Gonzalez v. Heath ( 2022 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 48770
ROBERT GONZALEZ, )
) Filed: September 16, 2022
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
) Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk
v. )
) THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED
TAMMY HEATH aka TAMMY D. ) OPINION AND SHALL NOT
COTERILL, in her individual capacity ) BE CITED AS AUTHORITY
as to any separate property interest, )
)
Defendant-Appellant, )
)
and )
)
JEREMY OWENS, in his individual )
capacity, )
)
Defendant. )
)
Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District, State of Idaho, Bonner
County. Hon. Richard S. Christensen, District Judge.
Judgment of the district court, affirmed.
James, Vernon & Weeks, P.A.; Susan P. Weeks, Coeur d’Alene, for appellant.
Susan P. Weeks argued.
Sandpoint Law, P.C.; Alison M. Dunbar, Sandpoint, for respondent. Alison M.
Dunbar argued.
________________________________________________
GRATTON, Judge
Tammy Heath appeals from the district court’s award of attorney fees to Robert Gonzalez
under Idaho Code § 6-202 (2016)1 for Gonzalez’s successful statutory trespass claim. Heath
1
After Gonzalez filed his complaint in 2016 but before entry of judgment below, I.C. § 6-
202 was amended. 2018 Idaho Laws Ch. 350 (H.B. 658). Neither party argues that the district
court erred by applying the version of I.C. § 6-202 in force when Gonzalez filed his complaint.
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argues the district court erred by, in effect, awarding attorney fees to Gonzalez for defending
against Heath’s unsuccessful quiet title claim. However, proof of ownership of the subject
property is an element of both a trespass claim and a quiet title claim. Thus, proof of ownership
necessary to establish Gonzalez’s trespass claim, incidentally disproved Heath’s claim for quiet
title. Accordingly, the district court correctly awarded Gonzalez all attorney fees necessary to
prove his trespass claim even though certain of those fees may have also secondarily bore on the
quiet title claim. We affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Robert Gonzalez purchased real property in July 2016, knowing that Tammy Heath had
two express easements on the property. In the fall of 2016, Heath hired a local logger to cut in a
roadway on the easements. After Gonzalez discovered the roadway, he notified Heath it did not
fit within the description of the easements and requested a response to further discuss the situation.
Heath never responded. Gonzalez then sent a cease and desist letter to Heath stating she had
trespassed and directing her to stop using the roadway.
Eventually, Gonzalez filed a complaint against Heath asserting claims for trespass and
ejectment, timber trespass, and injunctive relief. Heath answered and asserted counterclaims for
quiet title, declaratory judgment, deed reformation, an equitable servitude allowing her to construct
the roadway as she did, and certain equitable defenses. After cross-motions for summary
judgment, the district court dismissed Heath’s claim for an equitable servitude and her equitable
defenses. Pursuant to stipulation by the parties, trial on the remaining claims was bifurcated.
The first trial involved Heath’s counterclaims for quiet title, declaratory judgment, deed
reformation, and Gonzalez’s request for injunctive relief. The district court found that Heath had
failed to build the north-south roadway within the first express easement (Easement One).
However, the district court found Heath’s east-west roadway was within the second express
easement (Easement Two).
Because the district court determined Heath’s roadway was not within the boundaries of
Easement One, the second trial proceeded on Gonzalez’s claim for trespass. After trial, the district
court found Heath liable for both statutory trespass and timber trespass under I.C. § 6-202.
Additionally, the district court held “Gonzalez, having prevailed on the statutory trespass claims,
is awarded reasonable attorney fees to be taxed as costs pursuant to § I.C. 6-202.”
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Gonzalez filed a motion and declaration of costs and fees seeking a total of $100,925.50.
Heath filed a responsive motion to disallow costs and fees arguing that, pursuant to I.C. § 6-202
and Akers v. D.L. White Construction, Inc., 156 Idaho 27, 320 P.3d 418 (2018), the fees needed to
be apportioned to strictly apply only to the trespass claim. Gonzalez objected, arguing he had
already apportioned his fees and explained the element of ownership was at issue for both the quiet
title as well as the trespass claims. The district court held a hearing and subsequently issued its
memorandum decision and order regarding costs and fees. The district court recognized attorney
fees must be reasonable under Idaho Rule of Civil Procedure 54, were due to Gonzalez under I.C.
§ 6-202, but must be apportioned pursuant to Akers. As a result, the district court expressly
disallowed attorney fees for the following:
- Any fees incurred in prosecuting any claim against the previous co-defendant,
Jeremy Owens.
- Any fees incurred relative to Easement Two (east-west easement), whether
they were incurred regarding quiet title or trespass.
- Any fees incurred that were specific to obtaining injunctive relief.
- Any fees incurred in defending against any counterclaims set forth by Heath.
- Any fees relative to the proffered, but not proven damages, relative to the
trespass claim. Particularly as to the preparation and examination of expert
witness testimony regarding damages.
Nonetheless, the district court found that “fees related to the determination of Easement One
(north-south easement) are appropriate. As stated, supra, without proving where Easement One
lay on the ground, the trespass claim could not go forward.”
Following the district court’s order, Gonzalez filed a second memorandum requesting fees
as costs following the district court’s directions. Gonzalez asked for an award of $87,661.60 (a
$13,263.90 deduction from his prior request). Gonzalez excluded all fee requests specific to
Easement Two and “removed 20% of all fee entries that were ambiguous or may have been
combined with tasks related to Easement One.” Gonzalez also removed “all fees related to
defending Ms. Heath’s counterclaims.”
Heath objected, arguing: “Gonzalez in his second memorandum has apportioned fees.
However, there remains fees claimed in the amount of $9,638.68 to which Heath objects.” Heath
listed her objections by date and proffered apportionment recommendations.
After review of Gonzalez’s second memorandum and Heath’s supplemental response, the
district court found:
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[T]he objections and allocations as set forth in Defendant Tammy Heath’s
Supplemental Motion to Disallow Costs and Attorney Fees are reasonable in light
of the I.R.C.P. 54(e)(3) factors and Akers v. Mortensen, 156 Idaho 27, 36, 320 P.3d
418, 427 (2014); see also Fischer v. Croston, 163 Idaho 331, 341, 413 P.3d 731,
741 (2018). Plaintiff’s latest requested attorney fees in the sum of $87,661.60 is
thus reduced in the amount of $9,638.68.
Therefore, the Court awards Plaintiff attorney fees as costs in the amount of
$78,022.92.
Heath timely appeals.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The calculation of reasonable attorney fees is within the discretion of the trial
court.” Parsons v. Mut. of Enumclaw Ins. Co., 143 Idaho 743, 747, 152 P.3d 614, 618 (2007).
When a trial court’s discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court conducts a
multi-tiered inquiry to determine whether the trial court: (1) correctly perceived the issue as one
of discretion; (2) acted within the boundaries of such discretion; (3) acted consistently with any
legal standards applicable to the specific choices before it; and (4) reached its decision by an
exercise of reason. Lunneborg v. My Fun Life, 163 Idaho 856, 863, 421 P.3d 187, 194 (2018).
Further, the party opposing the award bears the burden of demonstrating that the district court
abused its discretion. Eastern Idaho Agric. Credit Ass’n v. Neibaur, 133 Idaho 402, 412, 987 P.2d
314, 324 (1999).
III.
ANALYSIS
Heath specifically challenges the district court’s order under the third prong of the abuse
of discretion standard, arguing the district court did not act consistently with the legal standard
established in Akers. Gonzalez responds that the district court’s award of attorney fees was proper
and requests attorney fees on appeal under I.C. § 6-202.
Trial courts may award attorney fees only as provided by statute or contract. I.R.C.P.
54(e)(1); Akers v. Mortensen, 156 Idaho 27, 36, 320 P.3d 418, 427 (2014) (Akers III). Under the
version of I.C. § 6-202 in effect when Gonzalez filed his complaint, a plaintiff who prevailed “in
any civil action brought to enforce the terms” of the act was entitled to “treble the amount of
damages . . . plus a reasonable attorney fee” from a defendant who willfully and intentionally
trespassed on properly posted real property. The Idaho Supreme Court has held that a plain reading
of I.C. § 6-202 authorizes an award of only those attorney fees “reasonably incurred in prosecuting
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the trespass upon which” the plaintiff prevailed. Id. Accordingly, an award of attorney fees under
I.C. § 6-202 must be apportioned to those fees authorized by the statute. Id.
As noted, Heath contends the district court’s attorney fee award is not consistent with
Akers. Akers is a series of cases decided by the Idaho Supreme Court that arose out of an easement
and trespass dispute. Akers v. D.L. White Const., Inc. (Akers I), 142 Idaho 293, 297, 127 P.3d 196,
200 (2005). The Akers owned real property and the neighbors had an easement on that property
for an access road. Id. The Akers changed the access road and there was a dispute about ownership
of a section of land within the Akers’ property. Id. at 298, 127 P.3d at 201. A series of
confrontations occurred between the Akers and the neighbors, which prompted the Akers to file a
suit for trespass, quiet title, and negligence. Id. The district court found in favor of the Akers and
the neighbors appealed. Id. The Idaho Supreme Court remanded the case for additional factual
findings as to the easement. Id. at 305, 127 P.3d at 208. In its analysis, the Supreme Court declined
to evaluate trespass or damages, and reversed the district court’s award of attorney fees under I.C.
§ 6-202 because, “[t]he question of whether and to what degree the Appellants’ conduct constituted
trespass on the Akers’ property is intertwined with the question of the scope and boundaries of the
Appellants’ easement.” Akers I, 142 Idaho 293, 304, 127 P.3d 196, 207 (2005).
In Akers v. Mortensen (Akers II), 147 Idaho 39, 42, 205 P.3d 1175, 1178 (2009), the
Supreme Court again remanded the case to determine the location of the easement and again held:
[T]he question of whether and to what degree Appellants’ conduct constituted
trespass on the Akers’ property is intertwined with the question of the scope and
boundaries of Appellants’ easement rights. Akers I, 142 Idaho at 304, 127 P.3d at
207. Because the district court must determine the location of Appellants’
prescriptive easement in Parcel B on remand, we vacate the district court’s award
of damages below based upon trespass.
Akers II, 147 Idaho at 48, 205 P.3d at 1184.
In Akers III, the Idaho Supreme Court affirmed the location of the easement, once more
pointing to the interplay between quiet title and trespass, and concluding that “[b]ecause
Appellants’ easement rights are now clearly established and it is clear that Appellants willfully
and intentionally trespassed on the Akers’ property,” the district court properly awarded damages.
Akers v. D.L. White Const., Inc. (Akers III), 156 Idaho 37, 51, 320 P.3d 428, 442 (2014). However,
the Court remanded the case again for apportionment of attorney fees under I.C. § 6-202. Id. at
55, 320 P.3d at 446.
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A trial court is authorized to award attorney fees only as provided by statute
or contract. I.R.C.P. 54(e)(1). Under I.C. § 6-202, where a defendant willfully and
intentionally trespasses on properly posted real property, that defendant is liable to
the property owner “for treble the amount of damages . . . plus a reasonable
attorney’s fee which shall be taxed as costs, in any civil action brought to enforce
the terms of this act if the plaintiff prevails.” The plain language of I.C. § 6-202
“mandates the award of a reasonable attorney fee to a plaintiff who prevails in an
action brought under the statute.” Bubak v. Evans, 117 Idaho 510, 513, 788 P.2d
1333, 1336 (Ct. App. 1989). Therefore, under I.C. § 6-202 a prevailing plaintiff
may only be awarded attorney fees “reasonably incurred in prosecuting the trespass
action upon which he prevailed.” [Bumgarner v. Bumgarner, 124 Idaho 629, 644,
862 P.2d 321, 336 (1993).]
Because I.C. § 6-202 only provides an award of attorney fees for those fees
incurred in prosecuting the trespass under the statute, the district court erred in
failing to apportion its award of attorney fees to the Akers. Accordingly, we vacate
the district court’s award of attorney fees and remand the issue back to the district
court for apportionment.
Akers III, 156 Idaho at 54, 320 P.3d at 445.
Heath argues the district court failed to apportion fees between Gonzalez’s trespass claim
and Heath’s quiet title claim. Heath does not challenge any specific amount, percentage allocation,
or fee description; rather, she challenges the general concept that the district court did not properly
separate the trespass claim from the quiet title when it stated, “fees related to the determination of
Easement One (north-south easement) are appropriate. As stated, supra, without proving where
Easement One lay on the ground, the trespass claim could not go forward.”
The Akers line of cases clearly require attorney fees to be awarded for a successful trespass
claim. Heath is correct that the Akers cases also require that attorney fees for a trespass claim must
be apportioned from fees for any other claim, including quiet title. Heath, however, misconstrues
the Akers cases by essentially arguing that if attorney fees necessary to prove an element of trespass
also operate to disprove an element of a quiet title they are not awardable for the trespass claim.
Heath advances this argument more or less as a matter of law, rather than articulating a formula
required for proper apportionment. However, as noted, the Akers cases require that all fees
associated with the trespass claim be awarded and expressly recognize that proof of ownership is
intertwined with proof of conduct constituting the trespass.
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Consequently, we conclude it was reasonable for the district court to acknowledge the
interplay between quieting title to Easement One and Gonzalez’s Easement One trespass claim.2
As both Gonzalez and the district court recognized, it was necessary to determine the scope of
Easement One before Gonzalez could prove the trespass he alleged--especially when Heath
counterclaimed for quiet title and placed ownership at issue. As noted, in all three Akers3 opinions,
the Idaho Supreme Court repeatedly noted that the finding of a trespass was both “intertwined”
and even “inseparable” from determining the scope and boundary of the easement. Akers I, 142
Idaho at 304, 127 P.3d at 207; Akers II, 147 Idaho at 48, 205 P.3d at 1184; Akers III, 156 Idaho at
51, 320 P.3d at 442. Even without a counterclaim for quiet title, Gonzalez still had the burden to
prove ownership of the property and the extent of the easement to show trespass.4 By proving his
claim of trespass, Gonzalez incidentally disproved Heath’s claim for quiet title. The juxtaposition
of the claims does not require further apportionment because it is not attorney fees on the quiet
title (which were expressly denied by the district court) but solely fees on the trespass claim under
2
In her reply brief, Heath attempts to suggest that Gonzalez’s claim for ejectment should be
construed as a quiet title claim. This Court will not consider arguments raised for the first time in
the appellant’s reply brief. Myers v. Workmen’s Auto Ins. Co., 140 Idaho 495, 508, 95 P.3d 977,
990 (2004). A reviewing court looks only to the initial brief on appeal for the issues presented
because those are the arguments and authority to which the respondent has an opportunity to
respond in the respondent’s brief. Suitts v. Nix, 141 Idaho 706, 708, 117 P.3d 120, 122 (2005).
Since Heath failed to raise this argument in her opening brief, we will not address the issue further.
3
There is a fourth Akers: Akers v. Mortensen, 160 Idaho 286, 371 P.3d 340, (2016), which
is not pertinent to our analysis.
4
The statute provides:
Any person who, without permission of the owner, or the owner’s agent,
willfully and intentionally enters upon the real property of another person which
property is posted with “No Trespassing” signs or other notices of like meaning,
spaced at intervals of not less than one (1) notice per six hundred sixty (660) feet
along such real property; or who willfully and intentionally cuts down or carries off
any wood or underwood, tree or timber, or girdles, or otherwise willfully and
intentionally injures any tree or timber on the land of another person, or on the
street or highway in front of any person’s house, village, or city lot, or cultivated
grounds; or on the commons or public grounds of or in any city or town, or on the
street or highway in front thereof, without lawful authority, is liable to the owner
of such land.
I.C. § 6-202 (2015) (emphasis added) (2015 statute applicable to this case, I.C. § 6-202
amended July 1, 2018).
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I.C. § 6-202. As a result, the district court did not err in its determination of attorney fees under
I.C. § 6-202 for Gonzalez’s trespass claim.
Because Gonzalez is the prevailing party in this appeal, he requests attorney fees under I.C.
§ 6-202, which provides attorney fees at both the trial and appellate level under Weitz v. Green,
148 Idaho 851, 868, 230 P.3d 743, 760 (2010). Heath did not challenge Gonzalez’s request for
attorney fees on appeal. Gonzalez is the prevailing party and, thus, we award attorney fees on
appeal to Gonzalez pursuant to I.C. § 6-202.
IV.
CONCLUSION
The district court did not err when it apportioned attorney fees to Gonzalez pursuant to I.C.
§ 6-202. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment and order of the district court. We award costs and
attorney fees on appeal to Gonzalez.
Chief Judge LORELLO and Judge BRAILSFORD CONCUR.
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