Third District Court of Appeal
State of Florida
Opinion filed July 20, 2022.
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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No. 3D21-865
Lower Tribunal No. 18-42450
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City of Miami Gardens, etc.,
Appellant,
vs.
City of North Miami Beach, etc.,
Appellee.
An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Carlos
Lopez, Judge.
Stearns Weaver Miller Weissler Alhadeff & Sitterson, P.A., and
Eugene E. Stearns, Matthew C. Dates and David T. Coulter, for appellant,
City of Miami Gardens.
Shubin & Bass, P.A., and John K. Shubin, Katherine R. Maxwell and
Ian E. DeMello, for appellee.
Before FERNANDEZ, C.J., and LINDSEY and MILLER, JJ.
FERNANDEZ, C.J.
Plaintiff the City of Miami Gardens appeals the trial court’s “Final Order
Granting Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint with
Prejudice.” We agree in part with Miami Gardens and thus reverse in part,
affirm in part, and remand for further proceedings.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The Norwood Water Treatment Plant (“Norwood Plant”) is located
within the geographical boundaries of the City of Miami Gardens (“Miami
Gardens”). Before Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13, 2003, as
well as after, the City of North Miami Beach (“NMB”) owned the Norwood
Plant. NMB operated the Norwood Plant, which treats and distributes water
to Miami Gardens, as well as consumers in Miami Gardens and NMB.
On January 7, 2003, NMB adopted an ordinance pursuant to section
180.191, Florida Statute (2003). In Ordinance Number 2002-25, NMB
increased the surcharge from 15% to 25% for customers residing outside
NMB’s corporate limits that are served by NMB’s water and sewer utility, the
Norwood Plant.
On May 22, 2017, NMB entered into an agreement with a private
contractor from Colorado, CH2M Hill Engineers, Inc. (“CH2M”), who took
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over the day-to-day operations of the Norwood Pant.1 The agreement
provided that CH2M was to operate, maintain, repair, replace, and manage
the Norwood Plant. According to the agreement, NMB retained ownership of
the Norwood plant, retained the right to the revenues generated by the plant,
agreed to pay CH2M a fixed fee, and retained the “sole power, authority and
responsibility for establishing policy and setting rates, charges, rents,
surcharges and other amounts payable.”
After the Norwood Plant was privatized in 2017, NMB continued to
charge Miami Gardens and Miami Gardens’ consumers, both residents and
business entities, the 25% surcharge on water distributed from the Norwood
Plant pursuant to section 180.191(1)(a), Florida Statutes (2003). NMB
consumers are not charged this 25% surcharge.
As a result, in December 2018, Miami Gardens, on behalf of itself and
similarly situated residents or business entities located within the city of
Miami Gardens that NMB billed and continued to bill for water services, sued
NMB to cease charging the 25% surcharge to Miami Gardens’ consumers.
In a two-count class action suit seeking to represent the Miami Gardens
consumers who purchase water from the Norwood Plant (as Miami Gardens
is a property owner within the municipal bounds of Miami Gardens and pays
1
CH2M was subsequently acquired by Jacobs Engineering.
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for water utilities used on its properties), Miami Gardens sought, in Count I,
a declaratory judgment seeking the answer to three questions:
(a)If [NMB] assigned to a private contractor all operational
responsibility for water utilities it owns that are located outside
its geographical bounds, is North Miami Beach still “operating”
those water utilities?
(b) If [NMB] is no longer “operating” water utilities it owns that
are located outside its geographical bounds, may [NMB] lawfully
charge a 25% surcharge on water provided to consumers within
the City of Miami Gardens?
(c) Does Section 180.191, Florida Statutes provide for the
imposition of a 25% surcharge per billing cycle by [NMB] upon
the City of Miami Gardens and the members of the class for
water drawn from the aquifer located within the boundaries of
the City of Miami Gardens which is processed in and never
leaves the boundaries of the municipality?
Miami Gardens further sought an injunction on the imposition of the 25%
surcharge to Miami Gardens consumers, as well as attorneys’ fees and
costs, as provided in section 180.191, Florida Statute (2003). In Count II of
the complaint, Miami Gardens alleged a violation of section 180.191 because
it claimed NMB was not operating the water utility as required by the statute
and requested a refund of all surcharges unlawfully collected by NMB after
the Norwood Plant was privatized.
The action was abated for six months for the parties to resolve the
dispute. After no resolution, the parties returned to court. In August 2019,
NMB filed a motion to dismiss Miami Gardens’ complaint. NMB argued, in
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part, that Miami Gardens’ claims were barred by the statute of limitations.
Miami Gardens responded, after which NMB filed a second motion to
dismiss. NMB made the same arguments as before but also added that
Miami Gardens’ claims were barred by sovereign immunity and the voluntary
payment doctrine and that the class allegations were insufficient.
The trial court held a hearing on the motion to dismiss. NMB contended
that if the complaint was allowed to remain pending or an amended pleading
was authorized, a more definite statement of damages and scope of relief
was required. The trial court stated it did not see a reason to dismiss Miami
Gardens’ complaint and denied NMB’s motion. The trial court then asked
Miami Gardens to clarify the timeframe of its claims for monetary relief by
amending its complaint. In February 2020, Miami Gardens complied with the
trial court’s request when it filed its Amended Class Action Complaint. In
addition to re-alleging the first two counts it alleged in its initial complaint,
Miami Gardens alleged a third count, this one for a refund pursuant to section
180.191.
Thereafter, the action was briefly stayed for NMB to appeal the trial
court’s order denying NMB’s motion to dismiss. On July 7, 2020, this Court
dismissed the appeal as moot because Miami Gardens had filed an
amended complaint. City of North Miami Beach v. City of Miami Gardens,
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306 So. 3d 211 (Fla. 3d DCA 2020). That same day, NMB filed a third motion
to dismiss. This time, NMB argued that 1) Miami Gardens’ monetary claims
were barred by sovereign immunity, 2) Miami Gardens’ claim that the
surcharge could never be applied lawfully to consumers in Miami Gardens
was legally insufficient, and 3) this same claim was time-barred.
Thereafter, while the lawsuit was pending, NMB filed a Suggestion of
Mootness in October 2020. NMB argued that the case became moot when
NMB terminated its agreement with CH2M on August 6, 2020 for operation
and maintenance services related to NMB’s water utility. It further argued the
case became moot when in response to this litigation, NMB notified Miami
Gardens on October 30, 2019 that NMB would waive the 25% surcharge for
Miami Gardens itself, although not for the Miami Gardens residential and
business consumers, effective October 2019. Attached to the Suggestion of
Mootness, NMB filed an unauthenticated letter from NMB’s City Manager to
CH2M. The letter from NMB’s City Manager to a Mr. Andrew Appleton at
CH2M stated the following:
Pursuant to the provisions of Section 5.3 of the Agreement,
please accept this letter as written notice that the City of North
Miami Beach, by and through its City Commission, has elected
to terminate the Agreement for convenience.
In accordance with the provisions of Section 5.12 of the
Agreement, the City expects your company to make fully
available its managers and employees performing services at the
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Utility Facilities on a month-to-month basis for a period of six (6)
months from the date hereof [August 6, 2020] to continue to
perform all of the Services contemplated in the Agreement and
the Succession Transition Plan agreed upon by the parties. Your
company will be compensated in accordance with Section 5.12.
In view of the fact that there is much to accomplish to
ensure a successful transition, I respectfully request a meeting
as soon as practicable to discuss the implementation of the
transition.
Thank you for your consideration in this matter.
On March 17, 2021, the trial court heard NMB’s latest motion to
dismiss. At the end of the hearing, based on the materials submitted and
arguments made by counsel, the trial court granted NMB’s motion for
dismissal. Thereafter, in its order dismissing the amended complaint with
prejudice, the trial court specified that it: 1) dismissed as moot the portion of
Count I seeking a declaration that NMB is not authorized to impose a 25%
surcharge based on the allegations in Miami Gardens’ complaint because
NMB terminated the agreement with CH2M, thus Miami Gardens no longer
pays the 25% surcharge; 2) dismissed the remainder of Count I as legally
insufficient because the portions of Count I seeking a declaration that NMB’s
surcharge is unlawful based on the location of NMB’s water utility is not
supported by the plain language of section 180.191(1); 3) dismissed Count I
seeking declaratory relief and Count III seeking a refund related to the
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location of the water utility because Miami Gardens brought the action fifteen
years after Miami Gardens was incorporated and sixteen years after NMB
adopted the 25% surcharge ordinance, thus it was barred by the four-year
statute of limitations in section 95.11(3), Florida Statute; and 4) dismissed
Counts II and III under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. This appeal
followed.
Miami Gardens raises four issues on appeal, three of which have merit.
Miami Gardens contends that the doctrine of sovereign immunity does not
bar its claims; the trial court erred in dismissing the entire amended
complaint for failure to state a cause of action; and its claims in Count I and
II based on its contention that NMB was not authorized to impose a 25%
surcharge while it was not operating the Norwood Plant are not moot. We
agree in part with Miami Gardens.
“A motion to dismiss raises a question of law as to whether the facts
alleged in the complaint are sufficient to state a case of action.” State v.
Beach Blvd. Automotive, Inc.,
139 So. 3d 380, 386 (Fla. 2014). “In
considering a motion to dismiss, the trial court is limited to the four corners
of the complaint, must accept all allegations within the complaint as true, and
must draw all inferences in favor of the non-moving party.” Del Pino-Allen v.
Santelises,
240 So. 3d 89, 90 (Fla. 3d DCA 2018). “Where a motion to
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dismiss a complaint rests on facts outside the scope of the allegations
contained in the complaint, the trial court commits reversible error in
dismissing the complaint based on those extraneous matters.” Reed v.
Sampson,
349 So. 2d 684, 685 (Fla. 4th DCA 1977). On appeal of a
judgment granting a motion to dismiss, the standard of review is de novo.
Andrews v. Florida Parole Com'n,
768 So. 2d 1257, 1260 (Fla. 1st DCA
2000).
Miami Garden’s first issue on appeal is that sovereign immunity is not
a bar to its claims against NMB. We agree.
Section 180.191, Florida Statutes (2003), part of Florida’s Municipal
Public Works Act, provides, in part:
(1) Any municipality within the state operating a water or sewer
utility outside of the boundaries of such municipality shall charge
consumers outside the boundaries rates, fees, and charges
determined in one of the following manners:
(a) It may charge the same rates, fees, and charges as
consumers inside the municipal boundaries. However, in
addition thereto, the municipality may add a surcharge of not
more than 25 percent of such rates, fees, and charges to
consumers outside the boundaries. Fixing of such rates, fees,
and charges in this manner shall not require a public hearing
except as may be provided for service to consumers inside the
municipality.
(b) . . . In addition thereto, the municipality may add a
surcharge not to exceed 25 percent of such rates, fees, and
charges for said services to consumers outside the boundaries.
...
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“Municipality” is defined as any city, town, or village duly incorporated under
the laws of the state. § 180.01, Fla. Stat. (2003). Section 180.191 applies to
“municipally owned water and sewer utilities within the confines of a single
county and may apply, pursuant to interlocal agreement, to municipally
owned water and sewer utilities beyond the confines of a single county.” §
180.191(3), Fla. Stat. (2003). Section 180.191(2) further provides that
whenever “any municipality has engaged, or there are reasonable grounds
to believe that any municipality is about to engage, in any act or practice
prohibited by subsection (1), a civil action for preventive relief, including an
application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order, or
other order, may be instituted by the person or persons aggrieved.”
§180.191(2), Fla. Stat. (2003). In addition, the statute provides that when an
action is commenced under this section, “the court in its discretion may allow
the prevailing party treble damages and, in addition, a reasonable attorney's
fee as part of the cost.” § 180.191(4), Fla. Stat. (2003). The remedy provided
for in section 180.191 was created to give consumers “protection from
excess charges for utility services made by municipalities who exercise the
exclusive privilege of providing the particular utility service”. Village of Palm
Springs v. Retirement Builders, Inc.,
396 So. 2d 196, 198 (Fla. 4th DCA
1981).
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Furthermore, section 180.191 was declared constitutional by the
Florida Supreme Court in Mohme v. City of Cocoa,
328 So. 2d 422, 425 (Fla.
1976) (25% surcharge is not unreasonable to meet the utility service
demands of those outside the municipality). In Mohme, the Supreme Court
of Florida stated that the Legislature enacted section 180.191 to allow
municipalities operating utilities to recoup the costs of providing utility
services to consumers outside the municipal limits, due to the “ever
increasing demand for utility services from established municipal utility
systems.”
Id.
With respect to the doctrine of sovereign immunity, “Although a waiver
of sovereign immunity by legislative enactment must be clear, specific and
unequivocal, no magic words are required.” Klonis v. State, Dept. of
Revenue,
766 So. 2d 1186, 1189 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000) (internal citations
omitted). “Courts determine whether there is a waiver of sovereign immunity
based on legislative intent.” Lee Memorial Health System v. Hilderbrand,
304
So. 3d 58, 61 (Fla. 2d DCA 2020). Intent can be found when the legislature
enacts a statute that expressly waives the doctrine of sovereign immunity,
and it can also be found “without an express mention of sovereign immunity.”
Id.
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Here, the “clear, unambiguous legislative intent” of section 180.191,
which applies solely to municipalities, is that a municipality would be named
as a defendant in a claim under section 180.191 and that the municipality
would be liable for money damages, as shown by the provision for treble
damages in subsection (4) of the statute. Klonis,
766 So. 2d at 1190.
Accordingly, NMB has no sovereign immunity protection here, as section
180.191(2) specifically authorizes an action against a municipality, which
NMB is. Thus, sovereign immunity was not a bar to any of Miami Gardens’
claims.
Furthermore, in Bill Stroop Roofing, Inc. v. Metropolitan Dade County,
788 So. 2d 365, 368 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001), this Court held that the doctrine of
sovereign immunity does not protect a municipality from returning money
illegally collected by them. In Stroop, the plaintiff brought an action for
declaratory and other relief, challenging a registration fee charged by Miami-
Dade County,” which the plaintiff alleged was in violation of a statute
precluding counties/cities from charging state-licensed contractors extra
fees beyond the usual occupational license fees and building permit fees.
Id.
at 366. In addition to declaratory and injunctive relief, the plaintiff sought a
refund on behalf of itself and others for the previously paid illegal fees.
Id.
Miami-Dade County asserted that the plaintiff’s claim was precluded “by its
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sovereign immunity.”
Id. This Court noted that the county claimed that “as a
‘sovereign’ it can improperly demand and extract monies from its citizens,
then when caught with its hand in the citizens’ pocket, simply decline to
return the funds.”
Id. It stated, “Thus we conclude that our governments are
required to refund taxes and fees illegally exacted, and the doctrine of
sovereign immunity is inapplicable thereto.”
Id. at 368.
NMB contends that City of Key West v. Florida Keys Community
College,
81 So. 3d 494 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012) requires affirmance on the
sovereign immunity issue. However, City of Key West is not applicable, as
that case dealt with the difference between an exemption versus sovereign
immunity.
Id. at 497. This Court further noted in that case that Chapter 180
does not apply to stormwater utilities, which was the issue in City of Key
West.
Id. at 498. Thus, City of Key West is distinguishable. Moreover,
contrary to NMB’s argument and reliance on Florida Highway Patrol v.
Jackson, 288 So. 23d 1179 (Fla. 2020), the issue on appeal in Jackson dealt
with when, during the course of litigation, should issues of sovereign
immunity be decided. Id. at 1185-86 (explaining that “entitlement to
sovereign immunity should be established as early in the litigation as
possible”). Jackson did not deal with the issue of whether sovereign
immunity applies to a certain type of claim, as NMB argues.
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Accordingly, because sovereign immunity was the trial court’s only
ground for dismissal of Count II of Miami Gardens’ amended complaint, the
trial court erred in dismissing Count II of the amended complaint. Sovereign
immunity was one of the grounds for dismissal of Count III, thus, the trial
court erred in basing its dismissal of Count III on sovereign immunity
grounds.
Count II of Miami Gardens’ Amended Complaint alleged a violation of
section 180.191 that mandates that a municipality must be operating the
water utility in order to be able to add a 25% surcharge on water provided to
consumers outside of the municipality’s boundaries, in this case, Miami
Gardens consumers. Miami Gardens alleged that since the time NMB
entered into the water operation agreement, NMB no longer operated a
water utility within the meaning of section 180.191. Looking to the four
corners of the complaint and taking the allegations in the amended complaint
as true, Miami Gardens has stated a claim against NMB based on Miami
Gardens’ operational theory. Under the statute, it is permitted to seek an
award of compensatory damages beginning from May 22, 2017, through at
least August 6, 2020, to, at a minimum, reimburse Miami Gardens and the
plaintiff class for the 25% surcharges imposed by NMB during that period.
Under section 180.191 and Bill Stroop, supra, NMB must refund the fees
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illegally excised, if any. Further support is found in Mohme, where in addition
to seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, the plaintiffs also sought money
damages. The Mohme Court found that the trial court erred in dismissing the
appellants’ complaint under section 180.191 and remanded to allow the case
to proceed. The Court cited to Hunger v. City of Zephyrhills,
307 So. 2d 487
(Fla. 2d DCA 1975), in which the Second District Court of Appeal found that
upon proper proof upon remand, the City was to refund any users who paid
the excessive charge. Id. at 489. In addition, section 180.191 provides that
the trial court in its discretion may award the prevailing party treble damages
and reasonable attorney’s fees. § 180.191(4), Fla. Stat. (2016).
Next, Miami Gardens contends that the trial court erred in dismissing
the amended complaint for failure to state a cause of action. Specifically,
the trial court determined that Counts I and III of the amended complaint
should be dismissed for failure to state a cause of action because Miami
Gardens had no grounds to claim that the 25% surcharge imposed on
consumers who live closest to the utility was unlawful. On this point the trial
court was correct. The clear and unambiguous wording of the statute allows
NMB to impose a surcharge of not more than 25% under section
180.191(1)(a) to Miami Gardens consumers while NMB is operating the
water facility, as the Miami Gardens customers are located outside the
15
boundaries of the NMB municipality. And, as NMB correctly contends, the
Florida Supreme Court in Mohme did not consider proximity to the utility a
factor in analyzing whether it was proper to impose a surcharge on
consumers located outside the boundaries of the operating municipality.
Thus, under the plain language of section 180.191(1)(a), we agree that NMB
was permitted to charge the 25% surcharge during the period of time when
NMB operated the Norwood Plant. Holly v. Auld,
450 So. 2d 217, 219 (Fla.
1984) (if statutory language is “clear and unambiguous and conveys a clear
and definite meaning, there is no occasion for resorting to the rules of
statutory interpretation and construction; the statute must be given its plain
and obvious meaning.”).
Question (c) in Count I for declaratory and injunctive relief stated,
“Does section 180.191 provide for the imposition of a 25% surcharge per
billing cycle by NMB upon Miami Gardens and members.” Because the
answer to this question is yes, the trial court was correct in dismissing that
portion of Count I of Miami Gardens’ amended complaint because under the
clear unambiguous language of the statute, NMB was permitted to charge
up to 25% surcharge to Miami Gardens’ consumers while NMB was in
compliance with the statute.
16
Turning to questions (a) and (b) in Count I of the amended complaint,
Miami Gardens asked:
(a) If NMB assigned to CH2M all operational responsibility for
water utilities it owns that are located outside its
geographical boundaries, is NMB still operating those
water utilities?
(b) If NMB is no longer operating water utilities that it owns that
are located outside its geographical bounds, may NMB
lawfully charge 25% surcharge to Miami Gardens
consumers?
Both these questions set out causes of action for declaratory relief under
section 180.191 and should not have been dismissed by the trial court. From
March 22, 2017 (the time the operational agreement went into effect) to at
least August 6, 2020 (the time when NMB alleges it terminated the
operational agreement with CHM2), Miami Gardens alleges in its amended
complaint that NMB was not operating the water facility as required by
section 180.191. Thus, because Miami Gardens alleges NMB was not in
compliance with the statute during that time, an allegation which must be
accepted as true, NMB was not authorized to charge a surcharge of 25% or
any surcharge to Miami Gardens’ consumers. Accordingly, Miami Gardens’
amended complaint states a cause of action for declaratory relief regarding
questions (a) and (b), and the trial court should allow the case to proceed to
answer questions (a) and (b) in Count I.
17
With regard to Count III of the amended complaint, the trial court was
correct in dismissing Count III for refund because it is based on Miami
Gardens’ location theory and the proximity of Miami Gardens’ consumers to
the Norwood Plant. As previously discussed herein, the plain language of
section 180.191 does not support Miami Gardens’ position on this issue. See
also Mohme,
328 So. 2d at 425.
Finally, Miami Gardens argues that its claims are not moot. In its order,
the trial court concluded that “[t]he portion of Count I seeking a declaration
that [NMB] is not authorized to impose a 25% surcharge” after the Norwood
Plant was privatized was mooted by termination of the contract that
privatized the plant and because “Plaintiff no longer pays the 25%
surcharge.”
“An issue is moot when the controversy has been so fully resolved that
a judicial determination can have no actual effect. A case is ‘moot’ when it
presents no actual controversy or when the issues have ceased to exist.”
Godwin v. State,
593 So. 2d 211, 212 (Fla. 1992) (citations omitted).
Here, NMB alleges it terminated the contract with CH2M on August 6,
2020. It attached an unauthenticated letter from its City Manager to CH2M
to its Suggestion of Mootness. As Miami Gardens contends, however, factual
questions remain regarding the August 6, 2020 letter. The trial court cannot
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engage in fact-finding on a motion to dismiss. Chodorow v. Porto Vita, Ltd.,
954 So. 2d 1240, 1242 (Fla. 3d DCA 2007). And because the letter was not
supported by affidavit or testimony, was unsworn to, or otherwise
authenticated, it is not admissible as evidence. See § 90.901, Fla. Stat.
(2018); Jackson v. State,
979 So. 2d 1153, 1154 (Fla. 5th DCA 2008).
In addition, Miami Gardens does not dispute that since October 30,
2019, NMB has removed the surcharge from Miami Gardens’ utility invoices.
However, “[t]he Declaratory Judgments Act should be liberally construed to
permit a party to obtain a determination of the existence of any right, status,
immunity, power or privilege when he has an actual, practical and present
need for such a determination.” Breen v. Arbomar Condo. Ass’n,
501 So. 2d
697, 697-98 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987). Here, even though NMB stopped charging
Miami Gardens the 25% surcharge on October 30, 2019, Miami Gardens
does not know if the cessation of the 25% surcharge was permanent. Also,
Miami Gardens claimed it was due a refund of the surcharges it paid and
treble damages under section 180.191 for the time period that it alleges NMB
was not operating the Norwood Plant, that being from May 22, 2017, through
at least August 6, 2020. Thus, here, at a minimum, a present controversy
existed with respect to the period between May 22, 2017 and October 30,
2019 as far as Miami Gardens is concerned and with respect to the period
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between May 22, 2017 and August 6, 2020 in regards to the remaining class
members, as NMB never stopped charging the remaining class members
the 25% surcharge. As the Breen court stated, “The relief to be granted
depended upon the court's determination of the validity of the surcharge. . .
thus, a present controversy existed, and the appellants were in doubt as to
their rights. The court should not have declined to rule on the merits.” Breen,
501 So. 2d at 698. Similarly, Miami Gardens was in doubt about its rights,
and a controversy existed for the recovery of the refund during the period
that Miami Gardens alleges NMB did not operate the Norwood Plant. Thus,
that issue is not moot.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we reverse the trial court’s “Final Order
Granting Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint with Prejudice”
in part, and we affirm it in part. We affirm the trial court’s dismissal of question
(c) in Count I of the Amended Complaint, as well as the dismissal of Count
III. We reverse the dismissal of questions (a) and (b) in Count I and the
dismissal of Count II of the Amended Complaint. The case is remanded for
questions (a) and (b) in Count I to be reinstated; for Count II to be reinstated;
and for further proceedings on Counts I and II.
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Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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