, but how often does it happen that two people’s hair, two different
people, are so similar and so alike that you would be unable to tell? Out of 10,000 examinations,
he said he recalls it happening approximately four times.” Id. at 732.
Notably, the prosecutor then repeated his caution that “[w]e are not saying find him
guilty on that evidence. We are saying consider it, ladies and gentlemen, consider it along with
the other evidence, and it starts to add up. It starts to add up, doesn’t it?” Id. at 732.
In his concluding remarks, the prosecutor observed that no testimony of the defense
witnesses was inconsistent with the government’s theory of the case. Id. at 733–35. Further, he
repeated that the jury was not being asked “to find [the defendant] guilty just on one piece or two
pieces” of evidence, but to take “all the circumstantial evidence,” the “extraordinary
20
coincidences,” the “scientific evidence,” and “the defendant’s own admission of his guilt,” and to
then find the defendant guilty. Id. at 735–36.
ii. Defense Summation
Defense counsel focused his closing argument largely on the credibility of the
government’s “two star witnesses, Jimmy Hill and Gail Robinson.” Trial Tr. 7/14/71 at 751. He
reviewed the inconsistencies and misstatements in Hill and Robinson’s testimony, both about
their drug use and about how they learned about the murder, and posited that any details these
witnesses relayed about the crime scene could have been told to them by someone who had been
at the crime scene in the time between the murder and the time Hill and Robinson gave their
statements to police the next day. Id. at 752–54, 756–57. Based on flaws in their testimony,
defense counsel urged the jury to conclude that Hill and Robinson “lied to [the jury] on the
stand.” Id. at 756. He also challenged the corroborating evidence, arguing that the other
witnesses’ testimony and the key ring evidence showed little more than that the defendant lived
in the neighborhood and was near the scene of the crime. Id. at 759–66.
With respect to the forensic evidence, defense counsel pointed out that the defendant
could have gotten paint on his clothing when he had visited Wilson Dean a few days prior to the
murder when Wilson was painting the apartment. Id. at 767–68. Regarding the hair testimony,
defense counsel emphasized that Agent Scholberg “could not be sure” to whom the hair collected
at the scene belonged. Id. at 768. As the defense counsel explained, Agent Scholberg had used
the figure “four or five out of 10,000” in connection with how often he reached an inconclusive
result from hair analysis, but this figure specifically referred to cases in which he was unable to
distinguish between the “hair of the decedent and the hair of the suspect,” which was irrelevant
because, in this case, the defendant and the victim were of different races. Id. at 768. He also
21
noted that, even if the hair belonged to the defendant, the defendant and victim “were seen under
the car, under the hood of the car” working together before the murder and the hair could have
been transferred to the victim’s clothing at that point. Id. at 769.
iii. Prosecutor’s Rebuttal Summation
The government’s rebuttal was short, consisting of only fourteen transcript pages. Id. at
771–85. This rebuttal recapped Hill and Robinson’s testimony regarding the defendant’s
confession, the testimony placing the defendant near the crime scene at around the time of death,
the evidence collected from the crime scene corroborating Hill and Robinson’s testimony, and
the witnesses’ testimony about the victim’s key ring. Id. at 772–79. Despite the attacks on their
credibility, the prosecutor argued that Hill and Robinson’s testimony about the defendant’s
confession “w[as] not impeached on the witness stand.” Id. at 779. In summarizing the
evidence, the prosecutor made only brief reference to the hair evidence as follows: “You have
the FBI report saying that this man’s hair compared with the hairs found on the body of the dead
man. They are the same in every microscopic characteristic—every one. You heard the sixteen
possible combinations, lack thereof, etc. Every one matched.” Id. at 783–84. The government
concluded by arguing that “[e]very possible item points directly to [the defendant],” and again
urging the jury to “take all of the evidence” into consideration. Id. at 784–85.
iv. The Jury Verdict
The next day, on July 15, 1971, the Court instructed the jury on each of the three counts,
as well as lesser included charges, and after deliberation, the jury found the defendant guilty of
murder in the first degree, felony murder, and robbery. See generally Trial Tr. 7/15/71. The
22
defendant was sentenced to “terms of 20 years to life on the murder charges and 5–15 years on
the robbery count.” United States v. Butler, 481 F.2d 531, 532 (D.C. Cir. 1973).
8. Subsequent Procedural History
The defendant filed a direct appeal, raising two trial issues: (1) “whether the trial judge
erred in not ordering two key prosecution witnesses,” Hill and Robinson, “to undergo physical
and psychiatric examinations;” and (2) “whether the court erred in admitting the testimony of a
police officer as to whether those witnesses were under the influence of narcotics when they
made statements to the police.” Butler, 481 F.2d at 532. 8 The D.C. Circuit summarized the
evidence presented at trial against the defendant, which evidence the Circuit described as
“overwhelming.” Id. at 532–35. The Circuit mentioned the hair testimony once in passing, id. at
533, and instead focused heavily on the fact that Hill’s and Robinson’s statements to the police
were strongly corroborated by the crime scene evidence and did not appear to be contradicted by
any other evidence. Id. at 532–35.
As to whether the district court erred in not ordering examinations of Hill and Robinson,
the D.C. Circuit recognized that the testimony of these two witnesses “present[ed] a particular
danger of unreliability” because they were heroin users, and that their drug use implicated “a
number of unresolved but material questions,” including whether Hill and Robinson were
influenced by the “very powerful motive to fabricate a case” in order to avoid indictment for
their own criminal drug use. Id. at 534–35. The Court concluded, however, that Hill and
Robinson’s testimony was “comprehensive and believable” and, “[m]ore importantly . . .
supported by overwhelming extrinsic corroboration.” Id. at 535. Furthermore, the questions
8
The defendant also raised a third issue that related only to sentencing: “whether appellant was properly
denied sentencing under the Youth Corrections Act.”” Butler, 481 F.2d at 532, 536–537. On this issue, the Circuit
held that because the sentencing judge “articulated independent reasons for finding [that] appellant would not
benefit from Youth Act treatment,” the Court had no grounds on which to reverse that decision.
23
raised about Hill and Robinson’s drug use were deemed insufficient to require reversal since the
jury had been “put on notice” about their ongoing drug use, which meant that the jury knew that
“to the extent the witnesses’ testimony was uncorroborated, it should be weighed with caution.”
Id. at 535. On this basis, the Circuit concluded that “the trial court’s refusal to order
examinations” did not constitute “an abuse of discretion.” Id. For these same reasons, the Court
held that whether Hill and Robinson were using drugs at the time they gave their statements to
the police “went to the credibility of the testimony for which there was substantial extrinsic
corroboration,” and any error “would have been harmless.” Id. at 536–37. After resolution of
his direct appeal, the defendant has filed no other post-conviction motions.
B. DEVELOPMENTS CONCERNING COMPARATIVE HAIR ANALYSIS IN
COURTS
Following “allegations of improper practices by certain [FBI] examiners,” DOJ
established a task force to evaluate, among other things, the use of hair evidence in criminal
trials. Pet’r’s Mem. Supp. Pet’r’s Mot. (“Pet’r’s Mem.”) Ex. B at 1–2 (Letter, dated September
22, 2015, from Vincent H. Cohen, Jr., Acting United States Attorney for the District of Columbia
to Sandra Levick, Public Defender Service (the “Cohen Letter”)), ECF No 2-1. The task force
uncovered evidence confirming some examiners’ use of these “improper practices,” id. at 1,
prompting the Congress to task the National Research Council, whose work involves “furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government” on issues of science, Comm. on Identifying the
Needs of the Forensic Science Cmty., Nat’l Research Council, STRENGTHENING FORENSIC
SCIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES: A PATH FORWARD (“Strengthening Forensic Science”) (2009) at
3 (available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/ 228091.pdf), with “examining ways to
improve the quality of forensic sciences,” Brandon L. Garret & Peter J. Neufeld, INVALID
FORENSIC SCIENCE TESTIMONY AND WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS, 95 Va. L. Rev. 1, 7 (2009). In
24
2009, the Council issued a report concluding that “[f]orensic science research is not well
supported,” and, as relevant to this case, that “[n]o scientifically accepted statistics exist about
the frequency with which particular characteristics of hair are distributed in the population.” See
STRENGTHENING FORENSIC SCIENCE at 15, 160. The study recognized that previous studies of
hair comparison analysis have “been shown to be unreliable,” and the committee “found no
scientific support for the use of hair comparisons for individualization in the absence of” DNA
testing. Id. at 160–61.
Subsequent to the publication of this report, and “after the exonerations of several
individuals whose convictions had rested in part on the introduction at trial of faulty hair
comparison analysis or testimony, . . . the FBI, in coordination with the [DOJ], initiated a
comprehensive review of microscopic hair comparison analysis or testimony” provided in over
20,000 cases that were litigated before December 31, 1999. Cohen Letter at 1–2. The purpose
of this review was “to ensure that analysis or testimony by FBI Lab personnel regarding hair
comparison properly reflected the bounds of science, and that no person was deprived of a fair
trial based on flawed analysis or testimony.” Id. at 2. 9 As of September 2015, this review
identified 3,118 cases that rested at least in part on “positive associations between hair evidence
and a known sample.” Pet’r’s Mem. Ex. C at 1 (Letter, dated September 15, 2015, from Peter J.
Kadzik, Assistant Attorney General to Richard Blumenthal, United States Senator (the “Kadzik
Letter”)), ECF No. 2-1. The specific types of errors identified included an FBI examiner
testifying that hair comparison analysis can identify “a specific individual to the exclusion of all
others,” which “exceeds the limits of the science”; an FBI examiner assigning some sort of
9
At around the same time, the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia also “began its own
review of cases prosecuted to conviction in the District of Columbia Superior Court that involved an analyst’s report
of, or the introduction of testimony regarding, a positive hair association.” Id.
25
statistical weight or likelihood of a match between hair samples “that could lead the jury to
believe that valid statistical weight can be assigned to a microscopic hair association”; and an
FBI examiner using the number of times he or she had been unable to make a match in previous
cases “to bolster the conclusion that a hair belongs to a specific individual.” Pet’r’s Mem. Ex D
at 1 (“Microscopic Hair Comparison Analysis,” Department of Justice, dated November 9,
2012), ECF No. 2-1.
Based on these reviews, the DOJ and FBI “have formally acknowledged that nearly every
examiner in [the] elite FBI forensic unit gave flawed testimony in almost all trials in which they
offered evidence [about hair matches] against criminal defendants over more than a two-decade
period.” Gimenez v. Ochoa, 821 F.3d 1136, 1144 n.4 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Spencer S. Hsu,
FBI ADMITS FLAWS IN HAIR ANALYSIS OVER DECADES, Wash. Post (Apr. 18, 2015),
https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/fbi-overstated-forensic-hair-matches-in-nearly-all-
criminal-trials-for-decades/2015/04/18/39c8d8c6-e515-11e4-b510-962fcfabc310_story.html?
tid=a_in) (second alteration in original). Given this finding, the United States has decided that,
in cases challenging convictions based on the improper use of forensic hair evidence, “in the
interest of justice, the government is waiving reliance on the statute of limitations for collateral
attack on any legal claims arising from erroneous statements in laboratory reports or testimony.”
Kadzik Letter at 2. Additionally, “the government will not dispute that [any identified]
erroneous statements [about hair evidence] should be treated as false evidence and that
knowledge of the falsity should be imputed to the prosecution.” Id.
C. THE DEFENDANT’S PENDING § 2255 MOTION
The reviews initiated by the FBI and the DOJ “did not independently identify [the
defendant]’s case.” Pet’r’s Mem. at 11 n.5. Instead, counsel for the defendant submitted the
case for review,” and in September 2015, “the United States Attorney’s Office for the District of
26
Columbia notified [the defendant], through counsel, that the government had reviewed [his]
case,” and concluded that some form of false hair evidence was presented during his criminal
trial. Id. (citing Cohen Letter at 2); see also Pet’r’s Mem. Ex. A (Letter, dated September 11,
2015, from Norman Wong, Special Counsel, DOJ to defense counsel) at 2, 7, ECF No. 2-1. In
this letter, the government confirmed that it would “not dispute that [hair evidence] should be
treated as false evidence and that knowledge of the falsity should be imputed to the prosecution.”
Kadzik Letter at 2; see also Gov’t’s Opp’n at 20 n.15 (“[T]he government . . . will not contest
that the erroneous evidence was false or misleading or that the government as a whole should
have known that it was false or misleading.”). After receiving this letter, and in light of the
government’s concession, the defendant filed the instant motion to vacate his conviction and for
a new trial under 28 U.S.C. §2255, which motion is now ripe for review.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a), a federal prisoner “claiming the right to be released upon the
ground that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United
States . . . may move the court which imposed the sentence to vacate, set aside or correct the
sentence.” Id.; see also United States v. Farley, 72 F.3d 158, 162 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (a federal
conviction “may be set aside only on direct appeal or via a section 2255 motion” (emphasis in
original) (citing FED. R. CRIM. P. 32(d)). This statute “replaced traditional habeas corpus for
federal prisoners (at least in the first instance) with a process that allowed the prisoner to file a
motion with the sentencing court” challenging his sentence “to make postconviction proceedings
more efficient” by “direct[ing] claims not to the court that had territorial jurisdiction over the
place of the petitioner's confinement but to the sentencing court, a court already familiar with the
facts of the case.” Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, 774–775 (2008). “If the court finds that .
. . there has been such a denial or infringement of the constitutional rights of the prisoner as to
27
render the judgment vulnerable to collateral attack, the court shall vacate and set the judgment
aside and shall discharge the prisoner or resentence him or grant a new trial or correct the
sentence as may appear appropriate.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b).
While a judgment “cannot be lightly set aside by collateral attack, even on habeas
corpus,” McNair v. United States, 235 F.2d 856, 858–859 (D.C. Cir. 1956) (quoting Johnson v.
Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 468–69 (1938)), the Supreme Court has long held that the prosecutor’s
knowing use of false evidence or perjured testimony constitutes a denial of the defendant’s due
process right to a fair trial and may warrant reversal of the conviction. See, e.g., Giglio v. United
States, 405 U.S. 150, 155 (1972) (finding that “the due process requirements enunciated in
Napue,” as well as “other cases . . . require a new trial” where a key witness falsely testified at
trial, without correction, about the government’s promise not to prosecute him if he testified
before the grand jury and at trial); Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 265–70 (1959) (holding that
in murder prosecution with no reliable eyewitnesses, failure of the prosecutor to correct the false
testimony of “the principal witness for the State” regarding the promise of a recommended
reduced sentence in return for his testimony, denied petitioner due process of law in violation of
the Fourteenth Amendment); Mooney v. Holohan, 294 U.S. 103, 112–113 (1935) (per curiam)
(holding that conviction obtained “through a deliberate deception of court and jury by the
presentation of testimony known to be perjured” is “inconsistent with the rudimentary demands
of justice” and may constitute a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment); accord Perry v. New
Hampshire, 565 U.S. 228, 237 (2012) (“Only when evidence is so extremely unfair that its
admission violates fundamental conceptions of justice . . . have we imposed a constraint tied to
the Due Process Clause.”) (internal quotations and citation omitted). The Supreme Court has
also spoken eloquently to the policy underpinnings of this constitutional rule, citing “the special
28
role played by the American prosecutor in the search for truth in criminal trials” and the fact that
“the United States Attorney is ‘the representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of
a sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as its obligation to govern
at all; and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case, but
that justice shall be done.’” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281 (1999) (quoting Berger v.
United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935)).
The same constitutional value of promoting fair trials that animated the Supreme Court’s
decisions in Mooney, Napue and Giglio involving the government’s knowing use of false
evidence at trial also undergirds the holding in Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963), and
its progeny, “that the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon
request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment,
irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” See id. (noting that the “principle
of Mooney [] is not punishment of society for misdeeds of a prosecutor but avoidance of an
unfair trial to the accused,” and “[s]ociety wins not only when the guilty are convicted but when
criminal trials are fair”). Thus, claims that the prosecution knowingly used false evidence are a
subset of Brady claims. See United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 103 (1976) (explaining that
“[t]he rule of Brady [] arguably applies in three quite different situations” involving “the
discovery, after trial of information which had been known to the prosecution but unknown to
the defense,” including, with citation to Mooney, “the undisclosed evidence demonstrates that the
prosecution’s case includes perjured testimony and that the prosecution knew, or should have
known, of the perjury.”).
The D.C. Circuit has explained that “even if the prosecution either sponsored or failed to
correct false testimony, the grant of a new trial is not automatic.” United States v. Vega, 826
29
F.3d 514, 529 (D.C. Cir. 2016); see also Strickler, 527 U.S. at 281 (noting that “not every
violation of [the prosecution’s broad duty of disclosure] necessarily establishes that the outcome
was unjust”); Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. at 154 (“We do not, however, automatically
require a new trial whenever a combing of the prosecutors’ files after the trial has disclosed
evidence possibly useful to the defense but not likely to have changed the verdict,” because “[a]
finding of materiality of the evidence is required under Brady”) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted); United States v. Straker, 800 F.3d 570, 604 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (noting that
“prosecutorial misbehavior alone does not a Brady violation make”). More must be shown to
necessitate a new trial.
A due process violation arising from the government’s knowing suppression of evidence
only entitles a defendant to relief when “three components” are met: “[(1)] The [suppressed]
evidence . . . must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is
impeaching; [(2)] that evidence must have been suppressed by the [government], either willfully
or inadvertently; and [(3)] prejudice must have ensued.” Strickler, 527 U.S. at 281–82; see also
United States v. Borda, 848 F.3d 1044, 1066 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (enumerating “three elements” to
prove Brady violation, with “[t]hird, the movant must demonstrate prejudice”). “To satisfy the
prejudice element, the evidence must be material.” Id.; see also Turner v. United States, 137 S.
Ct. 1885, 1893 (2017) (noting that, for claimed Brady violation, petitioners “are entitled to a new
trial only if they ‘establis[h] the prejudice necessary to satisfy the “materiality” inquiry.’”
(quoting Strickler, 527 U.S. at 282) (alteration in original)).
As a type of Brady claim, a similar analysis applies when a defendant seeks vacatur of a
conviction based on the government’s knowing use of false evidence at trial. See Straker, 800
F.3d at 604. For such Napue/Giglio claims, the Supreme Court has articulated the materiality
30
inquiry to be whether there is “any reasonable likelihood [the false testimony could] have
affected the judgment of the jury.” Napue, 360 U.S. at 271. See also Agurs, 427 U.S. at 103
(noting that “the Court has consistently held that a conviction obtained by the knowing use of
perjured testimony is fundamentally unfair, and must be set aside if there is any reasonable
likelihood that the false testimony could have affected the judgment of the jury”) (internal
citations omitted); Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. at 154 (“A new trial is required if ‘the false
testimony could . . . in any reasonable likelihood have affected the judgment of the jury . . . .’”
(quoting Napue, 360 U.S. at 271) (ellipses in original)); Vega, 826 F.3d at 529 (stating that “if
the prosecution either sponsored or failed to correct false testimony . . . ‘a reviewing court must
determine” whether “the false testimony could in any reasonable likelihood have affected the
judgment of the jury” (quoting United States v. Burch, 156 F.3d 1315, 1329 (D.C. Cir. 1998)
(quoting Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154)); Straker, 800 F.3d at 604 (same); United States v. Gale, 314 F.
3d 1, 4 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (same). 10 As the Supreme Court recently explained in commenting on
10
By contrast to the materiality test applied to Napue/Giglio violations requiring “any reasonable likelihood”
that the false evidence could have affected the judgment of the jury, the Supreme Court has expressed a slightly
different materiality test for Brady violations involving suppressed exculpatory and impeachment evidence.
Specifically, suppressed evidence “is ‘material’ within the meaning of Brady when there is a reasonable probability
that, had the evidence been disclosed, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Turner, 137 S. Ct. at
1893 (quoting Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 469-70 (2009)). Rather than “reasonable likelihood” or “reasonable
probability,” the defendant urges that the Court apply yet a third iteration of the materiality standard using the words
“reasonable possibility,” which the defendant characterizes as “simply another articulation of the same requirement .
. . .” Def’s Reply at 2. As support for a “reasonable possibility” version of the materiality test, the defendant cites a
footnote in the part of Justice Blackmun’s opinion in United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 679 n. 9 (1985), that
failed to garner a majority and Justice Souter’s concurring/dissenting opinion in Strickler, 527 U.S. at 299. See
Def’s Reply at 2. In Bagley the Supreme Court found error in an automatic reversal of a conviction due to a Brady
violation without analyzing the materiality of the suppressed evidence, 473 U.S. at 678, and, in a part of the opinion
joined by only one other Justice, Justice Blackmun discussed application of the materiality standard in different
situations, noting that “the standard of review applicable to the knowing use of perjured testimony is equivalent to
the Chapman harmless-error standard,” id. at 679 n. 9 (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 (1967)). This
simply does not amount to the Supreme Court’s endorsement of a “reasonable possibility” standard. Likewise, in
Strickler, the majority of the Supreme Court expressly rejected “reasonable possibility” as the correct materiality
standard for Brady violations, finding “surely correct” a district court's determination that the defendant had met a
“reasonable possibility” standard but that “petitioner's burden is to establish a reasonable probability of a different
result,” leading to denial of the petition for failure to “show materiality under Brady . . . .” Strickler, 527 U.S. at 296
(emphasis in original). Nevertheless, in his concurring/dissenting part of the opinion, Justice Souter stated, “We
31
the “any reasonable likelihood” standard, the defendant “need not show that he ‘more likely than
not’ would have been acquitted had the new evidence been admitted,” Wearry v. Cain, 136 S. Ct.
1002, 1006 (2016), or that “the undisclosed information may not have affected the jury’s
verdict,” id. at n.6, but “only that the new evidence is sufficient to ‘undermine confidence’ in the
verdict,” id. (quoting Smith v. Cain, 565 U.S. 73, 75 (2012) (quoting Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S.
419, 434 (1995))). This fact-specific materiality inquiry requires evaluation of the false evidence
“in the context of the entire record.” Turner, 137 S. Ct. at 1893 (quoting Agurs, 427 U.S. at
112); see also Vega, 826 F.3d at 531 (finding false testimony to be not material after “looking at
the evidence in the record as a whole”); United States v. Baxter, 761 F.3d 17, 23–24 (D.C. Cir.
2014) (noting that even if suppressed evidence could have been used successfully for
impeachment, “the probability of a different outcome depends on the context of all of the
evidence offered at trial”).
The defendant bears the burden of proving that false evidence presented at trial was
material. Straker, 800 F.3d at 604 (holding “[the defendant] failed to demonstrate that the
misleading content of the [] testimony” was material); see also Alix v. Quarterman, 309 F. App’x
875, 879 (5th Cir. 2009) (“[The defendant]’s assertion that the burden of proof rests with the
prosecution to disprove his Napue allegations is contrary to clear precedent.”). 11 This is
have treated ‘reasonable likelihood’ as synonymous with ‘reasonable possibility’ and thus have equated materiality
in the perjured-testimony cases with a showing that suppression of the evidence was not harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Id. at 29. He expressed the view that the difference between reasonable “possibility,”
“likelihood” or “probability” “are slight” but nonetheless “express distinct levels of confidence concerning the
hypothetical effects of errors on decisionmakers’ reasoning . . . .” Id. The majority in Strickler, however, stuck to
the “reasonable probability” standard in evaluating and rejecting the defendant’s Brady claim. Id. at 296 (holding
that “petitioner has not shown that there is a reasonable probability that his conviction or sentence would have been
different had these materials been disclosed [and] therefore cannot show materiality under Brady or prejudice from
his failure to raise the claim earlier.”). This Court is not persuaded that employing a different word, “possibility,”
makes the materiality standard any clearer in application than the standard formulation used in binding caselaw
involving Napue/Giglio claims.
11
The defendant suggests that for Napue/Giglio claims, “it makes no difference where the burden of
persuasion lies” or, alternately, that the burden should be on the government, in accordance with “the original
32
consistent with the burden of proof generally applicable to a petitioner’s § 2255 claim to
establish a denial of constitutional rights. See, e.g., McNair v. United States, 235 F.2d at 858;
United States v. Simpson, 475 F.2d 934, 935 (D.C. Cir. 1973) (concluding that, in § 2255 action
to set aside plea of guilty, “the preponderance of evidence supports the judgment rejecting
petitioner’s claim”); Grennett v. United States, 403 F.2d 928, 930–931 (D.C. Cir. 1968) (finding
that petitioner in § 2255 action “has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence, as he is
obliged to do in a collateral proceeding,” that his conviction should be set aside).
III. DISCUSSION
The defendant argues that he was “deprived of his constitutional right to a fair trial”
because “a critical piece of the government’s evidence against him,” in the form of Agent
Scholberg’s hair testimony, was “false and misleading” and “knowingly presented by the
government.” Pet’r’s Mot. at 1; Pet’r’s Mem. at 44. He further argues that the hair testimony
“carried the weight of science” and provided “powerful scientific support to bolster” Hill and
Robinson’s otherwise “deeply flawed” testimony, Pet’r’s Mem. at 37, 41, and thus, without the
hair evidence, the case against him was “equivocal at best,” id. at 42.
The government concedes that Agent Scholberg’s hair testimony was “false or
misleading” and that it knew or should have known this at the time of trial, see supra Part I.C;
see also Gov’t’s Opp’n at 20 n.15, but, in opposition, argues that the defendant is nonetheless not
entitled to relief because the prosecution’s “evidence in this case was compelling” even without
the hair testimony, Gov’t’s Opp’n at 23. Despite the challenges to the credibility of Hill and
common law harmless-error rule [which] puts the burden on the beneficiary of the error either to prove that there
was no injury or to suffer a reversal of his erroneously obtained judgment.” Pet’r’s Reply at 3 and n.2 (quoting
Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. at 24). This suggestion simply ignores established law applied to Napue/Giglio
claims, as cited in the text, and, further, as the government correctly points out, “[a]lthough the Supreme Court in
Bagley stated that ‘the standard of review applicable to the knowing use of perjured testimony is equivalent to the
Chapman harmless-error standard,’ the Court did not discuss—and, accordingly, did not intend to modify—the
allocation of the burden of proof in Napue cases.” Gov’t’s Surreply at 2 n.2 (emphasis in original).
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Robinson, in the government’s view, the “testimony provided by other witnesses” at trial and
“evidence found at the scene of the crime . . . corroborated Hill and Robinson’s accounts of what
the defendant had told them” and “provided additional evidence of the defendant’s guilt,” such
that the hair evidence did not have a meaningful impact on the case, regardless of how
inculpatory it was. Gov’t’s Opp’n at 26–27.
Given the government’s concession that it knowingly used false evidence at trial, the only
dispute between the parties is whether there is “any reasonable likelihood” that the hair
testimony could have had an impact on the outcome of the defendant’s trial. See Pet’r’s Mem. at
12; Gov’t’s Opp’n at 20 n.15. The defendant raises three main points to support his materiality
argument, but none is persuasive.
First, the defendant argues that because “Agent Scholberg’s testimony carried with it the
weight of science,” a “reasonable juror could think that the testimony offered by the then-seven-
year FBI veteran, qualified as an expert in his field, was scientifically founded and could be
relied upon as conclusive evidence.” Pet’r’s Mem. at 38–39. The defendant notes that “‘there is
often an inherent danger with expert testimony unduly biasing the jury because of its aura of
special reliability and trust,’” id. at 38 (quoting United States v. Anderson, 851 F.2d 384, 393
(D.C. Cir. 1988) (internal quotation omitted)), and that as a result of this special reliability, lay
jurors may assign “talismanic significance” to expert testimony, id. (quoting United States v.
Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1263 (11th Cir. 2004)). According to the defendant, the importance of
the hair evidence to the government’s case is demonstrated by the prosecutor’s reliance on Agent
Scholberg’s hair analysis testimony in summations. Id. at 44.
This argument has appeal. To be sure, scientific expert testimony may be viewed by a
jury as more credible, reliable, and impartial than other forms of evidence and therefore can be
34
“both powerful and quite misleading.” Miller v. Bill Harbert Int’l Constr., Inc., 608 F.3d 871,
895 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quoting Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 595 (1993));
see also Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 81 n.7 (1985) (noting that testimony from an expert may
be assigned more weight than identical testimony from a lay person); United States v. Williams,
827 F.3d 1134, 1161 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (holding that a witness improperly testified as both an
expert and lay witness, given the risk that the “aura of special reliability and trustworthiness
surrounding expert testimony” would be imputed to the lay testimony); United States v. Pires,
642 F.3d 1, 12 (1st Cir. 2011) (“[B]ecause of an expert’s stature qua expert, jurors may assign
more weight to expert testimony than it deserves.”); Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 215 F.3d 713, 718
(7th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he district court functions as a ‘gatekeeper’ whose role is to keep experts
within their proper scope, lest apparently scientific testimony carry more weight with the jury
than it deserves.”); United States v. Stagliano,729 F. Supp. 2d 222, 228–29 (D.D.C. 2010)
(noting “the tendency of lay jurors to place special weight on scientific expert testimony”). Yet,
the hair evidence in this case was simply not as demonstrably important to the government’s case
as the defendant would suggest.
Contrary to the defendant’s characterization of the summations, for example, the
prosecutor spent relatively less time on the hair evidence than other more critical evidence, such
as the defendant’s confession to Hill and Robinson, the testimony about the day of the murder,
and the finding and location of the victim’s key ring. The defendant is correct that the hair
evidence was used to bolster the credibility of Hill and Robinson, but served as only one piece
among multiple other pieces of evidence to show the veracity of their testimony about the
defendant’s confession. In fact, the prosecutor discouraged any complete reliance on the hair
evidence, expressly stating instead that the jury was not being asked to rely on the hair evidence
35
alone but to consider this evidence along with other corroborating testimony and physical
evidence presented.
While Agent Scholberg testified that the unknown hairs and the defendant’s hairs were
“microscopically the same or alike,” Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 530, he repeatedly “undercut the
significance of his own testimony,” Gov’t’s Opp’n at 28. He admitted that he was only testifying
that the unknown hairs “could have” come from the defendant, and further emphasized that hairs
generally “do not contain enough identifying characteristics to be positively identified as
originating from a certain head of a certain individual to the exclusion of all other individuals in
this race group.” Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 530. Further, as defense counsel himself clarified on cross-
examination, Agent Scholberg’s only testimony that could be interpreted to carry statistical
weight was that, in four or five of the roughly 10,000 analyses he had performed, he was unable
to distinguish between the hair of the victim and the hair of the defendant. Id. at 531–32. Given
that the physical differences between the defendant and the victim, this comparison is
unilluminating.
Agent Scholberg did not testify as to the chance of a false match between the hair of any
two randomly-chosen individuals but, at the same time, explicitly eschewed assigning any
statistical estimate to the number of individuals in the community who could have produced a
hair that matched the defendant’s hair, stating that he “ha[d] no idea whether anyone would have
the same microscopic characteristics” as the defendant and that he “d[id]n’t have a basis” to
“give a number to it.” Id. at 536. Indeed, the inclusion of such a statistical estimate in his
testimony would have been speculative and therefore misleading to the jury. Moreover, even if
the hair evidence were stronger, the defendant’s focus on it, Pet’r’s Mem. at 4–12, 37–44, misses
the mark. The defendant’s Napue/Giglio claim does not rise or fall on the strength of the false
36
evidence, but on the strength of the other evidence presented at trial without the false evidence.
No matter how strong the false evidence, if there is no reasonable likelihood of the jury reaching
a different outcome only considering the other evidence presented at trial, the false evidence is
not material. Vega, 826 F.3d at 530–31.
Second, the defendant argues that even if the hair matching evidence were not sufficient
to support a conviction, this evidence was nonetheless necessary to obtain the conviction because
it provided the only reliable corroboration for the otherwise “deeply flawed” testimonies of Hill
and Robinson, whose testimonies were central to the trial. Pet’r’s Mem at 38–39; Pet’r’s Reply
at 9–11. The defendant is correct that the testimony of Hill and Robinson was the linchpin of the
government’s case, but he fails to acknowledge that, absent the hair evidence, the testimony of
these two witnesses remained supported by “overwhelming extrinsic corroboration.” Butler, 481
F.2d at 535. A brief summary of the other evidence bolstering the testimony of Hill and
Robinson about the defendant’s confession bears this out. Hill, both in his statement to the
police and in his testimony at trial, stated that the defendant told him that the victim had caught
the defendant selling drugs in a vacant apartment, Trial Tr. 7/8/71 at 66–67; that the defendant
had “tied the old man up” after a struggle and “put a stocking or something in his mouth,” id.;
that the defendant began to choke the victim with a belt, but that the belt broke and so the
defendant “started choking him with a telephone cord,” id. at 67–68; and that after the defendant
strangled the victim, he “poured some water down [the victim’s] throat to make sure he was
dead,” id.; after which the defendant took the victim’s keys, id. at 68. Robinson’s testimony was
that the defendant, in a more limited conversation, had told her that because the victim caught
him selling drugs, he had choked the victim with a belt until it broke, after which he choked the
victim with a telephone cord. Trial Tr. 7/9/71 at 236–38. All of this testimony was fully
37
consistent with evidence uncovered at the crime scene. Moreover, even if, as the defendant
suggests, a third party had observed and then described the crime scene to Hill and Robinson in
the short time between the discovery of the victim and Hill and Robinson’s statements to the
police, the defendant offers no logical explanation for how that person could have known from
observing the crime scene that the broken belt was torn instead of cut, that the contents of the
victim’s mouth were wet with water and not saliva or another substance, or that the victim’s keys
were missing. 12
On direct review, the D.C. Circuit considered the array of evidence presented in the case,
and found it to be “substantial” and “overwhelming extrinsic corroboration” of Hill and
Robinson’s testimony. Butler, 481 F.2d 531 at 532–33. The defendant urges the Court to
decline to follow the Circuit’s opinion because “it relied on the hair match testimony to find
harmlessness,” Pet’r’s Mem. at 43, but he fails to acknowledge the limited weight the Circuit
assigned to the hair evidence in relation to the other evidence at trial, see supra Part I.A.8. The
Circuit mentioned the hair evidence once, in passing, but discussed in detail other evidence
corroborating Hill and Robinson’s testimony. Additionally, the Circuit acknowledged Hill and
Robinson’s credibility issues, but noted that the defense’s broad-based attack at trial regarding
Hill and Robinson’s drug use, inconsistent statements and misstatements to hide that drug use,
had put the jury “on notice that, to the extent the witnesses’ testimony was uncorroborated, it
should be weighed with caution.” Butler, 481 F.2d at 535.
Finally, the defendant argues that without the hair evidence bolstering Hill and
12
The defendant’s assertion that the police, “who knew the details of the crime scene and spoke extensively
with Hill and Robinson in unrecorded interviews,” Pet’r’s Reply at 8, may have told Hill and Robinson the details of
the crime scene amounts to speculation that was presented by the defense at trial and rejected by the jury, see Pet’r’s
Mem. at 25 (citing Trial Tr. 7/13/71 at 507 (cross-examination of Officer Fickling, who testified that he had told
Robinson that her testimony was inconsistent with Hill’s but that he did not provide any details of Hill’s testimony)),
and still lacks any concrete support.
38
Robinson’s credibility, the remaining evidence in the case was “equivocal at best.” Pet’r’s Mem.
at 42–44. He discounts the paint on the defendant’s clothes as “innocent[ly] explain[ed]” by his
visit to the apartment three days before the murder. Id. at 42. He further argues that anyone could
have thrown the victim’s keys on the roof of buildings near the defendant’s girlfriend’s home,
which was frequented by the defendant, including on the day of the murder, id.; that the
testimony placing him and the defendant together near the scene of the crime at the relevant time
did not suggest any ill-will between the defendant and the victim, id.; that no evidence was
presented about two boys leaving the building after the defendant was allegedly caught selling
them illegal drugs, id.; and that of the “sixteen fingerprints located at the scene of the murder,
none belonged to [the defendant],” id. at 4, 42.
The defendant’s marshalling of the evidence in the most favorable light to his position is
masterful but nonetheless falls short. Even if an innocent explanation is plausible for these
individual pieces of evidence viewed in isolation, the defendant fails to appreciate their
collective weight. As already discussed, the “comprehensive” testimony of Hill and Robinson,
— both of whom considered the defendant their friend and may have been viewed by the
defendant as having an incentive to keep secret his confession to avoid disclosure of their own
illegal drug use — was “overwhelming[ly]” supported by “extrinsic corroboration.” Butler, 481
F.2d at 535. The lack of any identifiable fingerprints of the defendant is not inconsistent with
Hill and Robinson’s testimony, nor is the fact that no witness saw two boys fleeing from the
apartment after the murder. Hill and Robinson’s testimony about the defendant’s confession was
corroborated not only by the consistency in their rendition of events, including self-incriminatory
admissions of illegal heroin use, but also by crime scene details they otherwise would not know.
The defendant’s confession was further corroborated by unchallenged forensic evidence that the
39
same color paint found on the victim and on the defendant’s clothing, as well as a bottle found at
the scene of the crime, could have come from the same source, and by the fact that the victim’s
keys, which Hill testified the defendant admitted he took, were found on a roof a few houses
from where the defendant often stayed. In addition to the significant corroboration for the details
of the crime alleged by Hill and Robinson, multiple witnesses saw the defendant in the vicinity
of the apartment on the day of the murder, and though one witness saw the defendant and the
victim working on a car together before the murder occurred, no witness clearly identified the
defendant’s location between two and three o’clock, the time that the murder likely occurred.
Finally, the defendant clearly had access to the apartment, as he knew people who lived in the
building, and had been in the building previously and knew that the apartment where the victim’s
body was found was vacant as he had been there a few days prior. While this evidence may be
equivocal in isolation, when viewed as a whole, and even without the hair testimony, it
established the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
IV. CONCLUSION
Forty five years ago, Dennis Butler was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for
committing the brutal murder of Jesse Mears, following a jury trial at which the government, as
it has recently admitted, presented false hair matching evidence that it knew or should have
known was false at the time of trial. While the government’s use of this false evidence should
not have occurred, upon review of the entirety of the trial record, the Court concludes that “there
is no reasonable likelihood” that presentation of the false hair matching evidence “could have
altered the outcome of the case.” Vega, 826 F.3d at 531. Accordingly, the defendant is not
entitled to relief and his motion for a new trial, under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, is denied.
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An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: August 16, 2017
_______________________
BERYL A. HOWELL
Chief Judge
41