Cronin v. Village of Skokie , 2019 IL App (1st) 181163 ( 2019 )

2019 IL App (1st) 181163
FIRST DIVISION
May 28, 2019
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
No. 1-18-1163
PATRICK CRONIN, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 14 CH 20353
)
THE VILLAGE OF SKOKIE, a Municipal Corporation, ) Honorable
) Franklin Ulyses Valderrama,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE MIKVA delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Griffin and Walker concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant Village of Skokie (Village) appeals from a judgment of the circuit court,
awarding Patrick Cronin lifetime health insurance benefits from the Village under section 10 of
the Public Safety Employee Benefits Act (Act or Benefits Act) (820 ILCS 320/10 (West 2012)).
For the following reasons, we affirm.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Mr. Cronin worked as a full-time firefighter and emergency medical technician for the
Village for more than 30 years. On February 24, 2013, he went to the hospital because of pain
that he began experiencing after transporting a patient who appeared to be in cardiac arrest on a
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stretcher. Mr. Cronin never returned to work after that incident, and it is that incident that he
claims entitles him to benefits under the Benefits Act.
¶4 Mr. Cronin acknowledged that he was diagnosed with an ascending aortic aneurysm
approximately one year before the February 2013 incident. But Mr. Cronin continued working as
a full-duty firefighter from March 2012 to February 2013, during which time he experienced no
heart-related symptoms, such as chest tightness, pain, or shortness of breath.
¶5 At 8 a.m. on February 24, 2013, Mr. Cronin began a 24-hour shift at the firehouse. At
approximately 7:58 p.m., an EMS call came in for a cardiac arrest. Mr. Cronin was in the truck
that followed the ambulance to the call location. The paramedics went into the home with their
equipment and told Mr. Cronin to bring the stretcher, so he did. Mr. Cronin described the patient
as “very big,” guessing that the individual weighed about 300 pounds. Mr. Cronin was holding
up the stretcher when the paramedics “kind of dropped” the patient onto it. Mr. Cronin felt a pain
and “thought [he] had pulled a muscle in [his] chest.”
¶6 Mr. Cronin continued to feel chest discomfort and started experiencing additional
symptoms as the night wore on—including a headache, lightheadedness, and nausea. Because his
symptoms “kept getting worse,” Mr. Cronin was transported to the emergency room by
ambulance at approximately 6 a.m. After consulting with his doctor and a surgeon, Mr. Cronin
had surgery to replace his aortic valve on May 1, 2013. In September 2013, Mr. Cronin was still
having problems with his chest and decided to see if he was eligible for a disability pension. He
applied for a pension with the Village’s Firefighters’ Pension Board (Board or Pension Board),
and specifically requested an occupational disease disability pension. On the application, Mr.
Cronin explained his disability as follows: “After open heart surgery to repair upper aorta and
replace aortic valve, I continue to experience chest pain, dizzy spells, fatigue and [am] unable to
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perform physically what I had been able, prior to surgery.”
¶7 The Pension Board held a hearing on Mr. Cronin’s application on March 17, 2014, which
Mr. Cronin did not attend. On multiple occasions during the hearing, the hearing officer
incorrectly stated that Mr. Cronin had applied for a line-of-duty disability pension, rather than
the occupational disease disability pension. At the conclusion of the hearing, four Board
members voted in favor of granting Mr. Cronin a line-of-duty disability pension, and one
dissented, believing instead that Mr. Cronin should have been awarded a nonduty disability
pension. On April 9, 2014, the Board issued its written order awarding Mr. Cronin a line-of-duty
disability pension pursuant to section 4-110 of the Illinois Pension Code (40 ILCS 5/4-110 (West
2010)).
¶8 On March 18, 2014, Mr. Cronin filed his application for benefits under the Benefits Act.
The Village denied his application on August 4, 2014, explaining that, after reviewing the
materials presented to it, it was “unable to determine that [he] [was] entitled to free health
insurance benefits under the [Act].” On December 19, 2014, Mr. Cronin filed his complaint in
this case, challenging the Village’s denial of his application for health insurance benefits.
¶9 In January 2017, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The circuit court
granted Mr. Cronin’s motion. In its written order of July 13, 2017, the court found that, under our
supreme court’s decision in Village of Vernon Hills v. Heelan, 2015 IL 118170, the award of a
line-of-duty disability pension established, as a matter of law, that the February 24, 2013,
incident caused Mr. Cronin’s catastrophic injury and therefore Mr. Cronin met the criteria for an
award of benefits found in section 10(a) of the Benefits Act. The court then considered whether
Mr. Cronin had also met the additional requirement, under section 10(b) of the Benefits Act, that
the catastrophic injury must have occurred “as a result of” one of four specific situations: “(1) a
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response to fresh pursuit; (2) a response to what is reasonably believed to be an emergency;
(3) an unlawful act of another; or (4) the investigation of a criminal act.”
¶ 10 The court observed that Mr. Cronin argued in his motion for summary judgment that he
“reasonably believed” the incident on February 24, 2013, was “in response to an emergency,”
and the Village did not contest that issue. The court found that Mr. Cronin therefore also had met
the requirements of section 10(b) and held that he was entitled to health insurance benefits under
section 10 of the Benefits Act.
¶ 11 On August 11, 2017, the Village filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing that (1) the
court’s ruling was inconsistent with legal precedent construing section 10(b), as “no Illinois
appellate court has ever stated that the mere award of a line-of-duty disability pension forecloses
an employer from litigating whether a catastrophic injury was ‘caused’ by one of the four
elements found in Section 10(b) of the [Act]”; (2) the Pension Board’s findings should not be
accorded deference for purposes of section 10(b); and (3) that the Pension Board itself did not
find that Mr. Cronin’s disability was caused by the incident of February 24, 2013.
¶ 12 On January 4, 2018, the circuit court granted the Village’s motion for reconsideration and
vacated its order granting summary judgment in favor of Mr. Cronin. The court instructed both
parties to file briefs on the following issue: “what level of causation is required in establishing
‘as a result of’ to show a firefighter was responding to what was reasonably believed to be an
emergency under Section 10(b) of [the Act]?”
¶ 13 The parties filed the requested briefs. Both parties relied on extensive medical opinion
evidence. The Village insisted that Mr. Cronin had failed to present definitive medical evidence
establishing that his symptoms were a result of the February 24, 2013, incident. The circuit court
disagreed. On May 16, 2018, it again granted summary judgment in favor of Mr. Cronin and
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against the Village. In its written order, the circuit court concluded that there was “no issue of
material fact that the symptoms [Mr.] Cronin experienced, such as chest pain, fatigue and
dizziness were a ‘clear consequence and effect’ of his response to what he reasonably believed to
be an emergency and occurred ‘because of’ his response to the Incident.” The court found that
Mr. Cronin had met his burden of proof on this issue and was entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.
¶ 14 This appeal followed.
¶ 15 II. JURISDICTION
¶ 16 The Village timely filed its notice of appeal on June 1, 2018. This court has jurisdiction
pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rules 301 and 303, governing appeals from final judgments
entered by the circuit court in civil cases. Ill. S. Ct. R. 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994); R. 303 (eff. July 1,
2017).
¶ 17 III. ANALYSIS
¶ 18 This case was decided on cross-motions for summary judgment. “Summary judgment is
proper when ‘the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if
any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’ ” Bremer v. City of Rockford, 2016 IL 119889, ¶ 20
(quoting 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2008)). Where, as here, parties have filed cross-motions
for summary judgment, “they agree that only questions of law are involved and invite the court
to decide the issues based on the record.” Id. Our review of whether summary judgment was
appropriate is de novo. Id.
¶ 19 The purpose of the Benefits Act “is to continue the provision of employer-provided
health insurance coverage for public safety employees and their families in the event that an
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employee is killed or catastrophically injured in the line of duty.” Marquardt v. City of
Des Plaines, 2018 IL App (1st) 163186, ¶ 18. Section 10 of the Act sets out the criteria for the
award of such benefits. It provides:
“(a) An employer who employs a full-time law enforcement, correctional or
correctional probation officer, or firefighter, who, on or after the effective date of this Act
suffers a catastrophic injury or is killed in the line of duty shall pay the entire premium of
the employer’s health insurance plan for the injured employee, the injured employee’s
spouse, and for each dependent child of the injured employee until the child reaches the
age of majority or until the end of the calendar year in which the child reaches the age of
25 if the child continues to be dependent for support or the child is a full-time or part-
time student and is dependent for support. ***
***
(b) In order for the law enforcement, correctional or correctional probation
officer, firefighter, spouse, or dependent children to be eligible for insurance coverage
under this Act, the injury or death must have occurred as the result of the officer’s
response to fresh pursuit, the officer or firefighter’s response to what is reasonably
believed to be an emergency, an unlawful act perpetrated by another, or during the
investigation of a criminal act.” 820 ILCS 320/10 (West 2012).
¶ 20 Section 10(a) of the Benefits Act required Mr. Cronin to demonstrate that he suffered a
catastrophic injury in the line of duty, and section 10(b) required him to show that the injury
occurred in one of four limited circumstances, including—as pertinent to this case—in “response
to what is reasonably believed to be an emergency.” 820 ILCS 320/10 (West 2012). If Mr.
Cronin has made the section 10(a) showing—that he suffered a catastrophic injury in the line of
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duty—then he has established that he suffered a catastrophic injury at work, and the question that
remains is whether the work that caused that injury falls into one of the specific section 10(b)
activities.
¶ 21 On appeal, the Village argues that the court erred in finding that Mr. Cronin met the
requirements of either section. However, as we discuss in greater detail in this opinion, much of
its argument rests on a misperception of what questions remain under section 10(b) once section
10(a) has been satisfied. We address each of the subsection requirements in turn.
¶ 22 A. Mr. Cronin Met the Requirements of Section 10(a) as a Matter of Law
¶ 23 It is undisputed that Mr. Cronin was awarded a line-of-duty disability pension on April 9,
2014, and our supreme court made clear in Heelan, 2015 IL 118170, that the award of a line-of-
duty disability pension establishes that an employee meets the requirements of section 10(a) of
the Benefits Act, as a matter of law.
¶ 24 In Heelan, the defendant was a police officer with a preexisting medical condition in his
right hip that was discovered only after it was aggravated when he slipped and fell on the ice
while responding to an emergency police call. Id. ¶¶ 4-5. Treatment of that preexisting condition
aggravated the same preexisting condition in his left hip. Id. ¶ 5. Ultimately, the officer had both
of his hips replaced and was unable to return to work. Id. He applied for and received a line-of-
duty disability pension pursuant to section 3-114.1 of the Illinois Pension Code (40 ILCS 5/3-
114.1 (West 2010)). Heelan, 2015 IL 118170, ¶ 7. The village that had employed the officer filed
a complaint for a declaratory judgment that it was not responsible under the Act to pay the
defendant’s health insurance benefits. Id. ¶ 9. Conceding that the officer met the requirements of
section 10(b) of the Act, because he was responding to an emergency call, the village argued that
the officer had not suffered a catastrophic injury as required by section 10(a). Id. The circuit
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court disagreed, finding the village owed the officer benefits under the Act, and the appellate
court affirmed. Id. ¶¶ 12-13.
¶ 25 Our supreme court also affirmed, in an opinion tracing the history of its decisions on this
issue. In Krohe v. City of Bloomington, 204 Ill. 2d 392 (2003), the court had construed the phrase
“catastrophic injury” under the Benefits Act as synonymous with an injury resulting in a line-of-
duty pension; in Nowak v. City of Country Club Hills, 2011 IL 111838, it had explained that
“catastrophic injury” under the Benefits Act is a term of art that means an injury that results in
the award of line-of duty disability pension; and in Gaffney v. Board of Trustees of the Orland
Fire Protection District, 2012 IL 110012, it had noted that the award of a line-of-duty pension
meant it was “undisputed” that the employee had suffered a catastrophic injury within the
meaning of section 10(a) of the Benefits Act. Heelan, 2015 IL 118170, ¶¶ 20-23. The Heelan
court rejected the suggestion that an employer was entitled to relitigate any of these issues in
response to an employee’s claim for benefits under the Benefits Act. Instead, as a matter of
statutory construction, the court in Heelan expressly held as follows:
“Because the legislature intended an injured public safety employee to be eligible for
benefits under section 10(a) of the Act whenever his or her injuries were sufficient to
qualify for a line-of-duty disability pension, the pension board’s award establishes as a
matter of law that the public safety employee suffered a catastrophic injury. [Citation.] In
the case at bar, the appellate court concluded: ‘Accordingly, where it is uncontroverted
that a line-of-duty disability pension has been awarded, section 10(a) is satisfied, and
there is no need to engage in discovery or present evidence regarding the claimant’s
injury.’ [Citation.] We agree and so hold.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 25.
¶ 26 The Village offers a couple of reasons why this unambiguous pronouncement should not
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apply in Mr. Cronin’s case and why the issue of whether Mr. Cronin satisfied the requirements of
section 10(a) remains open. We find neither of them persuasive.
¶ 27 The Village points out that Mr. Cronin did not request a line-of-duty disability pension,
but instead asked for an occupational disease disability pension, and that at the hearing before the
Pension Board the hearing officer misstated that Mr. Cronin had applied for a line-of-duty
disability pension. Our supreme court, however, was very clear that it is the “award” of a line-of-
duty disability pension that establishes a catastrophic injury as a matter of law. (Emphasis in
original.) Id.
¶ 28 The Village also argues that it is “problematic” for it to be bound in this case to a finding
of fact derived from the Board’s award of a line-of-duty disability pension because the Village
did not have “notice” that in the pension application proceedings Mr. Cronin might receive such
a pension. We reject this argument for several reasons.
¶ 29 First, Mr. Cronin filed his application for pension benefits in October 2013, which was
before our supreme court held, in Bremer, 2016 IL 119889, that an award of an occupational
disease disability pension does not satisfy section 10(a) of the Benefits Act. In Bremer, our
supreme court clarified that a public employee “cannot establish a catastrophic injury under
section 10(a) of the Benefits Act by simply showing that he suffered an injury resulting from his
service as a firefighter or an injury that occurred in the course of his employment. Rather, he
must establish an injury that resulted in a line-of-duty disability pension.” Id. ¶ 26. Mr. Cronin
applied for his pension prior to this holding, when it was still entirely possible that an award of
what he requested—an occupational disease disability pension—would also have satisfied the
requirements of section 10(a) of the Benefits Act.
¶ 30 Moreover, our supreme court in Heelan rejected the entire premise for the argument that
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the Village is making here when it suggests that it is unfair to bind it to a finding made by the
Pension Board when it did not participate in that proceeding. As the court explained:
“[O]ur analysis does not involve collateral estoppel, but rather statutory construction.
[The plaintiff’s] award of a line-of-duty disability pension establishes that he suffered a
catastrophic injury as a matter of law.
***
*** [T]o the extent that the [v]illage’s inability to litigate at [the defendant’s]
disability pension proceeding refers to his catastrophic injury as provided in section 10(a)
of the Act, the enactment of the statute itself afforded the [v]illage all of the process that
it was due.” (Emphasis in original and internal quotation marks omitted.) Heelan, 2015
IL 118170, ¶¶ 28-37.
¶ 31 In short, this case does not present some kind of unusual exception to Heelan, and the
requirements of section 10(a) of the Benefits Act were met as a matter of law.
¶ 32 B. Mr. Cronin Met the Requirements of Section 10(b) of the Benefits Act
¶ 33 Recognizing that Heelan limits its section 10(a) arguments, the Village attempts to frame
most of its arguments as disputing Mr. Cronin’s ability to meet the requirements of section 10(b).
Mr. Cronin takes the position that he has satisfied section 10(b) by demonstrating that his injury
“occurred as the result of” his response to the cardiac arrest call on February 24, 2013, which he
“reasonably believed to be an emergency” (820 ILCS 320/10(b) (West 2012)). In arguing that
Mr. Cronin failed to meet this burden of proof under section 10(b), the Village places great
emphasis on the phrase “occurred as the result of” Mr. Cronin’s preexisting ascending aortic
aneurysm and the inconclusive medical evidence as to what caused the aggravation of his
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aneurysm.
¶ 34 Most of the Village’s arguments fail to appreciate the limited scope of what actually
remained to be decided in Mr. Cronin’s case under section 10(b), once section 10(a) had been
satisfied as a matter of law. The circuit court recognized this in its initial decision in this case,
but appears to have lost sight of it on rehearing.
¶ 35 Section 10(a) requires that a public employee suffer a catastrophic injury and that he or
she do so while “in the line of duty.” (Emphasis added.) 820 ILCS 320/10(a) (West 2012). In this
case, then, the question before us with respect to section 10(b) cannot be whether Mr. Cronin has
shown his catastrophic injury happened in the line of duty (i.e., at work), but rather is whether
the catastrophic injury suffered in the line of duty “occurred as the result of” one of the four
specific line-of-duty scenarios presented in section 10(b).
¶ 36 To be sure, Heelan does not foreclose the possibility that an employee who has received a
line-of-duty disability pension may not be entitled to benefits under the Act because that
employee does not meet the additional criteria for an award of benefits under section 10(b). The
question of whether section 10(b) criteria have been met has been a real issue in several recent
cases. See, e.g., Marquardt, 2018 IL App (1st) 163186, ¶ 20 (police officer’s entitlement to
benefits under section 10(b) of the Act turned on whether his injury from stepping up onto a
truck to inspect an overweight load was “the result of *** an unlawful act perpetrated by
another” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Wilczak v. Village of Lombard, 2016 IL App (2d)
160205, ¶ 15 (firefighter’s entitlement to benefits under section 10(b) of the Act turned on
whether his injury from lifting a disabled citizen who suffered from multiple sclerosis from the
floor to a bed “was sustained in response to what was reasonably believed to be an emergency”).
¶ 37 As these cases demonstrate, there may be factual issues regarding causation where the
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fact finder is looking for the connection between the employee’s injury and one of the four
specific scenarios listed in section 10(b). In such cases, it is proper to focus on whether a causal
connection satisfying the phrase “occurred as the result of” has been shown. Compare
Marquardt, 2018 IL App (1st) 163186, ¶ 24 (“we conclude that [the plaintiff’s] catastrophic knee
injury was clearly a consequence or effect of [the criminal’s] unlawful act of driving an
overweight truck”), with id. ¶ 31 (Mason, J., dissenting) (“Certainly [the plaintiff] would not
have been injured but for [the criminal’s] unlawful act, but his injury was not a result of that act.”
(Emphases in original.)).
¶ 38 Here, however, in contrast to those cases cited above, there are no section 10(b) factual
issues. In this case, there was evidence of only one work-related injury—the incident on
February 24, 2013. The Village offered absolutely no evidence that any other work-related
incident could be the basis for Mr. Cronin’s award of a line-of-duty disability pension. The
causal connection between this incident and Mr. Cronin’s catastrophic injury was established as
a matter of law by his being awarded a line-of-duty disability pension.
¶ 39 There was also no genuine issue of material fact as to whether this incident met one of
the four specific section 10(b) criteria. Mr. Cronin presented evidence that his actions on
February 24, 2013, were a “response to what [he] reasonably believed to be an emergency” (820
ILCS 320/10(b) (West 2012)), and the Village presented no evidence to the contrary.
¶ 40 In short, because the Village presented absolutely no evidence to dispute Mr. Cronin’s
evidence that he met the criteria of section 10(b), there were no disputed factual issues on section
10(b) and thus summary judgment was properly awarded to Mr. Cronin.
¶ 41 The Village offers several reasons that it believes the causation requirement remains an
issue in this case, notwithstanding Mr. Cronin’s award of a line-of-duty disability pension and
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the Village’s own failure to dispute either that the February 24, 2013, incident was the basis for
that award or that Mr. Cronin’s actions on that day were a response to what he reasonably
believed to be an emergency.
¶ 42 The Village contends that courts cannot rely on any finding of causation made by the
Pension Board in its award of a line-of-duty disability pension because the Benefits Act is to be
narrowly construed and pension laws are to be construed liberally. Compare Bremer, 2016 IL
119889, ¶ 32 (regarding benefits), with Carmichael v. Laborers’ & Retirement Board
Employees’ Annuity & Benefit Fund, 2018 IL 122793, ¶ 24 (regarding pensions).
¶ 43 But under Heelan, we are required to accept a pension board’s award of a pension as
equivalent to a finding that an employee suffered a catastrophic injury in the line of duty. If we
are required to accept that finding, we are required to accept the causal connection between the
employee’s catastrophic injury and the employee’s work. As the supreme court noted in Heelan,
its interpretation of section 10(a) has been in play since Krohe was decided in 2003, and “the
legislature has not altered [the supreme] court’s construction of ‘catastrophic injury’ as used in
section 10(a) of the Act.” Heelan, 2015 IL 118170, ¶ 27. And the supreme court’s interpretation
of a statute “is considered part of the statute itself until the legislature amends it contrary to that
interpretation.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. So, notwithstanding any tenet of statutory
construction, the award of a line-of-duty disability pension means that something at work caused
a catastrophic injury; that finding by the pension board binds municipalities and courts in our
interpretation of the Benefits Act.
¶ 44 The Village also argues that the aggravation of a preexisting condition cannot be an
injury contemplated by the Benefits Act and that Mr. Cronin clearly had a preexisting condition.
But our supreme court has recognized that in some cases an employee’s entitlement to both a
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line-of-duty pension and to benefits under the Benefits Act will be the result of work stresses on
a preexisting condition. Indeed, in Heelan the plaintiff had preexisting osteoarthritis which was
aggravated by his work-related injury. Id. ¶ 5. In the line of cases leading up to Heelan, our
supreme court also recognized that preexisting injuries might play a role in the award of pensions
and benefits under the Benefits Act. The court noted in one of those cases:
“[T]here are cases in which” “the condition that renders the officer permanently disabled
will result not from a discreet, one-time injury but rather from the accumulation of
several prior injuries or the aggravation of a preexisting injury or condition.” Nowak,
2011 IL 111838, ¶ 21.
¶ 45 The Village’s remaining argument is that it cannot be “collaterally estopped” by any
finding of the Pension Board. It cites to Pedersen v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 2014 IL App
(1st) 123402, and Oskroba v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 404 Ill. App. 3d 692 (2010), abrogated
on other grounds, Gaffney, 2012 IL 110012. In these decisions, the courts recognized that
“collateral estoppel” would not bar a municipality from disputing an employee’s entitlement to
benefits, since the municipality was a separate entity from the pension board. Pedersen, 2014 IL
App (1st) 123402, ¶¶ 42-47; Oskroba, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 697. In both of these cases, the
municipality had a genuine dispute, which the courts recognized it was entitled to litigate, as to
whether the work incident that caused the catastrophic injury was the employee’s response to
what he “reasonably believed to be an emergency.” Pedersen, 2014 IL App (1st) 123402, ¶¶ 51-
58; Oskroba, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 699-700.
¶ 46 Mr. Cronin is not suggesting that collateral estoppel applies here. As our supreme court
explained in Heelan, municipalities are bound by the award of a line-of-duty disability pension
as a matter of statutory construction, not collateral estoppel. The Pension Board’s award of a
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line-of-duty disability pension is controlling only as to section 10(a) of the Benefits Act. Heelan,
2015 IL 118170, ¶ 28. As both Heelan and this decision make clear, a municipality remains free
to dispute whether the line-of-duty activity that caused the catastrophic injury meets one the four
specified criteria in section 10(b).
¶ 47 In summary, because Mr. Cronin was awarded a line-of-duty disability pension by the
Pension Board, he met the requirements of section 10(a) of the Benefits Act—that he suffered a
catastrophic injury in the line of duty—as a matter of law. Mr. Cronin also met the requirements
of section 10(b): the only work-related incident that was presented as a cause of his injury was
his act of holding the stretcher as a cardiac patient was dropped onto it and he presented
uncontradicted evidence that he reasonably believed he was responding to an emergency.
Accordingly, Mr. Cronin is entitled to benefits under the Act, and the circuit court properly
granted summary judgment in favor of Mr. Cronin and against the Village.
¶ 48 IV. CONCLUSION
¶ 49 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 50 Affirmed.
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