Port Penn Hunting Lodge Association v. Matthew S. Meyer ( 2019 )

THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
PORT PENN HUNTING LODGE )
ASSOCATION, )
)
Petitioner, )
)
v. ) C.A. No. 2018-0328-TMR
)
MATTHEW S. MEYER, )
individually and in his official )
capacity as the County Executive for )
New Castle County, NEW CASTLE )
COUNTY, TRACY SURLES, )
individually and in her )
official capacity, MARY A. )
JACOBSON, )
individually and in her official )
capacity, RICHARD E. HALL, )
individually and in his official )
capacity, )
)
Respondents. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Date Submitted: February 4, 2019
Date Decided: May 9, 2019
L. Vincent Ramunno, RAMUNNO & RAMUNNO, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware;
Attorney for Petitioner.
Max B. Walton and Kyle Evans Gay, CONNOLLY GALLAGHER LLP, Newark,
Delaware; Brian J. Merritt, NEW CASTLE COUNTY OFFICE OF LAW, New
Castle, Delaware; Attorneys for Respondents.
MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Vice Chancellor.
For over two decades, the petitioner has worked to develop a parcel of land in
southern New Castle County, Delaware. New Castle County has allegedly thwarted
the petitioner’s attempts. In particular, the petitioner asserts that New Castle County
refuses to provide sewer service for the petitioner’s proposed development while
providing sewer service for developments on nearby land. The petitioner argues that
New Castle County’s discriminatory conduct violates its rights to substantive due
process, equal protection, and just compensation for takings, and constitutes illegal
contract zoning. The petitioner requests injunctive relief, declaratory relief, and
damages. The respondents move to dismiss the petitioner’s complaint for failure to
state a claim. For the reasons that follow, I grant the respondents’ motion.
I. BACKGROUND
I draw all facts from the Verified Complaint (the “Complaint”), the documents
attached to it, and the documents incorporated by reference into it.1 At this stage of
the proceedings, I take all of Petitioner’s well-pled facts as true and draw all
reasonable inferences in its favor.
1
Vanderbilt Income & Growth Assocs., L.L.C. v. Arvida/JMB Managers, Inc., 691
A.2d 609, 613 (Del. 1996) (noting the “exceptions to the general Rule 12(b)(6)
prohibition against considering documents outside of the pleadings” including
“when the document is integral to a [petitioner’s] claim and incorporated into the
complaint.” (citing In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 69-70
(Del. 1996))).
1
This saga began in 1997, when New Castle County (the “County”) adopted a
Unified Development Code and “made a commitment to construct sewers in
southern New Castle County to accommodate the growth expected” in that area.2
“[A]t least 20 years ago” Petitioner Port Penn Hunting Lodge Association (“Port
Penn”) bought an approximately 320-acre parcel of land (the “Land”) in New Castle
County, Delaware.3 Port Penn then attempted to develop the Land into a project
called the Preserve, which Port Penn envisioned containing 120 acres of developed
property and 200 acres of land in its natural state.4
Around the same time, the County established two sanitary sewer districts, the
Northern New Castle County Sanitary Sewer Area and the Southern New Castle
County Sanitary Sewer Service Area (the “SSSA”). The SSSA included the Land.
In 2003, the County passed a resolution reaffirming that “New Castle County made
a commitment to construct sewers in southern New Castle County to accommodate
the growth expected within this area” and “the implementation of a sewer system in
southern New Castle County is a necessary component of good land use planning.”5
2
Compl. ¶ 13.
3
Id. ¶¶ 8-9.
4
Id. ¶ 9.
5
Id. ¶ 13.
2
Port Penn has not pled that the establishment of the SSSA constituted a
commitment to extend sewer services to the entire SSSA, nor that New Castle
County ever specifically committed to provide sewer service to Port Penn. Port Penn
does assert that County officials at the Department of Special Services (“Special
Services”), now known as the Department of Public Works, which is responsible for
sewer service, gave assurances that the County would provide sewer service to the
Land on a fair and equal basis. Specifically, Port Penn contends that “Charles Baker,
the General Manager [of Special Services] at that time, informed [Port Penn’s]
representative that if sewer was provided for anyone in that area the County would
certainly not play favorites and in fairness would provide sewer to other property
owners in the area.”6 Port Penn adds that Respondent Meyer, a subsequent General
Manager of Special Services, “expressed his intent to make public sewer available
for the area and to treat all property owners in the Port Penn area fairly and equally.”7
In early 2000, Port Penn submitted its development plan for the Land to the
County for the first time, but the County Land Use Department advised Port Penn in
a letter on June 23, 2000, that sewer service was not available and that development
would have to wait until it became available. 8 The County Land Use Department
6
Id. ¶ 19.
7
Id. ¶ 24.
8
Id. ¶¶ 10-11.
3
sent another letter advising Port Penn that public sanitary sewer systems were not
available “in the vicinity of the site” on June 7, 2001.9 On October 26, 2007, the
County denied another Port Penn application, writing that “the Department of
Special Services had determined that there is no sewer capacity for this proposed
development; therefore, this application may not advance . . . until the sewer issue
is resolved.”10
In November 2007, two other property developers in the area filed suit against
the County in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware to compel
the County to provide sewer service.11 The case settled, and the County agreed to
provide sewer systems for the developers.12 Two other nearby developers, also sued
and settled in exchange for commitments to sewer service. 13
At an undetermined later date, Port Penn once more submitted its
development plan for approval.14 On May 16, 2017, the County again responded
9
Id. ¶¶ 11-12.
10
Id. ¶ 7.
11
Id.
12
Id. ¶ 21.
13
Id. ¶ 22.
14
Id. ¶ 25.
4
that there was insufficient sewer capacity for the proposed development. 15 When
Port Penn complained of favoritism, the County responded that only properties with
settlement agreements would receive sewer service.16 For the next several months,
Port Penn and the County exchanged letters, with Port Penn repeatedly pressing for
sewer service and the County stating that only property owners with settlement
agreements would receive sewer service.17
Port Penn alleges that in response to the settlements the County reached with
other developers, the County installed “a sewer pipe under Route 1 of such a small
size that it could only service” the other developers. 18 Port Penn concludes that the
County installed an undersized pipe to create a justification for denying sewer
service to Port Penn due to lack of sewer capacity. 19 Port Penn asserts that the
County did this to prevent Port Penn from developing the Land and “to obtain open
space for free without having to pay for preservation rights or at the very least
reducing the value of the property and thereby the price for same.” 20
15
Id. ¶ 26.
16
Id. ¶ 27.
17
Id. ¶¶ 28-31.
18
Id. ¶ 72.
19
Id.
20
Id. ¶ 37.
5
On May 3, 2018, Port Penn filed its Complaint in this action (the
“Complaint”). On May 30, 2018, Respondents filed their Motion to Dismiss. On
January 10, 2019, I held oral argument on the Motion to Dismiss. On January 30,
2019, Port Penn filed a letter updating the Court on the status of proposed legislation
in New Castle County regarding a proposed moratorium on the creation of septic
systems in the area including the Land. On February 1, 2019, Respondents filed a
letter in response. On February 4, 2019, Port Penn filed a rebuttal letter.
II. ANALYSIS
Port Penn asserts five causes of action: (1) a purported substantive due process
claim, which asserts that “[t]he County has acted under color of state law in violation
of Delaware Law and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and in violation of Petitioner’s rights,”21 and
the County’s actions constitute “a blatant violation of the Takings and Due Process
Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution
and the Delaware Constitution”; 22 (2) a purported equal protection claim, which
asserts that “[t]he County has intentionally treated Petitioner and its Proposed
Development differently from other similarly situated and even adjacent properties
21
Id. ¶ 45.
22
Id. ¶ 38.
6
in the SSSA”23 with “no rational or legitimate reason” for the differential treatment,24
violating “Section 8 of Article VIII of the Delaware Constitution [, which] prohibits
the use of public funds for private purposes,”25 and carrying out de facto “‘contract
zoning’ i.e., a contract by the government to zone for the benefit of a private owner,
which is expressly prohibited by Delaware law and established case law,” 26 also
constituting a violation of “Petitioner’s rights to equal protection as guaranteed by
the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Delaware
Constitution”;27 (3) a purported declaratory judgment claim as to Port Penn’s rights
to sewer service and a preliminary injunction pending trial on the merits to enjoin
the County from providing sewer service to Port Penn’s neighbors but not Port Penn,
as well as damages and fees; 28 (4) a purported estoppel claim and an injunction
preventing the County from excluding Port Penn from carrying out sewer plans that
provide service to Port Penn’s neighbors, as well as damages, fees, and costs; 29 and
23
Id. ¶ 48.
24
Id. ¶ 49.
25
Id. ¶ 52.
26
Id. ¶ 53.
27
Id. ¶ 56.
28
Id. ¶¶ 58-61.
29
Id. ¶¶ 62-70.
7
(5) a purported “injunctive relief temporary restraining order” claim to prevent the
County from excluding Port Penn from sewer plans that provide service to Port
Penn’s neighbors, as well as damages, fees, and costs. 30
For the sake of analytical clarity, I organize the Complaint into the following
six categories: (1) substantive due process claims, (2) equal protection claims,
(3) takings claims, (4) contract zoning claims, (5) estoppel claims, and
(6) miscellaneous other claims. 31
Respondents move to dismiss the entire Complaint under Court of Chancery
Rule 12(b)(6). The standard for dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to
state a claim upon which relief can be granted is well established. When considering
a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), this Court must “accept as true all of the
well-pleaded allegations of fact and draw reasonable inferences in the [petitioner’s]
favor.”32 While the Court must draw all reasonable inferences in the petitioner’s
favor, it is not “required to accept as true conclusory allegations ‘without specific
30
Id. ¶¶ 71-74.
31
Although Petitioner states in its Complaint that Respondents’ actions violate its
rights under both the United States Constitution and the Delaware Constitution,
Petitioner makes no arguments based on the Delaware Constitution. On that basis,
I limit my analysis for all claims to rights under the United States Constitution.
32
In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig., 897 A.2d 162, 168 (Del. 2006) (citing
Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1082 (Del. 2001)).
8
supporting factual allegations.’” 33 “[D]ismissal is inappropriate unless the
‘[petitioner] would not be entitled to recover under any reasonably conceivable set
of circumstances susceptible of proof.”34
A. Substantive Due Process Claims
Port Penn argues that the County’s denial of sewer services violated its
substantive rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to
the United States Constitution (its “Substantive Due Process Rights” under the “Due
Process Clause”) by “refusing to allow [Port Penn] access to sewer paid for by the
taxpayers.”35 Port Penn argues that this behavior “is arbitrary, capricious and not
rationally related to a legitimate government interest and was and continues to be an
unlawful attempt by the County to interfere with [Port Penn’s] legal right to develop
its property.” 36 Port Penn adds that “[t]he maneuvering and the manipulation by
County officials administratively to allow only the three select property owners to
have public sewer service at public expense while denying sewer service to all other
33
Id. (quoting In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 65-66 (Del.
1995)).
34
Id. (quoting Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002)) (footnotes
omitted).
35
Compl. ¶ 44.
36
Id.
9
property owners even similarly situated adjacent owners can only shock the
conscience of a Court of Equity.” 37
“[T]he Constitution protects . . . [rights that are] deeply rooted in this Nation’s
history and tradition.” 38 The Due Process Clause proclaims that no state shall
“deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”39 “The
Due Process Clause guarantees more than fair process, and the ‘liberty’ it protects
includes more than the absence of physical restraint. The Clause also provides
heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental
rights and liberty interests.”40 These rights are “so rooted in the traditions and
conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental.”41 “[T]he protections of
substantive due process attach only where a [petitioner] has demonstrated
deprivation of an interest that is considered a ‘fundamental’ right under the United
States Constitution.”42 Where “[petitioners] have cited no federal or state authority
in which a court has held that [the right they seek is] a fundamental right under the
37
Pet’r’s Answering Br. 11.
38
Moore v. City of East Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494, 503 (U.S. 1977).
39
U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.
40
Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 719-720 (1997).
41
Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105 (1934).
42
In re New Maurice J. Moyer Acad., 108 A.3d 294, 321 (Del. Ch. 2015).
10
Constitution[,] . . . . [t]he United States Supreme Court[] [directs] that a court should
‘exercise the utmost care’ when asked to ‘break new ground’ in the jurisprudence of
substantive due process.”43
Port Penn asserts that it has a fundamental right to sewer service. Port Penn
does not, however, cite any cases in support of sewer service as an established
fundamental right. To the contrary, several cases state that no such fundamental
right exists. For example, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
held that “[s]ubstantive due process refers to and protects federal rights. The
provision of water and sewer services, whether by a municipality or by a private
utility company, is not, however, a federally protected right.”44 In a later case, the
Third Circuit added that “despite the importance of utility service to the maintenance
of a minimally accepted standard of living, an arbitrary and capricious termination
of such service by a state actor does not give rise to a substantive due process
claim.” 45 Most recently, then-Magistrate Judge Stark wrote that “[b]ecause access
to public sewers is not a fundamental property right within the protections of the
Substantive Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, [petitioner] has
43
Id. at 322 (quoting Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125 (1992)).
44
Ransom v. Marrazzo, 848 F.2d 398, 411-12 (3d Cir. 1973).
45
Reich v. Beharry, 883 F.2d 239, 244 (3d Cir. 1989).
11
failed to state a claim on which it could be granted relief. Accordingly, I recommend
that [petitioner’s] substantive due process claims be dismissed.” 46
In the wake of this specific authority, Port Penn cites no cases in its
Substantive Due Process Rights argument supporting the notion that sewer service
is constitutionally protected. Port Penn does cite a case in its Equal Protection
section supporting the notion that property rights in general receive constitutional
46
Warren v. New Castle Cty., 2008 WL 2566947, at *18 (D. Del. June 26, 2008)
(citing Ransom, 848 F.2d at 411-12). Then-Magistrate Judge Stark also noted that
“the County Code contemplates three types of wastewater treatment. The first of
these is County sewer service (or ‘public sewer’ or ‘sanitary sewer’) which requires
the use of public facilities, and is reserved ‘on a first come, first serve[d] basis if
and/or when sanitary sewer service becomes available, as determined by the
Department of Special Services. The second is a community system (or ‘private
sewer’), which is constructed by a private entity and serviced by a private
wastewater utility provider, subject to County approval and other terms set out in
the County Code and Delaware Code (including required approval by the State
[Public Service Commission]). The third and final option is on-site septic systems,
which may be utilized ‘within a County-recognized sewer service area for which
sewer capacity or sewer trunk lines do not yet exist,’ subject to the approval of the
County and the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
Control (‘DNREC’).” Id. at *2. Port Penn alleges in its Complaint that public sewer
was not available. See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 26. Port Penn states in a letter that “on
January 22, 2019, the New Castle County Planning board unanimously approved
recommendation of the proposed moratorium [on new septic systems], which
undoubtedly will be enacted.” Letter to Court, Jan. 30, 2019. Port Penn’s
Complaint does not address a private sewer beyond stating that “[b]y designating
the area as a sewer district, but intentionally refusing to provide sewer service the
County precluded a private sewer system or septic system.” Compl. ¶ 36. In its
briefing, Port Penn states that “if the subdivision exceeds 100 lots, the DNREC
requires an on site waste water treatment which means a private treatment plant
which the County will not allow.” Pet’r’s Answering Br. 37. This assertion is
conclusory, and its relevance is unclear in the substantive due process context.
12
protection.47 That is true, but it is not specific enough to support a right to sewer
service. Port Penn does not tackle the exceedingly difficult task of establishing a
new fundamental constitutional right. Port Penn’s substantive due process claim
fails as a matter of law. 48
Because Port Penn has failed to allege the deprivation of sewer services
violates its Substantive Due Process Rights, I grant Respondents’ Motion to Dismiss
as to the Substantive Due Process claims. 49
47
See Pet’r’s Answering Br. 21-22 (quoting Mihaly v. Town of Trumball Water
Pollution Control Auth., 2013 WL 2948329 (D. Conn. June 14, 2013)).
48
Relying on Acierno v. New Castle County, Port Penn argues that this Court should
inquire into the motivations of administrative action in investigating potential
breaches of its Substantive Due Process Rights. Pet’r’s Answering Br. 18 (quoting
Acierno v. New Castle Cty., 2000 WL 718346, at *4 (D. Del. May 23, 2000)). I
reject this for two reasons. First, after the District of Delaware’s decision in
Acierno, the Third Circuit explicitly rejected the “improper motive” test in the
context of substantive due process. United Artists Theatre Circuit, Inc. v. Township
of Warrington, 316 F.3d 392 (3d Cir. 2003). The Third Circuit instead applied the
“shocks the conscience” test based on the United States Supreme Court’s decision
in County of Sacramento v. Lewis. 523 U.S. 833 (1998). Second, before the “shocks
the conscience” test applies, Port Penn must show a violation of a fundamental right,
which Port Penn has failed to do. For those reasons, I decline to apply the improper
motive test.
49
Port Penn also asserts that Respondents violated its Substantive Due Process Rights
under the Delaware Constitution. Port Penn does not, however, specify any
provisions of the Delaware Constitution that apply or make any arguments about
how this analysis would proceed differently under the Delaware Constitution than
it would under the United States Constitution. To the contrary, its brief focuses
solely on the United States Constitution-based analysis. “Mere conclusory
assertions that the Delaware Constitution has been violated are not sufficient to
present a question whether such is the case.” Thompson v. State, 192 A.3d 544, 552
(Del. 2018). Thus, I do not separately analyze this issue.
13
B. Equal Protection Claims
Port Penn also asserts that Respondents have violated its constitutional equal
protection rights by treating it differently than similarly situated entities. Port Penn
states that the “Respondents’ actions in treating the Petitioner differently than other
similarly situated and even adjacent landowners in the SSSA [were] motivated by
an intent to inhibit Petitioner from exercising its constitutional right to develop its
property for illegal motives or purpose”50 and that therefore “Respondents have
violated [Port Penn’s] rights to equal protection as guaranteed by the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Delaware Constitution.” 51
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires that no
State “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” 52
“[T]he purpose of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is to
secure every person within the State’s jurisdiction against intentional and arbitrary
50
Compl. ¶ 55.
51
Id. ¶ 56. Again, because Port Penn does not specify any provisions of the Delaware
Constitution that apply or make any arguments about how this analysis would
proceed differently under the Delaware Constitution than it would under the United
States Constitution, I perform my analysis under only the United States
Constitution. See Thompson, 192 A.3d at 552. The provision of the Delaware
Constitution that Port Penn does identify, Section 8 of Article VIII, discusses
municipalities extending credit to, or becoming stockholders in, private
corporations and appears in Section E of my analysis.
52
U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.
14
discrimination, whether occasioned by express terms of a statute or by its improper
execution through duly constituted agents.” 53 Port Penn advances the argument that
it alone suffered unfair differential treatment, which is a “class of one” theory of
violation of its equal protection rights. “Our cases have recognized successful equal
protection claims brought by a ‘class of one,’ where the [petitioner] alleges that she
has been intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and that there
is no rational basis for the difference in treatment.” 54 To succeed on its theory, Port
Penn must establish that similarly situated developers existed, that Port Penn was
“intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated” 55 who were “prima
facie identical in all relevant respects,”56 and that “there is no rational basis for the
difference in treatment.”57
53
Sioux City Bridge Co. v. Dakota Cty., 260 U.S. 441, 445 (1923).
54
Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000) (citing Sioux City Bridge
Co., 260 U.S. 441; Allegheny Pittsburgh Coal Co. v. Comm’n of Webster Cty., 488
U.S. 336 (1989)).
55
Olech, 528 U.S. at 564 (citations omitted).
56
Purze v. Village of Winthrop Harbor, 286 F.3d 452, 455 (7th Cir. 2002).
57
Olech, 528 U.S. at 564 (citations omitted). Port Penn asserts that “[t]he standard for
[a court] interfering with legislative action is stringent because a court is reluctant
to interfere with a law enacted by the legislative body. In this case, however, the
decision to reach a settlement with the three select property owners . . . was decided
administratively by County officials,” implying that the rational basis test should
not apply. Pet’r’s Answering Br. 19 (citing Acierno, 2000 WL 718346). The
rational basis test, however, applies to the actions of state and local administrative
agencies as well as legislators. See, e.g., Armour v. City of Indianapolis, 566 U.S.
673 (2012) (applying the rational basis test to the City of Indianapolis’s Board of
15
Port Penn fails to establish that the County has no rational basis for treating it
differently than the comparators. “Under rational basis review, legislation enjoys a
presumption of validity, and the [petitioner] must negate every conceivable
justification for the classification in order to prove that the classification is wholly
irrational.”58 Rational basis review “does not require the State to place any evidence
in the record.”59 This standard is so deferential to the State that
even if the Government fails to come forward with its own
rationale, “[t]he court may . . . hypothesize the motivations
of the . . . legislature to find a legitimate objective
promoted by the provision under attack.” That is, “[w]e
are free to consider any conceivable legislative purpose so
long as it reasonably could have been entertained by the
legislature.”60
Public Works’ forgiveness of assessments and holding that “[a]s long as the City’s
distinction has a rational basis, that distinction does not violate the Equal Protection
Clause”); Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471 (1970) (applying rational basis
review when considering a Maryland Department of Public Welfare rule placing a
cap on monthly benefits without regard to family size); Cook v. Bennett, 792 F.3d
1294 (11th Cir. 2015) (applying rational basis review in both the substantive due
process and equal protection contexts; upholding as rational a local school board’s
decision to assess eleventh and twelfth grade math teachers using tenth grade
English tests).
58
Brian B. v. Pa. Dep’t of Educ., 230 F.3d 582, 586 (3d. Cir. 2000).
59
Heller v. Doe ex rel. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 319 (1993).
60
United States v. Pollard, 326 F.3d 397, 408 (3d. Cir. 2003) (quoting Malmed v.
Thornburgh, 621 F.2d 565, 569 (3d Cir. 1980); Ramsgate Court Townhome Ass’n
v. West Chester Borough, 313 F.3d 157, 160 (3d Cir. 2002)).
16
Respondents argue that “having a plausible land use planning objective for
the County’s actions, as the County has articulated in its Comprehensive Plan,
provides a separate and distinctive rational basis” for any differential treatment.61
Respondents point out that many courts have found land use planning to be a rational
basis for differential treatment. 62 Respondents refer to several other rational bases
for their actions: “to settle the prior litigations (e.g., to save litigation costs and to
eliminate risk), to engage in rational sewer and land use planning, and to draw the
line regarding where it decides to provide sewer service as it deems appropriate”;63
and “costs, budgets, environmental factors, land use planning goals, right of way
issues, and system capacity issues.”64
Port Penn does not adequately address any of the bases that Respondent sets
forth, as it must. Most of them it does not address at all. Port Penn provides no
rebuttal to the presumption of validity that the County enjoys. Thus, Port Penn fails
to overcome the rational basis test, and dismissal under 12(b)(6) is appropriate.
61
Resp’s’ Opening Br. 24.
62
See id. n.62 (citing Vision Church v. Vill. of Long Grove, 468 F.3d 991, 1001 (7th
Cir. 2006); Sameric Corp. v. City of Philadelphia, 142 F.3d 582, 595 (3d Cir. 1998);
Hold Fast Tattoo, LLC v. City of North Chicago, 580 F. Supp. 2d 656, 660-61 (N.D.
Ill. 2008)).
63
Resp’s’ Reply Br. 22 (citation omitted).
64
Resp’s’ Opening Br. 25.
17
C. Takings Claims
The Complaint alleges that “[t]he County’s conduct is a blatant violation of
the Takings and Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to
the United States Constitution.”65 Port Penn explains that “by designating the area
as a sewer district, but intentionally refusing to provide sewer service[,] the County
precluded a private sewer system or septic system and therefore intentionally and
unlawfully precluded any type of development.” 66
“Both the federal government and the states have the power of eminent
domain—the authority to take private property when necessary for government
activities.”67 The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the United States
Constitution limits this power, forbidding “private property be[ing] taken for public
use without just compensation.”68 The United States Supreme Court has held that
the Takings Clause binds state governments (and, therefore, their subdivisions such
65
Compl. ¶ 38.
66
Pet’r’s Answering Br. 35.
67
Erwin Chemerinsky, Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies 667 (5th ed.
2015).
68
US Const. amend. V.
18
as counties).69 There are two types of takings: physical (or “possessory”), and
regulatory. 70 “A ‘possessory’ taking occurs when the government confiscates or
physically occupies property.” 71 “A ‘regulatory’ taking occurs when the
government’s regulation leaves no reasonable economically viable use of the
property.” 72 Port Penn alleges that the County’s administrative or legislative action
deprives Port Penn of economic opportunity, which is a regulatory takings claim.
“In order to allow administrative bodies to perform their statutory functions
in an orderly manner without preliminary interference from the courts, a strong
presumption exists favoring the exhaustion of administrative remedies” before
courts intervene. 73 Nevertheless, “in Delaware, application of the doctrine of
69
Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Reg’l Planning Agency, 535 U.S. 302,
306 n.1 (2002) (quoting Chicago, B. & Q.R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U.S. 226, 239, 241
(1897); Webb’s Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith, 449 U.S. 155, 160 (1980)).
70
Chemerinsky, supra note 69, at 669.
71
Chemerinsky, supra note 69, at 669.
72
Chemerinsky, supra note 69, at 669. See also Penn. Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S.
393, 415 (1922) (“The general rule at least is that while property may be regulated
to a certain extent, if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking.”);
Andrus v. Allard, 444 U.S. 51, 66 (1979) (“It is, to be sure, undeniable that the
regulations here prevent the most profitable use of appellees’ property. Again,
however, that is not dispositive. When we review regulation, a reduction in value
of property is not necessarily equated with a taking.”).
73
Levinson v. Del. Comp. Rating Bureau, Inc., 616 A.2d 1182, 1190 (Del. 1992).
19
exhaustion of administrative remedies is a matter of judicial discretion.” 74 Section
40.31.600 of New Castle County’s Unified Development Code requires a petitioner
pursuing a Takings claim to first pursue the administrative remedy of a beneficial
use appeal with the New Castle County Board of Adjustment.75 “A beneficial use
appeal is a process by which the County evaluates an allegation that no beneficial
use remains in a property and determines that some level of relief from this Chapter
[of the County regulations] is warranted.” 76 In Salem Church (Delaware) Associates
v. New Castle County, 77 this Court noted that
Section 40.31.600 of the County’s Uniform Development
Code expressly requires that “[a] landowner who has been
denied all or substantially all economically viable use of
property through the application of [County law] may
apply for relief after exhausting all other available avenues
of appeal to a County body.” [Petitioner] has not alleged
that it brought a beneficial use appeal, as provided for by
§ 40.31.600. Indeed, it argues that it was not required to
seek such a determination before bringing its claim. The
Court concludes otherwise. As noted by the United States
Supreme Court: “a landowner may not establish a taking
before a land-use authority has the opportunity, using its
own reasonable procedures, to decide and explain the
reach of a challenged regulation. Under our ripeness rules
a takings claim based on a law or regulation which is
74
Id. at 1188.
75
Salem Church (Del.) Assocs. v. New Castle Cty., 2006 WL 2873745, at *7 (citing
New Castle Cty. C. § 40.31.600).
76
New Castle Cty. C. § 40.31.600.
77
2006 WL 2873745 (Del. Ch. Oct. 6, 2006).
20
alleged to go too far in burdening property depends upon
the landowner’s first having followed reasonable and
necessary steps to allow regulatory agencies to exercise
their full discretion in considering development plans for
the property, including the opportunity to grant any
variances or waivers allowed by law.” The County, thus,
could and did require a landowner, such as [Petitioner], to
seek a beneficial use review before asserting a takings
claim. Accordingly, exhaustion of the remedy afforded by
§ 40.31.600 of the United Development Code was a
necessary precursor to the filing of a takings claim and
[Petitioner’s] takings claim against the County, therefore,
must be dismissed.78
It is undisputed that Port Penn did not bring a beneficial use appeal before
asserting a takings claim in this Court. Port Penn does not respond to this issue at
all in its briefs and therefore concedes the point. As such, I exercise my discretion
to apply the “strong presumption” in favor of the administrative exhaustion doctrine
and grant Respondents’ Motion to Dismiss as to the takings claim.
D. Contract Zoning Claims
Port Penn also alleges that Respondents’ settlements with the other
landowners is “creation of essentially a private sewer district for a select few”79 and
that “[c]reating a private sewer district is akin to ‘contract zoning.’” 80
78
Id. at *7-8 (quoting New Castle Cty. C. § 40.31.600) (alterations in original); Tahoe-
Sierra, 535 U.S. at 339-40).
79
Compl. ¶ 51.
80
Id. ¶ 53.
21
Contract zoning occurs when a landowner and a zoning authority agree to alter
zoning to the landowner’s benefit in exchange for other promises. “[I]n contract
zoning, there is a bilateral agreement committing the zoning authority to a legally
binding promise.” 81 “[C]ontracts between a municipality and a developer to rezone
in accordance with mutual promises are . . . per se invalid in Delaware” because “[i]t
is elementary that the legislative function may not be surrendered or curtailed by
bargain or its exercise controlled by the considerations which enter into the law of
contracts.”82
Port Penn relies on Hartman v. Buckson,83 in which Buckson, a developer,
sought approval from the Town Council of Camden to construct a subdivision of 88
townhouses on 9.671 acres.84 The Town Council of Camden rejected the application
as noncompliant with the town’s zoning ordinance.85 After negotiations, the sides
neared agreement on a zoning-compliant plan for 53 townhouses on 10.919 acres.86
81
Wilm. Sixth Dist. Cmty. Comm. v. Pettinaro Enters., 1988 WL 116496, at *4 (Del.
Ch. Oct. 27, 1988).
82
Hartman v. Buckson, 467 A.2d 694, 700-01 (Del. Ch. 1983) (quoting V.F.
Zahodiakin Eng’g Corp. v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 86 A.2d 127, 131 (N.J.
1952)).
83
467 A.2d 694 (Del. Ch. 1983).
84
Id. at 696.
85
Id.
86
Id.
22
When Buckson threatened to sue regarding the zoning ordinance, the Town Council
of Camden agreed to a settlement that gave Buckson the right to build 68 houses on
8.193 acres.87 The Court found that the Town Council of Camden had violated the
law by entering into the contract because the Town Council “may not, under the
guise of compromise, impair a public duty owed by it” by “bargain[ing] away part
of its zoning power to a private citizen. [The town] simply does not possess the
authority to normally contract such authority. . . . [T]he contractual agreement is
deemed an invalid ultra vires exercise of municipal authority.” 88
The pleadings before me do not indicate that the County rezoned any land as
part of the settlement agreements, which is a necessary element of per se illegal
contract zoning. Furthermore, to the extent that Port Penn challenges County zoning
decisions, such a challenge is subject to a strict sixty-day statute of repose, and
therefore, is untimely.89
Port Penn also speculates that the settlement agreements were “sham”
agreements that the County pre-arranged with the other developers. Port Penn
asserts that “[o]ne can envision a County official telling Lester[, one of the other
87
Id.
88
Id. at 699-700.
89
See, e.g., Murray v. Town of Dewey Beach, 67 A.3d 388 (Del. 2013).
23
developers,] to just file suit and we won’t really litigate, but this will give us a reason
to agree to give you sewer.” 90 This speculation is unsupported.
Finally, Port Penn notes that “Article II, Section 25 of the Constitution of the
State of Delaware is designed for the protection of the general welfare and benefit
of the entire public and not for a select few.” 91 Article II, Section 25 of the
Constitution of the State of Delaware provides that
[t]he General Assembly may enact laws under which
municipalities and the County of Sussex and the County
of Kent and the County of New Castle may adopt zoning
ordinances, laws or rules limiting and restricting to
specified districts and regulating therein buildings and
structures according to their construction and the nature
and extent of their use, as well as the use to be made of
land in such districts for other than agricultural purposes;
and the exercise of such authority shall be deemed to be
within the police power of the State. 92
Port Penn appears to argue that Article II, Section 25 supports its contract zoning
claim. 93 The connection is unclear, and the Complaint does not plead violation of
Article II, Section 25.
90
Pet’r’s Answering Br. 13.
91
Compl. ¶ 53 (citing Del. Const. art. II, § 25).
92
Del. Const. art. II, § 25.
93
See Pet’r’s Answering Br. 17.
24
For these reasons, Port Penn’s contract zoning claims fail and dismissal under
12(b)(6) is appropriate.
E. Estoppel
Port Penn argues that the County is estopped from denying it sewer service.
Port Penn asserts that it “reasonably relied on the existing zoning of the Properties
and the designation of the area as a sewer district (SSSA) and the representations of
County Government Representatives that the Port Penn Area and the Preserve would
have sewer service.”94 Port Penn adds that it “acted in good faith in relying on”
those designations and as a result “incurred substantial investment of time and
substantial expenses in fees and engineering, etc. on at least two occasions to its
detriment”,95 and that “Petitioner was enticed not to also sue [as other landowners
did] by County representatives on the express assurances that the County would not
discriminate.”96 Further, Port Penn avers, “the County is now installing sewer
service but only to be used by a select few” in violation of its earlier assurances,97
and Port Penn “has been prejudiced in relying on the representations and actions of
94
Compl. ¶ 64.
95
Id. ¶ 65.
96
Id. ¶ 66.
97
Id. ¶ 67.
25
the County.” 98 Finally, Port Penn asserts that “[i]t would be highly inequitable and
unjust to deny the Petitioner access to the public sewer systems that were promised
to Petitioner for some 20 years and which the County has an obligation to provide.”99
These assertions, while presented as one claim, can be read to make three
arguments: (1) that the County’s promises estop the county; (2) that Port Penn’s
costs estop the County; and (3) that the County has used inappropriate administrative
action to deny Port Penn’s applications for approval. I address Port Penn’s concerns
in turn under the theories of promissory estoppel, equitable estoppel, and arbitrary
administrative action.
1. Promissory estoppel
Promissory estoppel requires that “(i) a promise was made; (ii) it was the
reasonable expectation of the promisor to induce action or forbearance on the part
of the promisee; (iii) the promisee reasonably relied on the promise and took action
to his detriment; and (iv) such promise is binding because injustice can be avoided
only by enforcement of the promise.” 100 Port Penn appears to attempt to plead these
four elements: (1) a promise by Baker that Port Penn would get equal treatment; (2)
reasonable expectation of the promisor, Baker, that his words would induce Port
98
Id. ¶ 68.
99
Id. ¶ 69.
100
Lord v. Souder, 748 A.2d 393, 399 (Del. 2000).
26
Penn not to sue; (3) reasonable reliance by Port Penn on Baker’s promise to its
detriment by not suing; and (4) injustice in Port Penn not getting sewer access. The
Delaware Supreme Court has foreclosed promissory estoppel claims against
government entities except in limited circumstances, such as employment. 101 Port
Penn does not identify any exception to the general prohibition, so I conclude the
prohibition applies.
2. Equitable estoppel
In its briefing, Port Penn labels its claim as one of equitable estoppel. 102 The
doctrine of equitable estoppel is an awkward fit for Port Penn’s attempt to compel
the County to act. Equitable estoppel’s “object is to prevent the unconscientious and
inequitable assertion or enforcement of claims or rights.” 103 “The standards for
establishing a cause of action for equitable estoppel are stringent. The doctrine is
applied cautiously, and only to prevent manifest injustice.” 104 “The doctrine of
101
See Harmon v. State, 62 A.3d 1198, 1201 (Del. 2013) (quoting McCoy v. State, 277
A.2d 675, 676 (Del. 1971) (considering a promissory estoppel claim against a
Delaware state agency and holding that “[a]s a general rule, however, the ‘state is
not estopped in the exercise of its governmental functions by the acts of its
officers.’”).
102
See Pet’r’s Answering Br. 30.
103
Timmons v. Campbell, 111 A.2d 220, 224 (Del. 1955).
104
Progressive Int’l. Corp. v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., 2002 WL 1558382, at
*6 n.26 (Del. Ch. July 9, 2002) (citations omitted).
27
equitable estoppel may be invoked ‘when a party by his conduct intentionally or
unintentionally leads another, in reliance upon that conduct, to change position to
his detriment.’” 105 Here, Port Penn asserts the doctrine in a quest for affirmative
relief.
While equitable estoppel is traditionally employed as a
defense, the doctrine is sometimes used affirmatively as a
separate or alternative claim or cause of action. A number
of jurisdictions have refused to recognize equitable
estoppel as an affirmative cause of action. The Court of
Chancery, however, appears to allow affirmative equitable
estoppel claims in appropriate circumstances, albeit not
without some reluctance.106
“[T]he doctrine of equitable estoppel has traditionally not been favored when
sought to be applied against a government entity, [but] it is accepted that in certain
circumstances estoppel may be raised to prevent the municipality from enforcing
existing zoning codes.” 107 Parties may use equitable estoppel “as a defense against
the enforcement of a zoning regulation where: (1) a party, acting in good faith, (2)
on affirmative acts of a municipal corporation, (3) makes expensive and permanent
105
Waggoner v. Laster, 581 A.2d 1127, 1136 (Del. 1990) (quoting Wilson v. Am. Ins.
Co., 209 A.2d 902, 903-04 (Del. 1965)).
106
Donald J. Wolfe, Jr. & Michael A. Pittenger, Corporate and Commercial Practice
in the Delaware Court of Chancery § 15.02[f], at 15-13 to 15-14 (2018) (citations
omitted).
107
Dragon Run Farms, Inc. v. Bd. of Adjustment of New Castle Cty., 1988 WL 90551,
at *3 (Del. Super. Aug. 11, 1988) (citations omitted).
28
improvements in reliance thereon, and (4) the equities strongly favor the party
seeking to invoke the doctrine.”108 “As a general rule, land acquisition costs are not
expenditures that satisfy the ‘substantial reliance’ prong of the equitable estoppel
test.”109 Furthermore, “time spent on the project cannot be included [when] it is not
quantified, given any dollar value or broken down” to reflect time spent on relevant
matters. 110
Several cases demonstrate the level of expense required for an equitable
estoppel claim. In Eastern Shore Environmental v. Kent County Department of
Planning,111 the Court held that the $500,000 that Eastern Shore spent to upgrade its
waste facility in reliance on county promises was sufficient for an equitable estoppel
claim at the motion to dismiss stage.112 In Wilmington Materials, Inc. v. Town of
Middletown, 113 the Court held that $88,000 (in 1988) was sufficient to show
“substantial reliance” given the small size of the developer.114 In Dragon Run
108
Acierno, 2000 WL 718346, at *9 (quoting Miller v. Bd. of Adjustment of Town of
Dewey Beach, 521 A.2d 642, 645-56 (Del. Super. 1986)).
109
Id. at *10 (citing Raley v. Stango, 1988 WL 81162, at *4 (Del. Ch. Jul. 28, 1998)).
110
Raley, 1988 WL 81162, at *4.
111
2002 WL 244690 (Del. Ch. Feb. 1, 2002).
112
Id. at *4.
113
1988 WL 135507 (Del. Ch. Dec. 16, 1988).
114
Id. at *8.
29
Farms, Inc. v. Board of Adjustment of New Castle County,115 the court held that
purchasing $750,000 in company stock (in 1983) was sufficient to show substantial
reliance. 116 In DMDY, L.P. v. Board of Adjustment of Sussex County,117 the court
applied equitable estoppel “[a]lthough petitioner never established what amount was
expended” before and after a violation notice out of a total of $40,000 (in 1992), “the
Court recognize[d] these improvements were expensive. The improvements were
permanent.” 118 In Acierno, after removing costs associated with purchasing the
property and paying mortgage interest, the court found that “[t]he remaining
expenditures (approximately $38,500) are due to engineering and architectural fees.
While by no means insignificant, $38,500 simply does not rise to the level of
substantial reliance.”119 In Raley v. Stango,120 the Court held that “the allowable
expenditures of $5,500, whether viewed in isolation or as a percentage of the total
project costs, are insufficient to establish substantial reliance.”121
115
1988 WL 90551 (Del. Super. Aug. 11, 1988).
116
Dragon Run Farms, 1988 WL 90551, at *6.
117
1994 WL 150082 (Del. Super. Mar. 16, 1994).
118
DMDY, L.P. v. Bd. of Adjustment of Sussex Cty., 1994 WL 150082, at *1-6 (Del.
Super. Mar. 16, 1994).
119
Acierno, 2000 WL 718346, at *10.
120
1988 WL 81162 (Del. Ch. Jul. 28, 1998).
121
Id. at *5.
30
Neither Port Penn’s Complaint nor its briefs provide any basis for me to find
“expensive and permanent improvements.” The Complaint asserts, in total, that Port
Penn “incurred substantial investment of time and substantial expenses in fees and
engineering, etc. on at least two occasions to its detriment.” 122 In its answering brief,
Port Penn refers to “paying the County the required application and review fees
and . . . spending a substantial amount of money for engineering and designing the
subdivision”; 123 “spending thousands of dollars in engineering”; 124 and “thousands
and thousands of dollars in engineering, traffic studies, permit fees, etc.”125
Comparing its own case to the $500,000 loss in Eastern Shore, Port Penn adds that
absent Court action, “the Petitioner will not have the ability to subdivide its property
to allow for over 200 lots and will have lost much more than $500,000 in addition
to the thousands lost in costs and engineering etc.” 126 Port Penn appears to refer to
lost profits or land costs. Neither Port Penn’s time, nor its unspecified thousands of
dollars in costs and engineering, nor its lost profits from not being able to develop
over 200 lots, is sufficient to plead expensive and permanent improvements in
122
Compl. ¶ 65.
123
Pet’r’s Answering Br. 3.
124
Id. at 3-4.
125
Id. at 31.
126
Id. at 33.
31
reliance. Port Penn has not pled any dollar amounts at all. Port Penn has also not
pled that it made permanent improvements. Port Penn’s equitable estoppel claim
fails to assert a conceivable claim.
3. Arbitrary action
Port Penn also seems to challenge the propriety of the County’s decision to
decide that no sewer is available.127 A challenge to a zoning body’s approval or
disapproval faces a difficult test. “This court can only interfere with the decisions
of local zoning bodies when those agencies base their decisions solely on
impermissible grounds.” 128 “This Court’s role in reviewing a zoning decision . . . is
limited to a review of the record to ascertain if the statutory procedural mandates
have been followed, that the decision is supported by substantial evidence and that
it is not arbitrary or capricious or an abuse of discretion.” 129 “An arbitrary decision
is one ‘which is unreasonable or irrational, or . . . which is unconsidered or which is
willful and not the result of a winnowing or sifting process.” 130 This Court also must
127
See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 70 (“The Respondents have acted improperly, willfully and
arbitrary [sic] and capriciously in violation of Delaware Law and the Delaware and
United States Constitutions.”).
128
Coker v. Kent Cty. Levy Court, 2008 WL 5451337, at *1 (Del. Ch. Dec. 23, 2008).
129
Steen v. Cty. Council of Sussex Cty., 576 A.2d 642, 648 (Del. Ch. 1989) (citations
omitted).
130
Coker, 2008 WL 5451337, at *7.
32
be mindful of overstepping its authority to interfere in matters of municipal
discretion. In evaluating a set of claims nearly identical to those before me, this
Court noted that “[t]he courts of this State have long held that when a municipality
exercises a governmental function ‘no court will, in the absence of a showing of bad
faith or fraud, assume to invade the municipality’s field of discretion.” 131
Port Penn has not pled facts sufficient to the task. The Complaint describes
the County sending letters to Port Penn in response to each application that explained
the County’s denials. 132 Port Penn has not adequately pled that the County’s
decisions were unconsidered, willful, or irrational, or based on impermissible
grounds. The Complaint itself lays out the procedure that the County followed in
making its decision and does not allege that the County violated that procedure.
Therefore, to the extent that Port Penn asserts a claim for an arbitrary ruling, the
claim fails.
131
Ash/Ramunno Assocs., Inc. v. Branner, 1993 WL 11701, at *3 (Del. Ch. Jan. 19,
1993) (quoting Lynch v. Town Council of Georgetown, 180 A. 594, 596 (Del. Ch.
1935)).
132
See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 11-13 (describing multiple letters from the County Planner to
Port Penn discussing the absence of public sewer and the process for future
applications); id. at ¶ 16 (quoting the County Preliminary Plan Review Report’s
conclusion that “the Department of Special Services has determined that there is no
sewer capacity for this proposed development”); id. ¶¶ 26, 29.
33
F. Miscellaneous Other Claims
Port Penn asserts a third claim for declaratory judgment and a fifth claim for
injunctive relief. Both seek preliminary and permanent injunctive relief, damages,
and fees. Both overlap entirely with the substantive arguments made in the other
claims. I do not analyze them separately.
Port Penn nests several additional claims within its formally captioned causes
of action. First, Port Penn argues that the County violated Title 9 and Title 26 of the
Delaware Code. 133 The Complaint does not explain what Title 9 and Title 26 of the
Delaware Code are, what their purported purposes might be, or how the County
might have violated them. The Complaint states that “[s]ome 20 years ago pursuant
to Title 9 of the Delaware Code, the County elected to establish a sanitary sewer
district for the southern portion of the County . . . .” This is not sufficient to establish
a claim.
Second, in its Substantive Due Process argument, Port Penn avers that “[t]he
County’s actions of creating a private sewer district for a select few disregards
Section 40.0500D of the” New Castle County Code.134 Port Penn explains that
§ 40.05.000B135 “provides that public sewer service which requires the use of public
133
Id. ¶ 40.
134
Id. ¶ 41.
135
Port Penn refers to § 40.0500D in its Complaint and § 40.0500B in its Answering
Brief and makes the same argument in regard to both. Port Penn appears to refer to
34
facilities is reserved ‘on a first come first serve[d] basis if and/or when sanitary sewer
service becomes available as determined by [Special Services].’” 136 As Port Penn
itself points out, Special Services repeatedly determined that sanitary service was
not available, as it is empowered to do under New Castle County Code § 40.05.000B.
In its briefing, Port Penn adds that “the County’s refusal to allow Petitioner to
access to [sic] public sewer which will be located adjacent to Petitioner’s properties
and several feet away will violate” § 40.22.320 of the County Code. 137 Port Penn
alleges that “[t]he County’s agreement to provide pub[l]ic sewer at public expense
to only three select properties and to no other properties, not even adjacent properties
also violates this County ordinance.”138 Section 40.22.320 only applies “when sewer
capacity is available” as determined by the Department of Special Services. 139 Here,
the Department of Special Services determined sewer capacity was not available, so
there was no mandate to connect to sewer systems. Thus, the administrative body
carried out its purpose; the County followed the law; and the claim fails.
§ 40.05.000B of the New Castle County Code, as § 40.05.000D discusses school
districts. The following section discusses § 40.05.000B.
136
Pet’r’s Answering Br. 14 (quoting New Castle Cty. C. § 40.05.000B) (first alteration
in original).
137
Id. at 14-15.
138
Id. at 14.
139
New Castle Cty. C. § 40.22.320.
35
Third, Port Penn points out that Section 8 of Article VIII of the Delaware
Constitution provides that “[n]o county, city, town or other municipality shall lend
its credit or appropriate money to, or assume the debt of or become a shareholder or
joint owner in or with any private corporation or any person or company whatever,”
and implies that the County violates this law.140 The Complaint contains no
allegation of any lending of credit or assumption of debt, or any shareholding or joint
ownership. The Complaint fails to state a claim based on Article VIII, Section 8 of
the Delaware Constitution.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
140
Compl. ¶ 52 (quoting Del. Const. art. VIII § 8).
36