State v. Rivera ( 2022 )

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
STATE OF DELAWARE )
)
v. ) I.D. No.: 1908004392
)
JOSHUA RIVERA, )
)
Defendant. )
Upon Defendant’s Motion for Correction of Sentence:
DENIED.
Submitted: February 15, 2022
Decided: May 9, 2022
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Amanda D. Buckworth, Esquire, Christina L. Ruggiero, Esquire, Delaware
Department of Justice, Attorneys for the State of Delaware.
Michael W. Modica, Esquire, Attorney for the Defendant.
Adams, J.
Defendant Joshua Rivera timely filed a Motion for Correction of Sentence on
January 12, 2022. For the following reasons, the Court finds that the sentence
imposed is appropriate. Defendant’s Motion for Correction of Sentence is, therefore,
DENIED.
BACKGROUND
On June 21, 2021, after a four-day jury trial in this matter, Defendant was
found guilty as to the following charges: (1) Attempted Kidnapping First Degree;
(2) Attempted Robbery First Degree; and (3) Assault Third Degree. The Court
sentenced Defendant on December 17, 2021. At sentencing, the State recommended
Defendant be sentenced for ten years at level V, to be broken down by charge at the
Court’s discretion. After reviewing the parties’ sentencing memorandums and the
presentence investigation, presiding over a sentencing hearing, and listening to the
victim impact statement and Defendant’s allocution, the Court sentenced Defendant
as follows:
ID No. Charge Sentence SENTAC
Guideline
1908004392 Attempted 15 years Level V, Statutory Range:
Kidnapping suspended after 5 years 2-25 years at
for 18 months Level IV Level V (2 years
(DOC Discretion), min/man);
suspended after 6 Presumptive
months for 1 year Level Sentence1: 2-5
III probation. years at Level V
1
Class B Violent Felonies, including Attempted Kidnapping and Attempted
Robbery First Degree, do not include any Acceptance of Responsibility Guidelines.
2
1908004392 Attempted 15 years Level V, Statutory Range:
Robbery First suspended after 5 years 2-25 years at
Degree for 18 months Level IV Level V (2 years
(DOC Discretion), min/man);
suspended after 6 Presumptive
months for 1 year Level Sentence: 2-5
III probation. years at Level V
1908004392 Assault Third 1 year Level V, Statutory Range:
Degree suspended for 1 year 0-1 year at level V
Level IV (DOC Presumptive
discretion), suspended Sentence: up to 12
after 6 months for 12 months at level II
months Level III
probation.
In imposing this sentence, the Court followed the recommendation of the State
for non-suspended Level V time. The sentence also comports with the SENTAC
guidelines for each offense.
In Defendant’s Motion for Correction of Sentence, Defendant moves to
correct the sentence imposed in this case because it was “imposed in an illegal
manner.”2 Specifically, Defendant argues that the Court erred by sentencing him
“more harshly” because: (1) Defendant exercised his constitutional right to trial; and
(2) the Court purportedly relied on uncharged misconduct not found by the jury, or
contained in the trial record, as the basis for Defendant’s sentence.
See Delaware Sentencing Accountability Commission, SENTAC Benchbook (2021-
2022) at 2, [hereinafter SENTAC Benchbook].
2
D.I. 46 at ¶3.
3
ANALYSIS
Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure Rule 35(a) permits the Court to
correct an illegal sentence at any time and to correct a sentence imposed in an illegal
manner within 90 days after the sentence is imposed.3 The Supreme Court of
Delaware has held that Rule 35 has a “narrow function;” that is, to correct an “illegal
sentence, not to re-examine errors occurring at the trial or other proceedings prior to
the imposition of sentence.”4
As such, “[r]elief under Rule 35(a) is available ‘when the sentence imposed
exceeds the statutorily-authorized limits, [or] violates the Double Jeopardy
Clause…’”5 “A sentence is also illegal if it ‘is ambiguous with respect to the time
and manner in which it is to be served, is internally contradictory, omits a term
required to be imposed by statute, is uncertain as to the substance of the sentence, or
is a sentence which the judgment of conviction did not authorize.”6
The Supreme Court has also made clear that “[a]ppellate review of sentences
is extremely limited,” and “appellate review of a sentence generally ends upon
determination that the sentence is within statutory limits prescribed by the
3
Super. Ct. Crim. R. 35(a)-(b).
4
Brittingham v. State, 705 A.2d 577, 578 (Del. 1998) (citing Hill v. United
States, 368 U.S. 424, 430 (1962)) (emphasis in original).
5
Brittingham, 705 A.2d at 578 (citing United States v. Pavlico, 961 F.2d 440,
443 (4th Cir. 1992)).
6
Brittingham, 705 A.2d at 878 (quoting United States v. Dougherty, 106 F.3d
1514, 1515 (10th Cir. 1997).
4
legislature.”7 A sentence that exceeds SENTAC guidelines, but within the
maximum allowed by statute, will not give rise to a legal or constitutional right of
appeal.8 As such, so long as the sentencing judge did not rely upon false or unreliable
information, exhibit judicial vindictiveness or bias, or exhibit a closed mind, a
sentence is generally not reviewable.9
Defendant, in his Motion, does not cite any of the recognized reasons under
Rule 35 for the Court to correct his sentence. Rather, Defendant objects to certain
aspects of the sentencing hearing, including: discussion with the State regarding its
sentencing recommendation, implications that the Court imposed a “trial tax,” and
comments made by the Court during sentencing. Each of Defendant’s arguments
must be rejected.
1. The Court Did Not Punish Defendant for Exercising his Constitutional
Right to a Trial by Jury
During the Sentencing Hearing, the Court had a discussion with the State
regarding the State’s recommended sentence of ten years. The Court also noted that
the sentencing was not the result of a plea, but after a jury trial where the victim took
the stand and “had to relive probably one of the worst days of her life.” Defendant
7
Mayes v. State, 604 A.2d 839, 842 (Del. 1992).
8
Laboy v. State, 663 A.2d 487, at *1, 1995 WL 389720, (Del. 1995) (TABLE)
(quoting Gaines v. State, 571 A.2d 756, 767 (Del. 1990)).
9
Id.5
argues that, in doing so, the Court impermissibly punished Defendant for exercising
his constitutional right to trial by jury.
This is not so. The Court did not punish the Defendant for electing to have a
jury trial. The Court, in asking the State about its sentencing recommendation of a
total of ten years, was simply asking why the State’s recommendation had not
changed from the offer of ten years in the plea agreement prior to trial. In response,
the State noted that while Defendant did not accept responsibility in the
Presentencing Investigation Report (“PSI”), an aggravating factor, that he was
cooperative with police, admitted to everything that he did and was “apologetic” in
the PSI. The State also did not want to impose a “trial tax,” because the Defendant
had a Constitutional right to trial. A court’s effort to fully understand the rationale
behind a sentencing recommendation is far from unconstitutional. In fact, as
recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States, “possession of the greatest
information possible is essential to the selection of an appropriate sentence.”10
Although not stated explicitly on the record, the Court agreed with the
conclusion not to impose a so-called “trial tax” or “trial penalty.”11 Rather, after
10
Lockett v. Ohio, 428 U.S. 586, 603 (1978).
11
In Defendant’s Motion, his counsel cited to The New York Trial Penalty: The
Constitutional Right to Trial Under Attack.” In this report, the Committee defined
the trial penalty as “the substantial difference between the sentence offered prior to
trial versus the sentence a defendant receives after trial.” Id. at 8. Here, the Court
imposed the exact same non-suspended sentence – 10 years at Level 5 – that was
6
reviewing the sentencing memorandums from both parties, reviewing the PSI, and
listening to each party’s sentencing presentation (including the victim impact
statement and Defendant’s allocution), the Court followed the State’s
recommendation and did not exceed SENTAC guidelines. Thus, Defendant’s
challenge does not give rise to a legal or constitutional right of appeal.12
2. The Discussion of the “Kill List” Was Not Impermissible
Defendant also argues, without any case law or other support, that the Court’s
reference to a “kill list” was impermissible. As a preliminary matter, Defendant has
waived his right to object to the “kill list” in his Motion because he did not object to
the use of the term in the State’s sentencing memorandum, the pre-Sentence
Investigation Report, the State’s presentation at the sentencing hearing, or the
Court’s ruling during sentencing.13
Even if Defendant has not waived this argument, the Supreme Court of
Delaware has made clear that “a sentencing court has broad discretion in determining
what information to rely on from a presentencing report and related sources.” 14 A
sentencing court can consider “information pertaining to a defendant’s personal
offered as part of the plea prior to trial. Therefore, the Court could not have imposed
a “trial penalty” under this definition.
12
Laboy, 1995 WL 389720, at *1.
13
See State’s Response to the Defendant’s Motion for Correction of Sentence at
6.
14
Mayes v. State, 604 A.2d 389 (Del. 1992).
7
history and behavior which is not confined exclusively to conduct for which that
defendant was convicted.”15
This view is supported by the United States Constitution, the Supreme Court
of the United States, and federal courts that have held that the evidentiary rules of
trial do not apply to sentencing.16 To craft an individualized and appropriate
sentence, a sentencing courts must have “the fullest information possible concerning
the defendant’s life and characteristics.”17 As the Supreme Court of the United
States explained, “modern concepts individualizing punishment have made it all the
more necessary that a judge not be denied an opportunity to obtain pertinent
information by a requirement of rigid adherence to restrictive rules of evidence
properly applicable to the trial.”18
Thus, sentencing courts have wide discretion in the sources and types of
evidence used to determine an appropriate sentence and are “specifically entitled to
rely upon information regarding unproven crimes.”19 The Supreme Court of
Delaware held that it would not find an abuse of discretion unless it is clear the
information was demonstrably false or lacked a minimal indicium of reliability.20
15
Id. at 842 (quoting Lake v. State, 1984 WL 997111, at *1 (Del. 1984).
16
Id.17
Id. (citing Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 247 (1949)).
18
Williams, 337 U.S. at 247.
19
Mayes, 604 A.2d at 842.
20
Id. at 843.
8
The reference to the “kill list” was not demonstrably false and there was a
sufficient indicium of reliability in the evidence supporting the use of the term.
Information pertaining to the “kill list” appeared in the PSI and the State’s sentencing
memorandum, both of which the Court reviewed in preparing for the sentencing
hearing. Defendant wrote the victim’s name and phone number on two pieces of
notebook paper21 where Defendant also wrote, “Wait for Amber, do what you have
to do.” This same piece of paper also included names of other individuals with
whom the Defendant worked and their phone numbers.
The sentencing court in Mayes v. State22 reviewed and considered information
found in the presentence report from the victim and the victim’s family that the
defendant committed crimes more severe than those to which he pleaded guilty. On
appeal, the Supreme Court of Delaware affirmed the sentence. The Court held that,
so long as such information is not demonstrably false or lacks a minimal indicium
of reliability, a sentencing court has broad discretion in determining what
information to rely on from a presentence report.23 The fact that such evidence was
not admissible at trial does not prohibit a sentencing judge from considering such
21
State’s Opposition at Ex. E.
22
604 A.2d 839 (Del. 1992).
23
Id. at 843.
9
evidence.24 Therefore, it was proper for the Court to consider the pieces of the
notebook paper and the term given to the pages by the police at sentencing.
3. The Court Exhibited an Open Mind at Sentencing
Although not specifically raised in the Motion, Defendant indicates by certain
references that the Court exhibited a closed mind during sentencing.25 There is no
evidence in the record to support such a conclusion.
A judge must have an open mind for receiving all information related to
sentencing.26 A judge sentences with a closed mind when the sentence is based on
a preconceived bias without consideration of the nature of the offense or the
character of the defendant.27
Prior to Defendant’s sentencing on December 17, 2021, the Court reviewed
sentencing memoranda from the State and Defendant, reviewed Defendant’s PSI,
conducted a thorough Guilty but Mentally Ill hearing during which the Court
reviewed expert reports from two doctors, and held a sentencing hearing where the
Court heard the victim’s impact statement and Defendant’s allocution. After hearing
the sentencing recommendations from the State and Defendant, the Court recessed
to consider all of the information before ordering Defendant’s sentence.
24
Id. at 842, n. 5.
25
See Motion at Footnote 1.
26
Weston v. State, 832 A.2d 742, 746 (Del. 2003).
27
Id.10
The sentence ordered by the Court was based on the nature of Defendant’s
crimes, the recommendations and supporting explanations by both parties, the
mitigating factors presented by Defendant and the PSI, and the relevant aggravating
factors present in this case. The Court had an open mind for receiving all of the
information offered. Thus, the Court did not exhibit a closed mind during
sentencing.
CONCLUSION
Defendant’s sentence was issued after considering all relevant and permissible
information. Defendant’s sentence is within statutory limits and SENTAC
guidelines. Defendant’s sentence is, therefore, appropriate and Defendant’s Motion
for Correction of Sentence is Denied.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
11