DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
BRENT A. DODGEN,
Petitioner,
v.
KAITLYN P. GRIJALVA,
Respondent.
No. 4D19-1010
[June 26, 2019]
Petition for writ of certiorari to the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
Broward County; Sandra Perlman, Judge; L.T. Case No. CACE 16-018196.
Kansas R. Gooden of Boyd & Jenerette, P.A., Jacksonville, for
petitioner.
Douglas F. Eaton of Eaton & Wolk, P.L., Miami, for respondent.
PER CURIAM.
Brent Dodgen, a defendant in a pending automobile negligence case,
filed this petition for writ of certiorari challenging a circuit court order that
denied his motion for protective order. The order required him to provide
discovery on the relationship between (1) his insurer and expert witnesses,
and (2) the law firm defending him and the expert witnesses, for the last
three years. It called for discovery on payments made to the expert
witnesses and the number of times each expert was retained.
As the scheduled trial date was near, we denied the petition by order
with a provision that an opinion would follow. This opinion explains the
basis for that denial and suggests the need for further consideration of the
disparate treatment of plaintiffs and defendants in the discovery arena.
Further, we join the fifth district in certifying a question as one of great
public importance on this point.
In his petition, Dodgen challenged the circuit court order on multiple
grounds, claiming that it compelled discovery from nonparties, invaded
privacy rights of those nonparties, exceeded the scope of expert witness
discovery, invaded attorney-client privilege and was not reasonably
calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. After this court
issued an order to show cause, respondent Kaitlyn Grijalva, the plaintiff,
withdrew her discovery request as to the defendant’s law firm. This left
for review the circuit court’s order compelling discovery from the
defendant’s insurer and the expert witnesses.
The discovery was originally sought pursuant to Allstate Ins. Co. v.
Boecher,
733 So. 2d 993, 997 (Fla. 1999) (ruling that information on the
frequency of an expert witness’s testimony and payments to the expert was
discoverable from the insurer, a party defendant). Boecher was applied in
Springer v. West,
769 So. 2d 1068, 1069 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000), where the
plaintiff sought information on the relationship between the defending
liability insurer, a nonparty, and the trial expert.
We address petitioner’s argument that after Worley v. Central Florida
Young Men’s Christian Ass’n,
228 So. 3d 18 (Fla. 2017), the financial
relationship between a defendant’s law firm or insurance company and
expert witnesses is no longer discoverable. We reject that contention
because Worley was not broadly written to cover discovery sought from the
defense side of a case.
Worley held that the financial relationship between a plaintiff’s law firm
and treating physicians was not discoverable.
Id. at 22-23. It ruled that
whether a plaintiff’s attorney referred a client to a physician for treatment
was protected by attorney-client privilege. Worley distinguished Boecher
on several grounds, including that Boecher dealt with experts hired for
litigation, rather than treating physicians. Treating physicians acquired
their expert knowledge for treatment rather than litigation purposes. Their
testimony concerned their own medical treatments rather than their
opinions on the performance of others.
Id. at 23 (citing Fittipaldi USA, Inc.
v. Castroneves,
905 So. 2d 182, 186 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005)). With these
distinctions, the court expressed its concern that discovery of the
relationship between the law firm and treating physician “would have a
chilling effect on doctors who may refuse to treat patients who could end
up in litigation out of fear of becoming embroiled in the litigation
themselves.”
Id. at 26. Worley also distinguished Boecher because the law
firm from which the discovery was sought was not a party to the case, as
was the insurer in Boecher.
Id. at 23.
The petitioner in Younkin v. Blackwelder, 44 Fla. L. Weekly D549 (Fla.
5th DCA), rev. granted, No. SC19-385,
2019 WL 2180625 (Fla. May 21,
2019), seized on the latter distinction. He argued that post-Worley, a
nonparty law firm provided by an automobile insurer to represent a
defendant should not be required to provide discovery on how frequently
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it used an orthopedic surgeon who performed a compulsory medical
examination of the plaintiff and about the fees paid to that surgeon. The
fifth district disagreed, recognizing that the existing law protected injured
plaintiffs from having to disclose information on relationships between
doctors and their counsel, but not defendants. In so ruling the court
observed the “seemingly disparate treatment in personal injury litigation
between plaintiffs and defendants regarding disclosure of this type of
relationship.”
Id. at D549-50 (citing State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v.
Knapp,
234 So. 3d 843, 845 n.1 (Fla. 5th DCA 2018)). The court therefore
found petitioner’s argument that “what is good for the goose is good for the
gander” to be compelling, and certified the question of great public
importance as follows:
WHETHER THE ANALYSIS AND DECISION IN WORLEY
SHOULD ALSO APPLY TO PRECLUDE A DEFENSE LAW FIRM
THAT IS NOT A PARTY TO THE LITIGATION FROM HAVING
TO DISCLOSE ITS FINANCIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH
EXPERTS THAT IT RETAINS FOR PURPOSES OF LITIGATION
INCLUDING THOSE THAT PERFORM COMPULSORY
MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS UNDER FLORIDA RULE OF CIVIL
PROCEDURE 1.360?
Id.
The Florida Supreme Court has accepted jurisdiction of this case on
the certified question. Since then, the fifth district has certified similar
questions to the court in Salber v. Frye, No. 5D18-2917,
2019 WL 2062373
(Fla. 5th DCA May 10, 2019), and Dhanraj v. Garcia, No. 5D18-2330, 44
Fla. L. Weekly D785 (Fla. 5th DCA Mar. 22, 2019).
We agree that the discovery laws in this context have resulted in
disparate and possibly unfair treatment of plaintiffs and defendants.
Accordingly, we certify the following question to the Florida Supreme Court
as one of great public importance:
WHETHER THE DECISION IN WORLEY V. CENTRAL FLORIDA
YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASS’N., 228 SO. 3D 18 (FLA. 2017),
SHOULD BE APPLIED TO PROTECT A DEFENDANT’S
INSURER THAT IS NOT A PARTY TO THE LITIGATION FROM
HAVING TO DISCLOSE ITS FINANCIAL RELATIONSHIP WITH
EXPERTS RETAINED FOR PURPOSES OF LITIGATION,
INCLUDING THOSE THAT PERFORM COMPREHENSIVE
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MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS UNDER FLORIDA RULE OF CIVIL
PROCEDURE 1.360?
GROSS, CIKLIN and KLINGENSMITH, JJ., concur.
* * *
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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