People v. Lyons , 2013 IL App (2d) 120392 ( 2013 )


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  •                            ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
    Appellate Court
    People v. Lyons, 
    2013 IL App (2d) 120392
    Appellate Court            THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
    Caption                    KEVIN LYONS, Defendant-Appellant.
    District & No.             Second District
    Docket No. 2-12-0392
    Filed                      June 10, 2013
    Held                       In a prosecution for possession of child pornography, the trial court’s
    (Note: This syllabus       denial of defendant’s motion to suppress computer disks his wife gave to
    constitutes no part of     the police was upheld, since the record showed the disks were kept in a
    the opinion of the court   cabinet in the home defendant shared with his wife and children,
    but has been prepared      defendant’s wife, pursuant to Matlock, was presumed to have a right of
    by the Reporter of         access to the cabinet and its contents, especially in the absence of any
    Decisions for the          directives from or security measures by defendant reserving the cabinet
    convenience of the         or disks to himself, and her consent to a search of the disks was valid.
    reader.)
    Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kendall County, No. 08-CF-462; the
    Review                     Hon. Grant S. Wegner and the Hon. John A. Barsanti, Judges, presiding.
    Judgment                   Affirmed.
    Counsel on                 Ned C. Khan, of Law Offices of Ned C. Khan, of Aurora, for appellant.
    Appeal
    Eric C. Weis, State’s Attorney, of Yorkville (Lawrence M. Bauer and
    Edward R. Psenicka, both of State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s
    Office, of counsel), for the People.
    Panel                      JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
    Justices Zenoff and Hudson concurred in the judgment and opinion.
    OPINION
    ¶1          Following a bench trial, defendant, Kevin Lyons, was convicted of possession of child
    pornography. He appeals the denial of his motion to suppress evidence in the form of
    electronic media that his wife gathered from their home and delivered to the police. For the
    following reasons, we affirm.
    ¶2                                        BACKGROUND
    ¶3           In January 2009, defendant was indicted on multiple counts of possession of child
    pornography (720 ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(6) (West 2008)). In March 2009, he filed a motion to
    suppress “two boxes of miscellaneous computer floppy disks and CD/DVDs” that his wife,
    Mona Lyons (Lyons), had brought to the police station in October 2008.
    ¶4           The trial court heard the motion on May 4, 2009. Yorkville police sergeant Larry Hilt
    testified that, on October 27, 2008, Lyons came to the Yorkville police station. At
    approximately 3 p.m. that day, he spoke with Lyons, who reported she had concerns about
    defendant. Lyons related that she had expelled defendant from the family home three days
    earlier. Defendant had been residing with Lyons, Ka. L., their biological daughter, and Ke.
    L., Lyons’ daughter from a different relationship. Lyons told Hilt that she had expelled
    defendant from the home because Ka. L. had said that defendant touched her inappropriately.
    Lyons also recounted to Hilt that, approximately one year before her meeting with Hilt, she
    caught defendant masturbating in their home while at his computer. Defendant was holding
    three pairs of Ke. L.’s underwear and saying “something about [Ke. L.’s] tight ass and that
    she wanted him.” Lyons was “fairly far away” from the computer but could see that
    defendant was viewing an image of a “young girl” on the screen as he masturbated and spoke
    about Ke. L. Hilt noted that Lyons did not say what she believed was the age of the young
    girl or whether she believed that the image was pornography. Lyons reported that, after she
    caught defendant, she told him she wanted him to leave. Defendant replied that he would
    agree to go to counseling. Defendant continued to reside with Lyons. Lyons told Hilt that she
    -2-
    later expelled defendant after Ka. L. made her accusation.
    ¶5        Hilt further testified that, at the end of the interview, Lyons gave him two boxes
    containing various floppy disks and DVDs (collectively, disks). Lyons informed him that the
    disks “all belong[ed] to [defendant]” except for one that might have belonged to Ke. L.
    According to Hilt, Lyons said that “she didn’t have an ownership interest in [the] disks.”
    Later in his testimony, however, Hilt clarified that Lyons never used the phrase “ownership
    interest.” According to Hilt, “the only indication that [he] had regarding ownership of the
    disks” was that Lyons told him they belonged to defendant. Hilt further indicated that Lyons
    said that the disks “were stored in a metal cabinet in a family[-]type room” in the family
    home along with defendant’s two computers. Defendant “put in a password [on the
    computers] so she couldn’t use [them].” Lyons did not know the password. Regarding the
    metal cabinet, Lyons said that defendant “usually kept [it] locked” but that she and defendant
    each had a key. Lyons told Hilt that she did not know what was on the disks, but that she
    “didn’t want them in her house.” Hilt took the two boxes of disks “for safekeeping.”
    ¶6        According to Hilt, Lyons said that, on October 25, one day after she expelled defendant
    from the family home, she obtained an order of protection against him. That same day,
    defendant contacted the police himself and said he wanted to retrieve his computers from the
    residence. The police then contacted Lyons and told her that she would have to let defendant
    have his computers. On October 25, defendant returned to the residence and retrieved various
    computer hardware, including towers, monitors, and keyboards. According to what Lyons
    related to Hilt, defendant did not ask for or take any of the disks. Later, on December 10,
    2008, defendant’s attorney faxed to the police a list of property that he wanted returned. The
    list described, inter alia, disks in a metal cabinet.
    ¶7        Hilt described what he did with the disks following his meeting with Lyons. Hilt put the
    disks “on the back burner” because he was more concerned with the possibility that
    defendant sexually molested Ka. L. On November 12, 2008, Hilt began to inspect the
    contents of the disks. Hilt did not seek a warrant beforehand and had no “information about
    what was contained on the disks.” Hilt further acknowledged that he never informed
    defendant that the police possessed the disks. Hilt testified as follows as to why he believed
    he had authority to search the disks:
    “Q. Officer, you testified that Mona Lyons gave you consent to search these disks,
    correct?[1]
    A. She did not actually, no.
    Q. She did not give you consent?
    A. No.
    Q. So you just searched these on your own authority, correct?
    A. No.
    Q. Why did you think you could search them?
    A. Because it was my impression that she left them at the police department as
    1
    Actually, Hilt had given no such testimony.
    -3-
    abandoned property.
    Q. Okay. She left them as abandoned property. That’s what your belief was?
    A. I believe that she gave them to me so they could be searched.
    Q. But she never told you that you could search these, correct?
    A. Correct.
    Q. And she told you that these didn’t belong to her, they belonged to [defendant], her
    husband, correct?
    A. Correct.”
    On November 12, Hilt searched several of the disks but found nothing illegal. That same day,
    he gave the disks to Yorkville police officer Jon Helland for assistance in searching them.
    Two days later, Helland informed Hilt that he had found materials resembling child
    pornography. On November 18, Hilt and Helland obtained a search warrant that simply
    described the disks Lyons had given Hilt. After searching more of the disks, Hilt and Helland
    found further materials resembling child pornography. According to Hilt, none of the data
    on the disks was protected by password. On December 15, 2008, Hilt and Helland obtained
    a search warrant for defendant’s computer hardware. Meanwhile, on December 14, 2008,
    defendant, by court permission, returned to the family home to retrieve some of his
    belongings. The police had returned the boxes of disks to the home, and when defendant took
    possession of the boxes, he was arrested.
    ¶8         Lyons testified next. She stated that, when she met with Hilt on October 27, 2008, she
    told him that Ka. L. had accused defendant of touching her inappropriately. Lyons also told
    Hilt of an earlier occasion where she caught defendant “watching pornography on the
    computer of a young girl” while he was masturbating with Ke. L.’s underwear and “saying
    something about her tight ass and you want me.” Lyons could see that the girl on the screen
    was young, but was not sure how old she was, and so Lyons was not positive that “it was
    actually [child] pornography.” Lyons told Hilt that she expelled defendant from the family
    home on October 24 and that, the next day, defendant returned for his computers but
    retrieved nothing else.
    ¶9         Lyons stated that, at the October 27 meeting, she gave Hilt two boxes of disks. The disks
    were taken from “a back room [in the family home] that would be considered maybe a family
    room.” Specifically, the disks were stored in a metal cabinet that was normally locked. Lyons
    and defendant each had a key to the cabinet. Also in the room with the metal cabinet were
    defendant’s two computers. Lyons recalled that she told Hilt that the disks “were
    [defendant’s].”
    ¶ 10       At the close of evidence, defendant argued that Lyons had no authority to consent to the
    search of the disks that she brought to Hilt. Further, defendant argued that the police would
    not have had probable cause to seize and search the disks on their own.
    ¶ 11       In response, the State argued several theories. In addition to challenging defendant’s
    claims of lack of consent and probable cause, the State argued the alternative theories that
    defendant abandoned the disks and that the police search of them was justified on
    community-caretaking grounds.
    -4-
    ¶ 12       The trial court made an oral ruling denying the motion to suppress. First, the trial court
    rejected the theories of abandonment and community caretaking. Second, the court
    determined that Lyons consented, and had authority to consent, to a search of the disks.
    Beginning with the predicate finding that “[c]learly, [Lyons] gave the disks to [Hilt] for
    purposes of searching their content,” the court distinguished two issues. First, the court
    determined that, since Lyons “had a key to the locked cabinet and there were no explicit
    instructions to not allow anyone into the cabinet,” she had “the right to consent to [a] search
    [of] the cabinet.”2 The court next determined that Lyons “had authority to consent to the
    search of the disks.” The court reasoned:
    “[I]t would appear that the disks were not secured or protected, nor was there evidence
    presented which would indicate that the defendant had given explicit instructions not to
    allow anyone to view the disks.”
    ¶ 13       Lastly, the court alternatively found that the police would have had probable cause to
    seize the disks.
    ¶ 14       At defendant’s bench trial, he renewed his motion to suppress. Lyons testified
    consistently with her testimony at the suppression hearing. She additionally testified that she
    did not own a computer in October 2008, that she is “computer illiterate,” and that she does
    not know how to download data from a computer to portable media such as a floppy disk or
    DVD.
    ¶ 15       Both Lyons and Hilt testified that, on December 8, 2008, she made, at the behest of the
    police, a call to defendant to arrange for his retrieval of items left at the house. Hilt recorded
    the phone conversation, a transcript of which was admitted into evidence at trial. During the
    conversation, Lyons offered to gather items for defendant to take when he arrived. Defendant
    told Lyons he wanted the “disks” and also declared that “almost everything in the cabinet”
    belonged to him.
    ¶ 16       During his testimony, Hilt was asked whether the December 8 conversation was the first
    mention he heard of a metal cabinet where the disks were stored. Hilt believed that Lyons
    might have mentioned the metal cabinet when he first spoke with her in October 2008. Hilt
    was then shown his police reports in the case, and he admitted that the metal cabinet was first
    mentioned in association with the December 8 conversation. Hilt admitted that, if Lyons had
    told him earlier about the cabinet, he “probably” would have recorded her statement in his
    reports, as it would have been “an important fact.”
    ¶ 17       Based on Hilt’s admissions at trial, defendant argued that, when Hilt received the disks
    from Lyons (in October 2008) and later searched them (in November 2008), he did not have
    information to suggest that Lyons had authority to consent to a search of the disks. The trial
    court denied the renewed motion to suppress.
    ¶ 18       Following the remainder of the evidence, the court convicted defendant of possession of
    child pornography. He filed this timely appeal.
    2
    There was no actual police search of the cabinet. Apparently, the trial court was analyzing
    whether Lyons had authority both to take the disks from the cabinet and to consent to their search.
    -5-
    ¶ 19                                         ANALYSIS
    ¶ 20       Defendant challenges, on several grounds, the trial court’s denial of his motion to
    suppress. We employ a bifurcated standard in reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress.
    People v. Clendenin, 
    238 Ill. 2d 302
    , 328 (2010). The trial court’s factual findings will be
    sustained unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. 
    Id. “The reviewing
           court then assesses the established facts in relation to the issues presented and may draw its
    own conclusions in deciding what relief, if any, should be granted.” 
    Id. Accordingly, we
           review de novo the ultimate legal question of whether suppression is warranted. 
    Id. ¶ 21
          The State raises the threshold issue of whether the constitutional restriction on searches
    and seizures was even implicated here. Both the fourth amendment to the United States
    Constitution and article I, section 6, of the Illinois Constitution protect citizens from
    unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const., amend. IV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 6. The
    State asserts that “it cannot be argued that [Lyons] was acting as an agent for the police when
    she collected the disks and turned them over to the police.” The State cites authorities
    stemming from Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 
    403 U.S. 443
    (1971), and holding that, where
    a private individual, not “act[ing] as an ‘instrument’ or agent of the state” (id. at 487)
    delivers evidence to the police, there has been no seizure under the fourth amendment. We
    agree that Lyons was not acting as an agent of the State when she delivered the disks to the
    police. If, then, the incriminating nature of the disks had been immediately apparent to the
    police, no justification would have been needed for further police action with respect to
    them. See Commonwealth v. Harris, 
    817 A.2d 1033
    , 1048 (Pa. 2003) (the police’s reading
    of letters delivered by a private individual did not constitute a search implicating the fourth
    amendment). The import of the disks was not obvious, however, but rather the police
    employed technology to discern their contents. If Lyons had searched even one of the disks
    and told the police that she suspected it contained child pornography, the State might have
    had a colorable argument that the police search of the disks did not exceed the scope of the
    prior, private search. See People v. Phillips, 
    215 Ill. 2d 554
    , 566 (2005) (“the fourth
    amendment does not prohibit the government from using information discovered by a private
    search, because the private search has already frustrated any expectation that the information
    will remain private”; where a private search has already occurred, the question is whether the
    police search exceeded the scope of the private search); Rann v. Atchison, 
    689 F.3d 832
    , 836-
    37 (7th Cir. 2012) (“ ‘police exceed the scope of a prior private search when they examine
    a closed container that was not opened by the private searche[r]s unless the police are already
    substantially certain of what is inside that container based on the statements of the private
    searche[r]s, their replication of the private search, and their expertise’ ” (quoting United
    States v. Runyan, 
    275 F.3d 449
    , 463 (5th Cir. 2001))). Lyons, however, told Hilt that she did
    not know what any of the disks contained. Evidently, then, she had not searched the disks
    herself. As there was no private search, defendant’s expectation of privacy in the contents
    of the disks had not already been frustrated when the police search occurred. Consequently,
    the police search of the disks implicated the fourth amendment and, therefore, was subject
    to constitutional restraints.
    ¶ 22       The trial court determined that the search of the disks was justified by Lyons’ consent.
    -6-
    “A well-settled, specific exception to the fourth amendment’s warrant requirement is a search
    conducted pursuant to consent.” People v. Pitman, 
    211 Ill. 2d 502
    , 523 (2004). The State has
    the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that valid consent was given.
    People v. Miller, 
    346 Ill. App. 3d 972
    , 986 (2004).
    ¶ 23        Defendant argues as an initial matter that Lyons did not, in fact, grant the police
    permission to search the disks. Hilt testified both that he believed that Lyons left the disks
    “as abandoned property” and that he believed that “she gave them to [him] so they could be
    searched.” The trial court expressly found that Lyons gave the police the disks so that they
    could search them. We will disturb this finding of historical fact only if it is against the
    manifest weight of the evidence. Disputing this finding, defendant states:
    “The record is clear that [Hilt] never expressly asked [Lyons] if he could search the
    computer disks that she gave to him. The record is equally clear that [Lyons] never
    expressly told [Hilt] that he had permission to search the computer disks. For this search
    to be deemed valid, the court would have to imply the request to search from [Hilt] and
    imply the consent to search from [Lyons].”
    Defendant cites authority from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals holding that, where the
    police have not specifically requested permission to enter a private dwelling, consent to enter
    will not be inferred from the defendant’s failure to object. See United States v. Shaibu, 
    920 F.2d 1423
    , 1428 (9th Cir. 1990). This federal precedent is neither binding (Bowman v.
    American River Transportation Co., 
    217 Ill. 2d 75
    , 91-92 (2005)) nor persuasive, as the facts
    are materially different from this case. We are dealing here not with unsolicited police entry
    into a private dwelling, but with a purely voluntary delivery of items to the police. Not only
    has defendant cited no apposite authority, but the pertinent authority cited by the State
    defeats his claim. See People v. McCracken, 
    30 Ill. 2d 425
    , 429 (1964) (“when defendant
    willingly handed over the articles to the officer at his request[,] this action implied consent
    to the examination [by the police]”). Accordingly, we will not disturb the trial court’s finding
    that Lyons in fact granted the police permission to search the disks.
    ¶ 24        Next, defendant argues that Lyons had no authority to consent to a search of the disks.
    The State relies, as did the trial court, on the concept of “common authority.” In United
    States v. Matlock, 
    415 U.S. 164
    , 171 (1974), the United States Supreme Court held that
    “when the prosecution seeks to justify a warrantless search by proof of voluntary consent,
    it is not limited to proof that consent was given by the defendant, but may show that
    permission to search was obtained from a third party who possessed common authority over
    or other sufficient relationship to the premises or effects sought to be inspected.” The Court
    explained that common authority is
    “not to be implied from the mere property interest a third party has in the property. The
    authority which justifies the third-party consent does not rest upon the law of property,
    with its attendant historical and legal refinements [citations] but rests rather on mutual
    use of the property by persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes,
    so that it is reasonable to recognize that any of the co-inhabitants has the right to permit
    the inspection in his own right and that the others have assumed the risk that one of their
    number might permit the common area to be searched.” 
    Id. at 171
    n.7.
    -7-
    Common authority may be actual or apparent. 
    Miller, 346 Ill. App. 3d at 985
    . In assessing
    whether apparent authority exists, the court determines “whether the circumstances known
    to the police at the time of the entry or opening would warrant a person of reasonable caution
    in the belief that the consenting party had authority over the premises or effects.” 
    Id. at 986
           (citing Illinois v. Rodriguez, 
    497 U.S. 177
    , 188-89 (1990)). Defendant claims that Hilt’s
    testimony at trial calls into question whether he or Helland knew, before their search of the
    disks, that Lyons had acquired them from a cabinet to which she and defendant both had
    access. Hilt’s trial testimony might indeed impact whether Lyons appeared to him to have
    authority to consent to a search of the disks. Lyons herself testified, however, that she did,
    in fact, have access to the cabinet. In discussing the issue of consent, the trial court appeared
    to rely on the relationship it found to have actually existed between Lyons and defendant and
    his possessions. The court did not distinguish actual from apparent authority. On our reading
    of its analysis, the court found actual authority and did not address the issue of apparent
    authority. Inasmuch as we uphold the finding of actual authority, we need not, and will not,
    address whether apparent authority existed.
    ¶ 25        In explaining why we uphold the finding of actual authority, we begin with an important
    point that defendant raises on the issue of third-party consent: common authority over an area
    does not necessarily include authority over closed containers within that area. For this
    proposition, defendant cites Miller, which derived it from a concurring opinion in United
    States v. Karo, 
    468 U.S. 705
    , 724 (1984) (O’Connor, J., concurring in part and concurring
    in the judgment, joined by Rehnquist, J.): “A homeowner’s consent to a search of the home
    may not be effective consent to a search of a closed object inside the home.” In Miller, the
    defendant was the house guest of Michael DeMong, who owned the house but resided
    elsewhere. DeMong permitted the defendant to store items in a cabinet that DeMong himself
    was using for some of his possessions. DeMong secured the cabinet with a padlock and
    provided the defendant the only two keys to the cabinet. When DeMong wished to access the
    cabinet, he would pry it open or ask the defendant to open it for him. Miller, 
    346 Ill. App. 3d
    at 976. One day, DeMong reported to the police that he had seen contraband inside the
    cabinet. The police followed DeMong to the house and, with his consent, forcibly opened the
    cabinet. Inside, the police found a closed duffel bag, which DeMong immediately identified
    as belonging to the defendant. The police opened the bag and found contraband within. 
    Id. at 976,
    983.
    ¶ 26        The appellate court held that, though DeMong had access to the cabinet, he lacked actual
    or apparent authority to consent to a search of the duffel bag. The court cited the principle
    from the Karo concurring opinion, contextualizing it as follows: “[W]hen a guest in a private
    home has a private container to which the homeowner has no right of access, the homeowner
    lacks the power to give effective consent to a search of the closed container.” 
    Id. at 986
    . The
    court went on:
    “DeMong did not have actual authority to consent to a search of the duffel bag. ***
    The State presented absolutely no proof whatsoever that defendant actually conferred
    upon DeMong ‘joint access or control’ over the duffel bag. To the contrary, when the
    police opened the locked storage cabinet and found the duffel bag, DeMong disavowed
    any ownership interest in the bag, informing the police that the bag belonged to
    -8-
    defendant. [Citation.]
    In addition, the State failed to demonstrate that DeMong had apparent authority to
    consent to a search of the duffel bag. *** If the facts available to the officers at the time
    of the search would not warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that the
    consenting party had authority over the object sought to be inspected, then warrantless
    entry without further inquiry is unlawful unless authority actually exists. [Citation.] ***
    As soon as DeMong informed police that the bag was not his, it was incumbent upon the
    officers to make further inquiry into whether DeMong had ‘common authority’ over the
    duffel bag. The officers did not make this inquiry. The officers did not ask DeMong
    whether he stored any possessions in the duffel bag or made use of the duffel bag for any
    purpose. [Citation.] Accordingly, we find that the State failed to sustain its burden of
    demonstrating that DeMong had apparent authority to consent to a search of the duffel
    bag found in the storage locker.” 
    Id. at 987-88.
    ¶ 27       Defendant relies on the following factual similarities between Miller and the present case.
    In both cases, the consenting party and the defendant shared access to a space (a cabinet), and
    the police searched a container that was either currently located within that space or
    previously retrieved from it by the consenting party. In both cases, the consenting party
    informed the police, prior to the search, that the container did not belong to him or her.
    Miller is not controlling here, however. The more pertinent cases are those in which the
    consenting party and the defendant are spouses or unmarried cohabitants.
    ¶ 28       We begin with the Supreme Court’s decision in Matlock. The defendant in Matlock was
    arrested on the front lawn of a house. The police believed that he was living in the house, but
    did not ask his consent to enter. Rather, the police went to the front door and were greeted
    by Gayle Graff, who resided in the house with the defendant and several others. Graff
    “consented voluntarily to the search of the house, including the east bedroom on the second
    floor which she said was jointly occupied by [the defendant] and herself.” 
    Matlock, 415 U.S. at 166
    . The police searched the east bedroom on the second floor and found “$4,995 in cash
    *** in a diaper bag in the only closet in the room.” 
    Id. at 166-67.
    There was evidence at the
    suppression hearing that the defendant and Graff had resided together for months before the
    search, that they had held themselves out as husband and wife, and that when the police
    searched the bedroom they found items used by males and females. 
    Id. at 168-69.
    The trial
    court ruled some of this evidence inadmissible and suppressed the money seized from the
    bedroom. 
    Id. at 167-68.
    The Court reversed the evidentiary rulings and remanded the case
    for the trial court to consider the suppression motion in light of the admissible evidence. 
    Id. at 177-78.
    The Court commented, however, that, based on the admissible evidence, the
    prosecution sustained its burden of proving that Graff had actual authority to consent to a
    search of the diaper bag in the closet. 
    Id. at 177.3
    ¶ 29       Matlock was cited by our supreme court in People v. Stacey, 
    58 Ill. 2d 83
    , 85-86 (1974),
    the facts of which the court succinctly stated as follows:
    3
    The Court commented that it need not consider the issue of Graff’s apparent authority to
    consent. 
    Id. at 177
    n.14.
    -9-
    “Mrs. Todd was murdered on November 22, 1957. Defendant was a photographer
    who had an appointment to photograph Mrs. Todd’s baby at her home. The police
    arrested the defendant in his home at about 9 p.m. the same evening and, after
    questioning him, noticed scratches on his arm, his nose and a spot of blood on his
    undershirt. Police officers were then sent to the defendant’s home to obtain the shirt he
    had been wearing that day. At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the defendant’s wife
    testified that her husband had changed shirts during the day and that during the evening
    he had informed her that the shirt ‘is in the bottom drawer.’ After the police had taken
    the defendant to the police station she went into their bedroom, took the shirt from the
    bottom drawer of the dresser, looked at it and then put it back in the drawer. Later when
    her father came to their apartment she again took the shirt from the bottom drawer and
    showed it to him. Her father told her that she should not let her mother take the shirt to
    be washed with the other clothes because it might have something to do with what the
    police were talking to the defendant about. When the policemen asked her for the shirt
    she went to the bedroom and obtained the shirt from the bottom dresser drawer and gave
    it to them. The policemen did not go into the bedroom.”
    ¶ 30       The court held that the evidence established that the defendant’s wife had common
    authority over the bedroom, including the dresser drawer from which she took the shirt:
    “Although the evidence shows that the bottom dresser drawer from which the shirt was
    taken was used by the defendant alone, the dresser was located in the bedroom mutually
    used by the defendant and his wife. Instead of establishing limited access to and control
    of the bedroom, the dresser, or the bottom drawer of the dresser, the evidence establishes
    a mutual use and control of the room and its equipment and the wife’s right of access to
    the bottom dresser drawer. The dresser was not locked and the wife was not instructed
    not to look into the drawer. To the contrary, the defendant told his wife that the shirt was
    in the bottom drawer, and her conduct in opening the drawer, looking at the shirt,
    returning it, and then subsequently again removing it from the drawer to show it to her
    father and again returning it, indicates that she had free access to this drawer. The mere
    fact that the defendant alone may have used this dresser drawer while his wife may have
    used another or another dresser does not indicate that the wife was denied the mutual use,
    access to or control of the drawer.
    *** [W]e must hold that in view of the mutual use of the bedroom, the wife’s right
    to access the dresser drawer located in that room, the defendant’s disclosure to his wife
    that the shirt was in the drawer and his lack of instruction denying her and others access
    to the drawer, the defendant clearly assumed the risk that his wife would consent to a
    search of the room, including the bottom dresser drawer from which the blood-stained
    shirt was taken.” 
    Id. at 89-90.
    ¶ 31       For purposes of comparing the present case to Matlock, Stacey, and Miller, we view the
    disks as “containers” analogous to the diaper bag in Matlock, the dresser drawer in Stacey,
    and the duffel bag in Miller. We note that the starting principle in Miller (the case on which
    defendant relies) was that, on the question of third-party consent, control over a space does
    not necessarily translate to control over discrete containers within that space. The court in
    Miller had proof that DeMong, the consenting party, had access to the cabinet, but the court
    -10-
    would not thereby presume that DeMong had authority over the duffel bag inside. Rather,
    the court required independent proof that DeMong had authority over the bag. Not only did
    the State fail to produce evidence that DeMong’s control extended to the duffel bag, but there
    was positive evidence that the bag did not belong to DeMong. In Matlock, by contrast, the
    Court did apply a presumption of authority and control. The Court believed that sufficient
    evidence of Graff’s authority over the containers within the bedroom closet lay in the fact
    that she and Graff were cohabitants (holding themselves out as husband and wife) who
    shared the bedroom. The Court required no further proof to justify the police search of the
    diaper bag within the bedroom closet.
    ¶ 32        Professor Wayne R. LaFave interprets our supreme court’s decision in Stacey as
    following “the Matlock assumption of risk approach,” under which “the question is not
    whether the object seized was a personal effect of the nonconsenting spouse, but rather
    whether the object was kept in a place devoted to his exclusive use.” 4 Wayne R. LaFave,
    Search and Seizure § 8.4(a), at 261-62 (5th ed. 2012). Moreover, “the requisite exclusive use
    is not established by the mere fact that only the other spouse had theretofore made it a
    practice to use the particular area searched; something more specific by way of a showing
    that the consenting spouse was denied access is required.” 
    Id. at 262;
    see United States v.
    Duran, 
    957 F.2d 499
    , 505 (7th Cir. 1992) (“a spouse presumptively has authority to consent
    to a search of all areas of the homestead; the nonconsenting spouse may rebut this
    presumption only by showing that the consenting spouse was denied access to the particular
    area searched”). The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals has suggested that it is the intimacy
    of the marital relationship that justifies a presumption of common authority that is not
    appropriate in the case of mere roommates or house guests (e.g., the Miller case). See 
    Duran, 957 F.2d at 504-05
    . (Of course, from Matlock we see that the presumption is appropriate in
    the case of certain unmarried cohabitants.)
    ¶ 33        We agree with Professor LaFave that Stacey employs the Matlock presumption. Under
    Illinois law, proof that spouses have common authority over a space is, without more,
    rebuttable proof that each spouse has authority not only over containers within that space that
    are jointly owned or used by the spouses, but also over containers owned or in practice used
    by one spouse alone. The presumption does not require the State to prove that the spouse
    who solely owns or uses the container has specifically authorized the other spouse to access
    it; the presumption arises simply from the fact of common authority over the space itself.
    ¶ 34        Our interpretation of Stacey is guided by the fact that, when the case was decided, the
    supreme court followed the “limited lockstep” approach to constitutional search-and-seizure
    questions, which it still follows to this day. See People v. Caballes, 
    221 Ill. 2d 282
    , 292
    (2006) (the limited lockstep approach “has deep roots in Illinois and was firmly in place
    before the adoption of the 1970 constitution”); People v. Williams, 
    27 Ill. 2d 542
    , 544 (1963)
    (“Even before the Supreme Court’s decision that the provisions of the fourth amendment
    apply to the States under the fourteenth amendment [citation], this court had followed the
    Supreme Court decisions interpreting the fourth amendment in our interpretation *** of the
    Illinois constitution. [Citation.] We continue to follow its decisions interpreting the fourth
    amendment as to what are reasonable searches and seizures.”). On search-and-seizure
    questions, our supreme court will construe our state constitution as affording greater
    -11-
    protections than the federal constitution only if it “ ‘find[s] in the language of our
    constitution, or in the debates and the committee reports of the constitutional convention,
    something which will indicate that the provisions of our constitution are intended to be
    construed differently than are similar provisions in the Federal Constitution, after which they
    are patterned.’ ” 
    Caballes, 221 Ill. 2d at 310
    (quoting People v. Tisler, 
    103 Ill. 2d 226
    , 245
    (1984)).
    ¶ 35       In Stacey, the court began with the uncontroverted fact that the defendant shared the
    bedroom with his wife. 
    Stacey, 58 Ill. 2d at 89
    . The court further found that the wife’s access
    was not limited in any way, but that she had a “right of access to the bottom dresser drawer”
    (the “container” at issue). 
    Id. The court
    gave its reasons:
    “The dresser was not locked and the wife was not instructed not to look into the drawer.
    To the contrary, the defendant told his wife that the shirt was in the bottom drawer, and
    her conduct in opening the drawer, looking at the shirt, [and] returning it ***, indicates
    that she had free access to this drawer.” 
    Id. at 89-90.
           The court proceeded to conclude that, in light of (1) the wife’s joint use of the bedroom with
    the defendant, (2) the “lack of instruction denying her and others access to the drawer,” and
    (3) the “defendant’s disclosure to his wife that the shirt was in the drawer,” the defendant
    “clearly assumed the risk that his wife would consent to a search of the room, including the
    bottom dresser drawer from which the blood-stained shirt was taken.” 
    Id. at 90.
    In the present
    case, by contrast, there is no evidence that defendant informed Lyons what data was on the
    disks or that Lyons had accessed the contents of the disks. The question, then, is whether, in
    Stacey, the defendant’s disclosure to the wife of the location of the shirt, and her later
    retrieval and return of it, were integral to the holding, or whether it was sufficient that the
    defendant had not denied his wife and others access to the drawer. This question will decide
    whether it was sufficient here that defendant neither directed Lyons not to inspect the disks
    nor took precautions to bar her access.
    ¶ 36       We do not read Stacey as departing from the Matlock presumption that, where spouses
    have common authority over a space, they have common authority over all containers within
    that space. First, the court’s discussion of Matlock betrayed no such inclination; the court
    made no suggestion, nor cited any evidence, that the Illinois constitution demanded stricter
    proof of consent to search than the federal constitution. Moreover, the court’s first
    observation regarding the dresser drawer was that “[t]he dresser was not locked and the wife
    was not instructed not to look into the drawer” (
    Stacey, 58 Ill. 2d at 89
    ). We take this as a
    comment on the absence of evidence that access to the drawer was restricted, and hence that
    the Matlock presumption was not overcome. Of course, the court went on to note positive
    evidence that the wife was in fact granted access to the drawer, but we view this as but a
    comment that the State exceeded the proof needed–that not only was the Matlock
    presumption unrebutted, but the wife’s right of access to the drawer was affirmatively
    demonstrated. Therefore, we hold that Stacey construed Illinois constitutional protections in
    lockstep with Supreme Court precedent, and so endorsed the Matlock presumption that a
    spouse’s right of access to a space includes the right to access all containers within that
    space.
    -12-
    ¶ 37       Applying the Matlock/Stacey principles, we note that defendant and Lyons had mutual
    access to the metal cabinet as each had a key. Lyons’ access to the cabinet was understood
    during her December 2008 phone conversation with defendant, in which he accepted her
    offer to gather materials from the cabinet for him to pick up at a later date. That Lyons might
    not have used the cabinet herself is inconsequential. We are concerned with right of access,
    not regularity of use, and hold that Lyons had common authority over the cabinet. This gave
    rise to the Matlock/Stacey presumption that Lyons had common authority over the disks
    inside. Defendant did not rebut this presumption. First, he points to Lyons’ acknowledgment
    that the disks “belong[ed]” to him. In the case of spouses (and unmarried cohabitants
    (Matlock)), proof of sole ownership or use of a container by the nonconsenting spouse does
    not alone overcome the presumption of common authority. See People v. Ford, 
    83 Ill. App. 3d
    57, 63 (1980) (wife had common authority over husband’s toolbox; “[t]he mere fact that
    the defendant alone may have used [the] tools does not indicate that his wife was denied the
    mutual use [of], access to, or control over them”). Second, defendant maintains that, by
    protecting the household computers with passwords that he did not share with Lyons, he
    sufficiently manifested an intent that she not access the disks. This is unpersuasive.
    Defendant must have known that computers are prevalent in today’s society and that Lyons
    could have taken the disks to friends, family, or a public library for viewing. The passwords
    on the computers were not a meaningful restriction on Lyons’ access to the disks’ contents,
    and are more sensibly seen as a means of protecting the information on the hardware itself.
    ¶ 38       Since, then, Lyons had access to the cabinet containing the disks, and defendant did not
    restrict her access to the contents of the disks, whether by security measures or directives to
    her, defendant assumed the risk that Lyons would view the disks herself or permit another
    to do so. Lyons, therefore, had authority to consent to a search of the disks.
    ¶ 39       Defendant cites People v. Elders, 
    63 Ill. App. 3d 554
    (1978), which was decided by the
    Fifth District Appellate Court. In Elders, the defendant’s wife went to the police station and
    reported that the defendant was drunk and had threatened her with a rifle, and that she was
    afraid for her son whom she had left home alone with the defendant. The police accompanied
    the wife to the trailer home she shared with the defendant. After persuading the defendant
    to exit the home, the police entered and found a rifle inside. 
    Id. at 555.
    They then asked the
    wife if the defendant had any other weapons, and she replied that “there might be one in his
    car parked near the trailer.” 
    Id. The police
    asked for permission to search the car, and the
    wife said, “ ‘Go ahead.’ ” 
    Id. The police
    recovered a firearm from inside the car. 
    Id. The trial
           court suppressed the firearm, finding that the State made “no showing that [the wife] had any
    ownership interest in the auto, or any right whatsoever to consent to its search.” 
    Id. at 558.
    ¶ 40       On appeal, the State argued “that the fact [the wife] was married to and resided with the
    defendant gave her authority to consent to a search of the auto without any showing or
    declaration that she had any actual ownership interest in the vehicle.” 
    Id. According to
    the
    State, “the normal incidents of the marital relationship vest sufficient possessory interests in
    each spouse in the property of the other such that a warrantless search and seizure consented
    to by one spouse is operative against the other.” 
    Id. Citing Matlock
    and Stacey, the court
    disagreed:
    “It is only where the record affirmatively establishes ‘joint occupancy’ or ‘equal rights
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    to possession’ that one spouse’s consent to a search is binding against the other.
    [Citations.] The instant record fails to establish that Mrs. Elders possessed joint control
    or a right to access to the automobile which she consented to be searched. Contrary to the
    State’s assertion, we do not interpret [Matlock and Stacey] to create a presumption that
    the mere existence of a marital relationship standing alone vests in each spouse the
    requisite ‘common authority’ announced in Matlock necessary to validate one spouse’s
    consent to a warrantless search against the other nonconsenting spouse with whom the
    authority is shared.” (Emphasis added.) 
    Id. at 558.
           The court in Elders was not prepared to presume, from the fact of marriage alone, that the
    wife had common authority over the defendant’s car. Evidently, the court believed that
    Matlock and Stacey were distinguishable because they involved areas inside marital
    dwellings. The case at hand likewise involves an area inside the marital dwelling. Putting
    aside the question of whether different presumptions ought to apply to cars than to marital
    dwellings, there is proof here that Lyons possessed a key to the cabinet. Moreover, her ability
    to access the cabinet was assumed in her December 2008 phone conversation with defendant,
    where she agreed to gather materials from the cabinet.
    ¶ 41       We distinguish as well People v. Blair, 
    321 Ill. App. 3d 373
    , 381 (2001), where the Third
    District Appellate Court reversed the trial court’s order denying the defendant’s motion to
    suppress his computer, which police had taken from his bedroom in his parents’ home. While
    the defendant was in custody for disorderly conduct in connection with videotaping young
    children at a zoo, the police went to his parents’ home. The father gave the police permission
    to enter the house and to search the defendant’s belongings. The police came upon a
    computer, which the father said belonged to the defendant. The police switched the computer
    on and found evidence that the defendant had visited sites displaying child pornography.
    With the father’s permission, the police took the computer to the station where, upon closer
    inspection, they discovered child pornography. 
    Id. at 375-76.
    ¶ 42       After determining that the police lacked probable cause to seize the computer, the
    appellate court examined whether the father gave valid consent to seize the computer. The
    court held as a general rule that, while a third party can give valid consent to a search of
    another’s property, the third party cannot give valid consent to a seizure of that property
    unless he or she has an ownership interest in it:
    “The rationale for third-party consent searches resting, as it does, upon the
    diminished expectation of privacy attending a third party’s common authority over the
    premises or effects to be searched does not provide a sufficient basis for a third party’s
    consent to the seizure of another’s personal effects. While one who permits a third party
    access or control over his property has a diminished expectation of privacy, the third
    party’s access or control does not similarly diminish the owner’s expectation that he will
    retain possession of his property.
    A third party having common authority over premises or effects may permit a search
    of the premises or effects in his own right. [Matlock, 
    415 U.S. 164
    .] In such a case, the
    third party is permitting others to do no more than the third party may do on his own, i.e.,
    inspect the premises or effects. However, a third party may not in his own right consent
    -14-
    to depriving the owner of possession of his property. The third party could not in his own
    right lawfully exclude the owner from possession of the property. Accordingly, the third
    party cannot permit others to do what he himself has no right to do.
    Therefore, we hold that the consent of a third party is ineffective to permit the
    government to seize property in which the third party has no actual or apparent
    ownership interest. Rather, a seizure is lawful only when the owner of the property
    consents to the seizure, there is a valid warrant for its seizure, or police are lawfully
    present and there is probable cause to believe the property is contraband, stolen property,
    or evidence of a crime.” 
    Id. at 379-80.
           Without judging the soundness of this rule, we note that the present case does not fall under
    it. By the time the police took possession of the disks, Lyons had already frustrated
    defendant’s expectation of possession of the disks (though not his expectation of privacy in
    their contents, as she had not searched them herself). As we noted earlier, the fourth
    amendment is not implicated when a private citizen, acting on her own initiative, delivers
    another’s property to the police. See supra ¶ 21.
    ¶ 43       We conclude that, because defendant did not reserve for himself either the metal cabinet
    or the disks inside, whether by security measures or directives to Lyons, she had common
    authority over the disks and, therefore, could consent to their search.
    ¶ 44       As we conclude that Lyons gave valid consent to the search of the disks, we need not
    consider alternative bases proposed by the State for affirming the trial court’s judgment
    denying the motion to suppress.
    ¶ 45       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court denying defendant’s
    motion to suppress.
    ¶ 46      Affirmed.
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