People v. Taylor , 2015 IL 117267 ( 2015 )

2015 IL 117267
IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
(Docket No. 117267)
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. JOHNNY TAYLOR, Appellant.
Opinion filed January 23, 2015.
CHIEF JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride, Karmeier, Burke, and Theis concurred in the
judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant was charged with two counts of armed robbery while in possession of a firearm,
one count of evading arrest, and one count of reckless driving. He pled guilty to one count of
armed robbery while in possession of a firearm in exchange for the State’s agreement to
dismiss the other charges and to recommend a maximum sentence of 30 years. The circuit
court sentenced defendant to 24 years in prison, including a statutorily mandated 15-year
sentencing enhancement for possession of the firearm. 720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2), (b) (West
2004). Defendant moved to withdraw his guilty plea. The circuit court denied his motion and
the appellate court affirmed.
¶2 In 2011, defendant filed a postconviction petition, which the circuit court of Macoupin
County dismissed. On appeal, defendant challenged his sentence as unconstitutional. The
appellate court, following this court’s decision in People v. Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d 63 (2007),
found the 15-year sentencing enhancement to be a violation of the proportionate penalties
clause. People v. Taylor, 2012 IL App (4th) 110633-U, ¶ 15. The appellate court reversed the
dismissal of the postconviction petition and remanded the case to the circuit court. Id. ¶ 23.
The State petitioned this court for leave to appeal. We denied the petition but issued a
supervisory order instructing the appellate court to vacate its decision and reconsider the
validity of the sentence in light of two more recent decisions, People v. Blair, 2013 IL 114122,
and People v. Donelson, 2013 IL 113603. People v. Taylor, No. 115416 (Ill. May 29, 2013)
(supervisory order). The appellate court vacated its decision and upheld the sentence, finding
the enhancement constitutional under Blair. 2013 IL App (4th) 110633-UB, ¶ 7. We allowed
defendant’s petition for leave to appeal, pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 315 (eff. July
1, 2013). For the following reasons, we reverse the appellate court’s determination that the
sentence was constitutional and remand to the circuit court for resentencing in accordance with
the statute.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 At the sentencing hearing, Louis Nowell, manager of a fast-food restaurant, testified that
on August 4, 2005, a woman entered his restaurant with a “skully cap” over her face, pointed a
gun at him, and demanded cash. Nowell acquiesced and the woman exited the restaurant with
$366. Nowell telephoned the police and watched as the woman entered a vehicle driven by
defendant. Nowell then identified the vehicle to the police, who began to follow the vehicle.
According to police officer Ryan Ray, who also testified, defendant refused to stop the vehicle
when approached by police, and a chase ensued. At multiple points during the chase, the
woman shot at the police car, and defendant drove through police blockades. Eventually,
defendant lost control of the vehicle and crashed in a wooded area. Both the woman and
defendant were arrested.
¶5 Defendant was charged by information with two counts of armed robbery on a theory of
accountability, one count of evading arrest, and one count of reckless driving. After discovery
was completed and the woman convicted and sentenced to 26 years in prison, defendant
entered a negotiated plea agreement with the State’s Attorney. He pled guilty to one count of
armed robbery with a firearm. In exchange, the State agreed to dismiss the remaining charges
and recommend a sentence not longer than 30 years.
¶6 Armed robbery is classified as a Class X felony subject to a 15-year sentencing
enhancement if the defendant committed the crime while in possession of a firearm. 720 ILCS
5/18-2(a)(2), (b) (West 2004). A Class X felony conviction carries a statutory sentence of 6 to
30 years in prison. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(3) (West 2004). At the sentencing hearing, the parties
debated whether the sentencing enhancement applied when a defendant was charged under a
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theory of accountability. After hearing from the parties and reviewing the plea agreement with
defendant, the circuit court sentenced defendant to 24 years in prison, including the 15-year
enhancement.
¶7 Defendant filed a posttrial motion to withdraw his plea, which was denied. The appellate
court affirmed. In 2011, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition pursuant to section
122-1 of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122-1 (West 2010)), which was also
dismissed. On appeal, the court appointed the Office of the State Appellate Defender to
represent defendant. In his amended brief, defendant for the first time argued that the 15-year
enhancement violated the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const.
1970, art. I, § 11), and sought to vacate his guilty plea on this basis. In 2007, this court found
that the 15-year sentencing enhancement did violate the proportionate penalties clause. People
v. Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d 63 (2007). In light of this decision, the appellate court found
defendant’s sentence void and remanded the case to the circuit court with instructions to allow
defendant to withdraw his plea. Taylor, 2012 IL App (4th) 110633-U, ¶ 23.
¶8 The State petitioned this court for leave to appeal. We denied the State’s petition but issued
a supervisory order directing the appellate court to vacate its decision and reconsider the
sentence in light of two more recent decisions, People v. Blair, 2013 IL 114122, and People v.
Donelson, 2013 IL 113603. People v.Taylor, No. 115416 (Ill. May 29, 2013) (supervisory
order). In Blair, we concluded that Public Act 95-688, enacted shortly after our decision in
Hauschild, corrected the proportionate penalties clause violation and rendered the 15-year
enhancement constitutional. Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 27. The appellate court applied the Blair
conclusion retroactively, held that the enhancement as applied to defendant was constitutional
and valid, thus affirming the circuit court’s 24-year sentence. 2013 IL App (4th) 110633-UB,
¶ 24. In Donelson, we held that when a sentence fails to meet the statutory requirements, the
court should restructure the sentence so that it meets those requirements as well as the
expectations of the parties to a plea bargain. Donelson, 2013 IL 113603, ¶ 29. The appellate
court found Donelson to be irrelevant. 2013 IL App (4th) 113633-UB, ¶ 8. We allowed
defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. July 1, 2013).
¶9 ANALYSIS
¶ 10 On appeal to this court, defendant argues that the appellate court erred in concluding that
Public Act 95-688 retroactively rendered the sentencing enhancement constitutional. The State
now concedes that the sentencing enhancement was unconstitutional as applied to defendant,
as Public Act 95-688 did not correct the proportionate penalties clause violation until 2007,
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two years after defendant committed the crime. On this basis defendant argues that this court
ought to allow him to withdraw his guilty plea, reduce his sentence by 15 years, or cap the
sentence on remand at 24 years. However, defendant abandoned his request to withdraw the
guilty plea in his reply brief to this court. The State argues this court should remand to the
circuit court for resentencing subject to the statutory sentencing range, 6 to 30 years.
¶ 11 We first review whether the sentence violates the proportionate penalties clause and is thus
void, then turn to the question of remedy. Whether a sentence is constitutional and whether a
sentence is void are questions of law, which we review de novo. Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d at 72;
People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d 481, 486-87 (2005).
¶ 12 Constitutionality of the Fifteen-Year Sentencing Enhancement
¶ 13 Defendant was sentenced under section 18-2 of the Criminal Code of 1961, which provides
that armed robbery committed while the perpetrator “carries on or about his or her person or is
otherwise armed with a firearm” is a Class X felony for which 15 years shall be added to the
term of imprisonment imposed by the court. 720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2), (b) (West 2004).
Defendant concedes that the enhancement applies to defendants convicted under a theory of
accountability. See People v. Rodriguez, 229 Ill. 2d 285, 294 (2008).
¶ 14 In People v. Hauschild, we found that this sentencing structure violated the proportionate
penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d at 86-87. The proportionate
penalties clause requires that “[a]ll penalties *** be determined both according to the
seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring the offender to useful
citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. “ ‘The identical elements test is an appropriate form
of proportionality review.’ ” Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d at 83 (quoting People v. Harvey, 366 Ill.
App. 3d 119, 133 (2006)). Under this test, a proportionate penalties violation occurs when
“two offenses have identical elements but disparate sentences.” Id. at 85. “[T]he statute with
the greater penalty will be found to violate the proportionate penalties clause.” Blair, 2013 IL
114122, ¶ 32 (citing Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d at 504).
¶ 15 At the time defendant committed the crime, armed robbery while in possession of a firearm
and armed violence predicated on robbery with a dangerous weapon 1 shared identical
elements, but the sentencing range for armed robbery was 21 to 45 years with the 15-year
1
“A person is considered armed with a dangerous weapon for [these] purposes *** when he or she carries on
or about his or her person or is otherwise armed with a Category I, Category II, or Category III weapon.” 720
ILCS 5/33A-1(c)(1) (West 2004). Categories I and II include firearms. 720 ILCS 5/33A-1(c)(2) (West 2004).
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enhancement, while the sentencing range for armed violence predicated on robbery with a
dangerous weapon was 15 to 30 years. 720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2), (b), 33A-2(a) (West 2004).
Thus, the enhanced sentence for armed robbery with a firearm violated the proportionate
penalties clause. A sentence based on a statute that violates the proportionate penalties clause
is facially unconstitutional and thus void ab initio. People v. Guevara, 216 Ill. 2d 533, 542
(2005); Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 28.
¶ 16 Because a violation of the proportionate penalties clause arises out of the relationship
between two statutes, the legislature can remedy the violation by “amend[ing] the challenged
statute held unconstitutional, amend[ing] the comparison statute, or amend[ing] both statutes.”
Id., ¶ 32. As we recognized in Blair and Clemons, the legislature corrected the violation that
rendered the armed robbery sentencing unconstitutional by amending the comparison statute.
Id. ¶ 37; People v. Clemons, 2012 IL 107821, ¶ 17. Public Act 95-688, enacted shortly after
our decision in Hauschild, amended the armed violence statute so that robbery can no longer
serve as a predicate offense for armed violence. Pub. Act 95-688 (eff. Oct. 23, 2007)
(amending 720 ILCS 5/33A-2). Therefore, the two crimes no longer share identical elements,
and neither violates the proportionate penalties clause. Blair, 2013 IL 114122, ¶ 21.
¶ 17 However, we find no basis on which we should apply the effect of Public Act 95-688
retroactively. “ ‘[T]he General Assembly can pass legislation to prospectively change a
judicial construction of a statute if it believes that the judicial interpretation was at odds with
legislative intent, [but] it cannot effect a change in that construction by a later declaration of
what it had originally intended.’ ” Clemons, 2012 IL 107821, ¶ 18 (quoting People v. Nitz, 173
Ill. 2d 151, 163 (1996), overruled on other grounds by People v. Mitchell, 189 Ill. 2d 312, 329
(2000)). Therefore Hauschild remains the legal interpretation of the armed robbery statute
prior to the passage of Public Act 95-688. Id. ¶ 19. Because defendant committed the crime
and was sentenced prior to the enactment of Public Act 95-688, the sentencing enhancement
was disproportionate when applied and the sentence is facially unconstitutional and void
ab initio. Guevara, 216 Ill. 2d at 542. In light of this conclusion, we are left to determine an
appropriate remedy.
¶ 18 Proper Remedy
¶ 19 Because defendant’s enhanced sentence is unconstitutional, the matter shall be remanded
to the circuit court for resentencing in accordance with the statute as it existed prior to the
adoption of the sentencing enhancement. Hauschild, 226 Ill. 2d at 88; Clemons, 2012 IL
107821, ¶¶ 56-60.
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¶ 20 Initially, defendant sought to withdraw his guilty plea in light of the void enhancement. He
has since abandoned that argument, conceding that withdrawal of the plea would be
inappropriate. Therefore, we will not examine the merits of defendant’s abandoned request to
withdraw his plea.
¶ 21 Defendant now argues that this court ought to vacate that portion of the sentence
attributable to the unconstitutional sentencing enhancement, in effect reducing his sentence by
15 years to 9 years. First, we see no reason to consider defendant’s sentence as two separate
pieces. In urging the court to do so, defendant relies on the circuit court judge’s statement that
he was sentencing defendant “for a definite term of nine years plus fifteen years enhanced
sentence because of possession of a weapon, for a total of twenty four years.” However, the
judge appears to have reached his conclusion after reflecting upon defendant’s prior
convictions and comparing the total sentences given to defendant and to his accomplice.
Therefore, we consider the sentence as a whole.
¶ 22 Second, although this court may reduce a sentence on appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 615), this case
does not present a situation in which doing so would be appropriate. In People v. Stacey, the
defendant approached two schoolgirls on the sidewalk and “grabbed [their] breast[s] for a few
seconds.” People v. Stacey, 193 Ill. 2d 203, 206 (2000). The defendant was convicted of
aggravated criminal sexual abuse and criminal sexual abuse. Id. at 206-07. He was sentenced
to two consecutive 25-year prison sentences. Id. at 208. On appeal, this court concluded that,
though the defendant’s acts were reprehensible, the sentences were “manifestly
disproportionate” to the crime committed and the trial court had abused its discretion. Id. at
210. This court reduced the sentences accordingly. Id. at 211. See also People v. Williams, 196
Ill. App. 3d 851 (1990) (finding defendants’ sentences excessive in light of their ages and lack
of prior convictions and reducing defendants’ sentences); People v. Anderson, 142 Ill. App. 3d
240 (1985) (finding the trial court’s application of the extended-term statute to be excessive in
light of defendants’ youth and lack of a prior criminal records and reducing the
sentences); People v. Williams, 62 Ill. App. 3d 966 (1978) (finding defendant’s sentence
excessive in light of his age and environment and reducing the sentence).
¶ 23 These cases are distinguishable from the situation at hand. Here, the circuit court’s
sentence of 24 years is not manifestly disproportionate to the crime committed. Defendant was
convicted of armed robbery, which is punishable by 6 to 30 years. Twenty-four years clearly
falls within the sentencing range, the circuit court considered various aggravating and
mitigating factors in reaching its sentencing decision, and the sentence was within the range for
which defendant bargained. Defendant has not argued that his sentence is excessive in light of
the crime committed. Thus, we have no evidence that the trial court abused its discretion in
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imposing a 24-year sentence and it would not be appropriate for this court to reduce that
sentence.
¶ 24 Finally, reducing defendant’s sentence by 15 years would deprive the State of the benefit of
its bargain. We have repeatedly stated that the plea bargaining process and negotiated plea
agreements are important components of our criminal justice system. Donelson, 2013 IL
113603, ¶ 19. At the time of the negotiation, the State was under the reasonable belief that the
sentencing enhancement would apply. Knowing the statutory minimum for armed robbery was
6 years, plus the 15-year enhancement, led the State to reasonably believe that the minimum
sentence defendant could receive was 21 years—substantially more than 9 years.
¶ 25 We find it more appropriate to reconfigure the sentence to meet the parties’ expectations, if
such can be done while satisfying the applicable sentencing rules. In Donelson, the parties
agreed that the defendant would plead guilty and receive prison sentences of 55, 30, and 30
years to be served concurrently. Id. ¶ 4. On appeal from denial of a postconviction petition, the
defendant argued that the concurrent sentencing rendered his sentence void, as the statute
mandated consecutive sentencing. Id. ¶ 13. On this basis, the defendant sought to withdraw his
guilty plea. Id. We agreed that the sentencing structure violated the statute, but turned to
principles of contract law for a remedy. Id. ¶¶ 15, 18-20.
¶ 26 A mutual mistake on the part of contracting parties may be rectified by reforming the
contract when the parties are in actual agreement and their true intent may be discerned. Id.
¶ 20 (citing Czarobski v. Lata, 227 Ill. 2d 364, 371-72 (2008), and Wheeler-Dealer, Ltd. v.
Christ, 379 Ill. App. 3d 864, 869 (2008)). Since the parties both agreed to the plea on the
mistaken belief that the sentences could run concurrently and their intent was that the
defendant would serve no more than 55 years, we found it appropriate to adjust the terms of the
sentences to meet this expectation, rather than allow the defendant to withdraw his plea. See id.
¶ 28. We remanded the case to the circuit court with directions to resentence the defendant in
accordance with the plea agreement and applicable statutes. Id. ¶ 29.
¶ 27 Similarly, the parties in the present case agreed that defendant would not serve more than
30 total years in prison. Under the applicable statute, defendant is subject to a prison sentence
between 6 and 30 years for committing armed robbery. 720 ILCS 5/18-2(b) (West 2004); 730
ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(3) (West 2004). Sentencing defendant to a term within this range provides
both parties with the benefit of their bargain.
¶ 28 Defendant argues that this resolution would deny him the benefit of his bargain on grounds
that capping his potential sentence at 30 years was an illusory benefit in light of the
enhancement having been found unconstitutional. This argument ignores the reality that
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defendant could have been sentenced to more than 30 years even if the sentencing
enhancement had never been considered. At the sentencing hearing, defendant testified that he
had been convicted of armed violence in Missouri in 1995 and was in prison for that conviction
until 2001. The Criminal Code of 1961 provides that the court may impose an extended term,
up to 60 years, upon a Class X offender who has been convicted of another Class X felony
within the past ten years. 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(b)(1), 5-8-2(a) (West 2004). Defendant concedes
that the prior conviction would be considered a Class X felony in Illinois and that, on this basis,
he could have been subject to a sentence of 60 years. Therefore, the agreement to cap the
sentence at 30 years provided an actual benefit to defendant, regardless of the applicability of
the sentencing enhancement. For these reasons, we refuse defendant’s request to reduce his
sentence by 15 years. As the circuit court is in a far better position to weigh the various factors
considered in sentencing, we remand the cause to the circuit court for resentencing in
accordance with the statute and with the parties’ expectations.
¶ 29 Defendant alternatively argues that the court must cap the sentence at 24 years upon
rehearing. He contends that the imposition of a harsher punishment upon resentencing is
prohibited by statute and that such would violate his procedural due process rights. Section
5-5-4 of the Unified Code of Corrections provides: “Where a conviction or sentence has been
set aside on direct review or on collateral attack, the court shall not impose a new sentence for
the same offense or for a different offense based on the same conduct which is more severe
than the prior sentence less the portion of the prior sentence previously satisfied unless the
more severe sentence is based upon conduct on the part of the defendant occurring after the
original sentencing.” 730 ILCS 5/5-5-4(a) (West 2004). However, this provision does not
apply when, as here, the original sentence was void. People v. Garcia, 179 Ill. 2d 55, 73
(1997).
¶ 30 In North Carolina v. Pearce, the United States Supreme Court considered whether a more
severe punishment could be imposed on retrial after a defendant successfully challenged his
conviction. North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711 (1969). Respondents Pearce and Rice were
convicted by a jury and pled guilty, respectively, then successfully had their convictions
reversed on the basis of procedural errors that resulted in constitutional violations. Id. at
713-15. At retrial, both respondents received punishments more severe than their original
sentences. Id. The cases were consolidated on appeal to the Supreme Court. The Court held
that increased sentences at a retrial do not violate the double jeopardy provision or equal
protection clause, but that there is a presumption that increased sentences serve as a
punishment imposed for challenging a conviction or sentence. Id. at 723, 724-26. Such
punishment violates defendants’ due process rights. Id. at 723-25. In order to ensure due
process, the Court imposed the following requirement:
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“[W]henever a judge imposes a more severe sentence upon a defendant after a new
trial, the reasons for his doing so must affirmatively appear. Those reasons must be
based upon objective information concerning identifiable conduct on the part of the
defendant occurring after the time of the original sentencing proceeding. And the
factual data upon which the increased sentence is based must be made part of the
record, so that the constitutional legitimacy of the increased sentence may be fully
reviewed on appeal.” Id. at 726.
¶ 31 Decisions following Pearce have limited the decision’s scope. “Pearce’s prophylactic rule
has been limited in its application to circumstances in which there is a reasonable likelihood
that an increase in sentence is the product of actual judicial vindictiveness. [Citation.] ‘Where
there is no such reasonable likelihood, the burden remains upon the defendant to prove actual
vindictiveness.’ ” Garcia, 179 Ill. 2d at 74-75 (quoting in part Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794,
799-80 (1989)). “[C]orrection of a void sentence *** fails to present circumstances in which
there is a reasonable likelihood that a sentence imposed on remand will be the product of
judicial vindictiveness against a defendant.” Id. at 75.
¶ 32 We need not reach a conclusion at this time on whether a sentence greater than 24 years
would violate these principles. Defendant raised these arguments for the first time in his reply
brief. In his original brief, defendant did not address the possibility that this court would
remand the cause for resentencing in accordance with the statute as was done in previous cases.
Instead, defendant addressed only his arguments that he should be permitted to withdraw his
guilty plea or that his sentence should be reduced by 15 years. In fact, in his original brief
defendant argued that maintaining a 24-year sentence would deprive him of the benefit of his
bargain. Arguments not raised in an appellant’s original brief are “waived and shall not be
raised [for the first time] in the reply brief [or] in oral argument.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff.
Feb. 6, 2013). “The reply brief *** shall be confined strictly to replying to arguments
presented in the brief of the appellee ***.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(j) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013).
¶ 33 Furthermore, we find that imposing a sentence cap at 24 years would, at this time and by
this court, be premature, as it is impossible to know if the circuit court will impose a sentence
longer than 24 years. Additionally, there is no indication that a sentence exceeding 24 years
would necessarily be a product of vindictiveness. The potential maximum sentence on
rehearing under the statute is 30 years, which is also the maximum to which the parties
expressly agreed. On the other hand, defendant, not the prosecutor or the court, challenged the
sentence in this case as unconstitutional. See Garcia, 179 Ill. 2d at 75. However, unless and
until the circuit court sentences defendant to a prison term greater than 24 years, consideration
of these factors by this court is unnecessary.
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¶ 34 Therefore, we remand to the circuit court for resentencing in accordance with the statutory
sentencing range, 6 to 30 years, with instructions that the circuit court affirmatively state its
legitimate reasons for granting a more severe sentence if it finds such increase to be necessary.
¶ 35 CONCLUSION
¶ 36 Defendant’s 24-year sentence, including the 15-year sentencing enhancement is void, as it
violates the proportionate penalties clause. Public Act 95-688 does not retroactively correct the
proportionate penalties violation. Therefore, the judgments of the circuit court and of the
appellate court are reversed. The cause is remanded to the circuit court with directions for
resentencing defendant in accordance with the plea agreement and with the applicable statutes,
without the sentencing enhancement.
¶ 37 Reversed and remanded.
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