DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
JOHN FESH,
Appellant,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
No. 2D19-4087
September 29, 2021
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lee County; Robert Branning,
Judge.
Michael Ufferman of Michael Ufferman Law Firm, P.A., Tallahassee,
for Appellant.
Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and
Johnny T. Salgado, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for
Appellee.
KHOUZAM, Judge.
John Fesh appeals a final judgment adjudicating him guilty of
one count of sexual activity with a child and one count of lewd or
lascivious molestation. He contends that Williams1 rule evidence
was improperly admitted at trial without the accompanying
procedural safeguards. We agree and cannot say the error was
harmless. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for a new trial,
thereby rendering moot the remaining issues raised on appeal.
BACKGROUND
Mr. Fesh was charged with five sex crimes: two counts of
sexual activity with a child, two counts of lewd or lascivious
molestation, and one count of lewd or lascivious exhibition. For all
five counts, the alleged victim was his teenage stepdaughter M.R.B.
There were two trials on these charges. The first, held in
August 2017, ended in a mistrial. The second, in August 2019,
resulted in conviction on two of the charges and acquittal on the
remaining three.
Before the first trial, the defense sought to exclude testimony
by Mr. Fesh's daughter M.B. regarding an event she testified had
taken place approximately four years prior to the charged acts. In
particular, she recalled walking in on Mr. Fesh on top of M.R.B.,
1 Williams v. State,
110 So. 2d 654 (Fla. 1959).
2
holding her down. He appeared to be engaging in sexual contact
with M.R.B. while she begged M.B. for help.
Defense counsel asserted this was evidence of uncharged
criminal behavior that had not been addressed in any of the State's
Williams rule notices. Counsel contended the State could not prove
by clear and convincing evidence that the event had occurred, for
multiple reasons including that M.B. had previously denied seeing
any such acts and that M.R.B. did not recall the event either. The
defense argued this evidence of conduct that allegedly occurred
years before the charged acts was irrelevant and unduly prejudicial.
The State responded that M.B.'s testimony corroborated
M.R.B.'s testimony regarding the charged acts. With respect to the
four-year gap between the incident and the charged conduct, the
State's position was that M.B. was "clearly mistaken on the time
frame," such that the event actually took place four years later than
she recalled, during the period alleged in the information.
According to the State, "What we're talking about was charged, is
charged, and she is an eyewitness to a portion of it when she
walked in . . . . [T]hat's part of the charge, that's part of the
3
allegation in this case, it's part—it is the crime." The court ruled
that M.B.'s testimony was admissible.
After the first trial ended in a mistrial, but before the second
trial commenced before a new judge, the defense sought rehearing
of the admissibility of M.B.'s testimony. Again, defense counsel
argued that this was "an uncharged crime that has not been the
subject of a Williams [r]ule motion." And again, defense counsel
also contended that the State could not meet its burden of proof
and that the witness was unequivocal that the alleged acts had
occurred years before the charged conduct.
In response, the State's primary argument was that "[a]ll of
this has already been fettered out with [the prior judge], and it was
admitted at the first trial that she saw what she saw." The State
then asserted that M.B. "couldn't give an exact time frame of when
it happened" and contended that her testimony was "inextricably
intertwined" with M.R.B.'s. The successor judge ruled that the
"prior ruling stands."
At the second trial, M.B. testified to walking in on her father
on top of M.R.B., holding M.R.B. down and engaging in "some type
of sexual contact" while M.R.B. was "begging" M.B. to help her.
4
M.B. testified unequivocally that this event occurred years before
the charged conduct; it "definitely" did not happen during the
window of time addressed in the information. The defense's request
for a mistrial was denied.
During M.R.B.'s testimony, she denied any recollection of this
event. Nonetheless, the State highlighted M.B.'s testimony of the
incident during its closing, saying, "[Y]ou saw her on the witness
stand testify against her own father. Her own biological father who
she doesn't want to see anymore, who she hasn't seen because of
what she saw him do on top of" M.R.B. Incorrectly asserting that
M.B. "couldn't give you a time frame" of when the event occurred,
the prosecutor told the jury that "it was traumatic to her . . . it
haunted her. . . . She had nightmares about it." He ultimately
encouraged the jury to find her credible on the basis that "[s]he was
bawling her eyes out" when testifying about her father.
ANALYSIS
This case presents an unfortunate and entirely avoidable
error. Armed with Williams rule evidence that the defendant had
committed a similar act of child molestation against the same victim
years prior, the State chose to admit and then emphasize that
5
evidence at two trials without following the settled procedure for
doing so. Moreover, it did so despite lacking an evidentiary basis to
support its stated theory of admissibility. Due to the State's failure
to follow the Williams rule procedure, we are compelled to reverse
and remand for yet another trial.
Underlying the Williams rule procedure is the foundational
principle that "[d]ue process prohibits an individual from being
convicted of an uncharged crime." Morgan v. State,
146 So. 3d 508,
512 (Fla. 5th DCA 2014) (first citing Cole v. Arkansas,
333 U.S. 196,
201 (1948); then citing Jaimes v. State,
51 So. 3d 445, 448 (Fla.
2010); and then citing Crain v. State,
894 So. 2d 59, 69 (Fla. 2004)).
"[A] criminal defendant is entitled to a trial on the charges
contained in the information and may not be prosecuted for
uncharged offenses, even if they are of the same general character
or constitute alternative ways of committing the charged offense."
Id. (first citing Trahan v. State,
913 So. 2d 729, 730 (Fla. 5th DCA
2005); then citing D.R. v. State,
790 So. 2d 1242, 1244-45 (Fla. 5th
DCA 2001); and then citing Zwick v. State,
730 So. 2d 759, 760
(Fla. 5th DCA 1999)).
6
"Evidence that a defendant committed a collateral crime is
inherently prejudicial because it creates the risk that a conviction
will be based on the defendant's bad character or propensity to
commit crimes, rather than on proof he committed the charged
offense." Jones v. State,
944 So. 2d 533, 536 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006)
(citing McLean v. State,
934 So. 2d 1248, 1255 (Fla. 2006)). "But
notwithstanding the danger posed by the admission of similar fact
evidence, the Florida Supreme Court has for some time adhered to
a broad rule of admissibility based on the relevancy of the evidence
to a fact to be proved." Snowden v. State,
537 So. 2d 1383, 1384
(Fla. 3d DCA 1989) (citing Williams v. State,
110 So. 2d 654 (Fla.
1959)); see also § 90.404(2), Fla. Stat. (2019).
Indeed, in cases like this one involving child molestation in the
familial setting, that already broad rule of admissibility gives way to
an even more "relaxed standard of admissibility for collateral crime
evidence" due in part to the infrequency of corroborative evidence.
McLean,
934 So. 2d at 1257 (citing Heuring v. State,
513 So. 2d
122, 124 (Fla. 1987)); see also § 90.404(2)(b)(1). But with that
relaxed standard comes certain procedural requirements to
safeguard the defendant's right to a fair trial.
7
By statute, the State is required to provide pretrial,
particularized written notice of the acts at issue. § 90.404(2)(d)(1).
Then, "before even considering whether to allow evidence of prior
acts to be presented to the jury, the trial court must find that the
prior acts were proved by clear and convincing evidence." McLean,
934 So. 2d at 1262. The court must also weigh the probative value
of the evidence against the danger of unfair prejudice, evaluate the
likelihood of juror confusion and distraction, and prevent the
evidence from becoming a feature of the trial.
Id. "Finally, if
requested, the trial court shall give an appropriate cautionary
instruction both at the time the evidence is presented and in its
final charge to the jury." Id.; see also § 90.404(2)(d)(2).
Here, despite repeated protestations by the defense in both
trials, this procedure was never followed with respect to M.B.'s
testimony of the event years prior. Even though the State filed
Williams rule notices as to other evidence, it inexplicably declined to
do so for this testimony. Consequently, the parties never litigated,
nor did the trial court make any determinations regarding, the
issues that necessarily precede admitting this evidence under the
Williams rule. See Robertson v. State,
829 So. 2d 901, 908 (Fla.
8
2002) ("Because the matter was never litigated on the basis of the
Williams rule, the trial court never made determinations as to
whether clear and convincing evidence existed that [the defendant]
committed the prior crime, [or] whether the prior crime was
substantially similar . . . ."); see also Ritz v. State, 101 So. 3d 939,
942 (Fla. 4th DCA 2012) (holding collateral crime evidence "was
improperly admitted by the trial court because the State did not
provide proper notice of its intent to use such evidence, as is
required by section 90.404").
Seeking to defend the ruling on appeal, the State makes a
series of arguments that are refuted by the record. First, the State
asserts without explanation that "M.B.'s testimony was properly
admitted under the dictates of Heuring." But in Heuring, the State
filed the required Williams rule notice, and the parties litigated the
admissibility of the testimony within those parameters.
513 So. 2d
at 123-24; cf. Robertson,
829 So. 2d at 908. The problem here is
that the State did not follow that procedure. See McLean,
934 So.
2d at 1256.
Nor was this evidence inextricably intertwined with or
"inseparable from the crime charged," as the State contends.
9
Despite the State's express representations to the trial court that it
would do so, it never adduced evidence to support its theory that
the event M.B. described was one of the charged acts. To the
contrary, M.B. herself testified that it had occurred years prior,
"definitely" not during the period of time charged in the information.
Furthermore, the victim had no recollection of the event and denied
that anyone had walked in during the charged crimes. Thus, this
evidence of a separate event years prior was not an "inseparable
part of the act" at issue, nor was it "necessary to admit . . . to
adequately describe the deed." McGee v. State,
19 So. 3d 1074,
1078 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009) (quoting Griffin v. State,
639 So. 2d 966,
968 (Fla. 1994)).
Surprisingly, the State also contends in its answer brief that
M.B.'s testimony that she saw her father holding his minor
stepdaughter down and engaging in sexual contact with her while
she begged for help "did not consist of a collateral crime or bad
acts" and "failed to meet a bad act or collateral crime classification."
If indeed the act took place when M.B. said it did, then it may well
constitute capital sexual battery, a crime even more serious than
the ones the State actually charged and prosecuted. See §
10
794.011(2)(a), Fla. Stat (2009). "The need to prevent collateral
crime evidence from becoming the focal point of a trial is
particularly great where, as here, the alleged collateral crime
evidence relates to criminal acts which are more serious offenses
than the crimes for which the defendant is on trial." Jones,
944 So.
2d at 535-36.
Having determined that the Williams rule testimony was
admitted without following the required procedure, we must
determine whether the error was harmful. The burden is on the
State, as the beneficiary of the error, to prove "that there is no
reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the conviction."
State v. DiGuilio,
491 So. 2d 1129, 1135 (Fla. 1986).
"Improperly admitting Williams rule evidence is presumed
harmful error." Williams v. State,
662 So. 2d 419, 420 (Fla. 3d DCA
1995) (citing Wilson v. State,
490 So. 2d 1062 (Fla. 5th DCA 1986));
see also Botto v. State,
307 So. 3d 1006, 1010 (Fla. 5th DCA 2020))
("The improper admission of similar fact testimony is presumed to
be harmful error." (quoting Pastor v. State, 792 So. 2d 627, 630
(Fla. 4th DCA 2001)).
11
This is especially so where the State highlights and relies on
the improper evidence during closing. See, e.g., Robertson,
829 So.
2d at 914 (holding the State was unable to meet its burden to
establish harmless error "given the highly inflammatory nature" of
the testimony "and the emphasis placed on it by the prosecutor in
closing argument"); Ritz,
101 So. 3d at 944 (holding that the
admission of collateral crime evidence, "coupled with the State's
reliance on this evidence during closing argument and throughout
the trial, is harmful error"); cf. Ayalavillamizar v. State,
134 So. 3d
492, 497 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014) (holding error in admitting improper
testimony harmless where it "was brief, isolated, and never repeated
or commented upon in the state's closing argument").
At oral argument, the State asserted that M.B.'s testimony of
witnessing her father sexually assault her minor stepsister as she
begged for help was "not that prejudicial." We reject the State's
assertion. Not only was this evidence inherently prejudicial, but
also, the State exacerbated the inherent prejudice by choosing to
highlight this evidence during closing and even emphasizing its
emotional effect on the witness as a basis to find her credible.
12
Furthermore, the State's failure to adhere to the required
procedure also prevented the jury from receiving the Williams rule
instruction explaining the limited relevance of this testimony. See
McLean,
934 So. 2d at 1262; § 90.404(2)(c)(2). Thus, even accepting
that the evidence meets the relaxed standard for collateral acts of
child molestation in the familial setting—an issue that we do not
decide here—its admission in this case without the accompanying
limiting instruction was not harmless. See Lowe v. State,
500 So.
2d 578, 580 (Fla. 4th DCA 1986) (finding "reversible error in the
trial court's failure at the close of the evidence to instruct the jury
on the limited use of collateral crime evidence"); Rivers v. State,
425
So. 2d 101, 105 (Fla. 1st DCA 1982) ("[W]e are compelled to hold
that the failure to give the [Williams rule] instruction during the
course of the trial . . . was reversible error."); cf. Conde v. State, 860
So. 2d 930, 947 (Fla. 2003) (affirming admission of lengthy
testimony of collateral crimes and "plac[ing] special emphasis on
the fact that the trial court repeatedly instructed the jury as to the
proper purpose of this Williams rule evidence each time it was
introduced").
13
Accordingly, we are compelled to reverse the judgment and
remand the matter for a new trial consistent with this opinion. If
the State wishes to admit this evidence again, it will have to follow
the settled procedure for doing so.
We are mindful of the enormous burden of a third trial in this
case. But the constitutional guarantee of due process demands
more than what occurred here, and we trust that these settled
requirements will not be ignored a third time.
Reversed and remanded.
NORTHCUTT and LaROSE, JJ., Concur.
14
