DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
ELISOL ST. LOT,
Appellant,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
No. 4D19-3022
[October 28, 2020]
Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, St.
Lucie County; Charles A. Schwab, Judge; L.T. Case No.
502016CF002238A.
Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, and Breanna Atwood, Assistant
Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.
Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Lindsay A. Warner,
Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.
LEVINE, C.J.
Appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting out-of-court
statements as child hearsay and in excluding evidence about a previous
sexual assault involving the victim’s mother. We affirm the trial court and
find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the child
hearsay statements under section 90.803(23), Florida Statutes (2019), and
State v. Townsend,
635 So. 2d 949 (Fla. 1994). Further, we find that the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence about the
mother’s sexual abuse because the perpetrator was not the same person,
and any relevance was attenuated at best. We find no error in the denial
of the motion for judgment of acquittal and affirm that issue without
comment.
Prior to trial, the state filed an amended notice of intention to use
hearsay statements of a child victim pursuant to section 90.803(23),
Florida Statutes. The parties stipulated that the victim was incompetent
to testify due to lack of memory. The victim was four years and nine
months old at the time of the offense.
During the child hearsay hearing, the victim’s mother testified that she
lived with appellant whom she had known her whole life. On the evening
in question, the mother walked past appellant’s bedroom and saw
appellant and the victim on appellant’s bed. The victim was lying on her
back, and appellant’s stomach was touching the victim’s stomach.
Appellant was wearing gym shorts with no shirt, and his hand was
covering the victim’s mouth.
The mother screamed. Appellant quickly jumped off the victim. The
mother asked what was going on, and appellant said nothing was going on
and left. The victim was “very scared,” “in shock and shaking.” The victim
told the mother that appellant “pull[ed]” her into his room as she was
walking by and “tried to sleep with” her. The mother had never heard the
victim use that language before. The mother saw bite marks on the
victim’s chin.
The victim told the mother that she was “burning” and that appellant
“poured something in her private area and that he hurt her.” When
referring to her private area, the victim used the word “bobot,” which is
Creole for vagina. The victim also said that appellant “was rubbing
something soft on her private part and then rubbed something hard on
her thighs” and “was rubbing something on her bobot.” The mother
observed that the bottom of the victim’s dress and underwear were wet as
if something had been poured onto her. She also saw handprints on the
victim’s inner thighs near her vaginal area.
In the car on the way to the emergency room, the victim repeated what
happened. She also said that appellant squeezed her and that she could
not breathe. At the hospital, the detective left a recorder in the room. In
the recording, the victim said that appellant scratched her face and that
“he pushed it,” meaning his penis. A detective who responded to the
hospital observed scratches on the victim’s chin, bruising on one thigh,
and a scratch on the other thigh.
The trial court found that the child hearsay statements were admissible
under State v. Townsend,
635 So. 2d 949 (Fla. 1994), and made detailed
findings as to the reliability of the statements. The trial court also found
the statements were corroborated by eyewitness testimony and physical
evidence.
Before trial, the state filed a motion in limine to prevent the defense
from presenting evidence that the mother had been sexually assaulted as
a child. The defense wanted to cross-examine the mother about her past
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sexual assaults. The trial court granted the motion and excluded the
evidence, finding it would “have minimal, if any, relevance” and would
result in “a trial within a trial.”
The case proceeded to trial. The evidence adduced at trial was similar
to that presented during the child hearsay hearing. Additionally, the
mother testified that when appellant jumped off the victim, his pants were
so low his pubic hair was visible. The jury found appellant guilty as
charged. This appeal follows.
Appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting the victim’s out-
of-court statements as child hearsay. “We review both a trial court’s
determination that a statement is reliable under section 90.803(23) and
the sufficiency of the trial court’s findings of fact for an abuse of
discretion.” Elghomari v. State,
66 So. 3d 416, 418-19 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011).
Section 90.803(23), Florida Statutes, sets forth a hearsay exception for
statements of a child victim:
(a) Unless the source of information or the method or
circumstances by which the statement is reported indicates a
lack of trustworthiness, an out-of-court statement made by a
child victim with a physical . . . age of 16 or less describing . .
. . any act of sexual abuse against a child, . . . or any offense
involving an unlawful sexual act, contact, intrusion, or
penetration performed in the presence of, with, by, or on the
declarant child, not otherwise admissible, is admissible in
evidence in any civil or criminal proceeding if:
1. The court finds in a hearing conducted outside the presence
of the jury that the time, content, and circumstances of the
statement provide sufficient safeguards of reliability. In
making its determination, the court may consider the mental
and physical age and maturity of the child, the nature and
duration of the abuse or offense, the relationship of the child
to the offender, the reliability of the assertion, the reliability of
the child victim, and any other factor deemed appropriate; and
2. The child . . .
b. Is unavailable as a witness, provided that there is other
corroborative evidence of the abuse or offense. . . .
....
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(c) The court shall make specific findings of fact, on the record,
as to the basis for its ruling under this subsection.
To be admissible under section 90.803(23), “the statement must meet
two specific reliability requirements: (1) the source of the information
through which the statement was reported must indicate trustworthiness;
and (2) the time, content, and circumstances of the statement must reflect
that the statement provides sufficient safeguards of reliability.”
Townsend,
635 So. 2d at 954 (emphasis omitted).
In Townsend, the Florida Supreme Court articulated a non-exclusive
list of other factors to be considered in determining the reliability of a child
hearsay statement:
the statement’s spontaneity; whether the statement was made
at the first available opportunity following the alleged incident;
whether the statement was elicited in response to questions
from adults; the mental state of the child when the abuse was
reported; whether the statement consisted of a child-like
description of the act; whether the child used terminology
unexpected of a child of similar age; the motive or lack thereof
to fabricate the statement; the ability of the child to
distinguish between reality and fantasy; the vagueness of the
accusations; the possibility of any improper influence on the
child by participants involved in a domestic dispute; and
contradictions in the accusation.
Id. at 957-58. “[A] court is to use a totality of the circumstances evaluation
in determining reliability.”
Id. at 958.
In the instant case, the trial court considered the totality of the
circumstances and made specific findings based on the factors set forth in
section 90.803(23) and Townsend. We affirm the trial court’s ruling since
there exists in the record competent substantial evidence supporting these
findings under section 90.803(23) and Townsend. The trial court found,
inter alia, that immediately after the incident, the mother asked the victim
what happened, and the victim responded. The victim was shaking and
in shock. There was limited time between the alleged offense and the
statements the victim made to fabricate a story that a four-year-old could
adhere to. There was no indication of animosity between the victim or the
mother and appellant. The language used by the victim was not
inconsistent with that which would be used by a child of that age. There
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was nothing vague in the child’s repeated statements or anything
indicative of fantasy, embellishment, or lying.
Significantly, the victim’s statements were corroborated by eyewitness
testimony and physical evidence. The mother witnessed appellant on top
of the victim, lying stomach to stomach, wearing no shorts, with his hand
covering her mouth. Upon being confronted, appellant immediately
jumped up and left. The victim had a handprint-shaped bruise on her
thigh near her vagina, and the bottom of her dress and underwear were
wet.
Thus, because the circumstances of the victim’s statements provided
sufficient safeguards of reliability and were additionally corroborated by
other evidence, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting
them.
Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in granting the state’s
motion in limine and precluding the defense from cross-examining the
victim’s mother about the fact that the mother was sexually assaulted as
a child. A trial court’s ruling on a motion in limine is reviewed for abuse
of discretion, as limited by the rules of evidence. Patrick v. State,
104 So.
3d 1046, 1056 (Fla. 2012). A trial court’s ruling concerning the scope of
cross-examination is also reviewed for abuse of discretion. McDuffie v.
State,
970 So. 2d 312, 324 (Fla. 2007).
We find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting the
motion in limine because there was no showing of how the mother’s prior
history of sexual abuse would be relevant. See § 90.401, Fla. Stat. (2019).
The incidents involving the mother occurred many years ago and involved
unrelated perpetrators and different circumstances. Cross-examination of
the mother on this issue would not have in any way proved or disproved a
material fact of the crimes alleged in this case. See Graham v. State,
207
So. 3d 135, 142 (Fla. 2016) (affirming ruling prohibiting defense counsel
from cross-examining the victim’s mother about her own history of sexual
abuse because it was not relevant).
Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the
child hearsay statements and in granting the motion in limine, we affirm.
Affirmed.
CONNER and KLINGENSMITH, JJ., concur.
* * *
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Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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